Chapter 6

Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it involves what type of memory?

Declarative

_______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.

Echoic memory / iconic memory

______ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. ______ has to do with remembering how.

Explicit memory / Implicit memory

Gustav is asked to remember a grocery list. One of the items listed is bananas. Based on what you know about levels of processing and their effect on encoding, which is the best way Gustav should encode bananas?

Gustav thinks about how he loves bananas in his cereal, and his favorite color is yellow.

Nicholas is a waiter who wants to be able to take complex orders from large parties without writing them down. What can he do to increase his memory performance under such circumstances?

He should try to remember the person's face, and imagine each person eating the food he or she has ordered.

_____ involves retaining information over time.

Memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

Short-term memory

You smell a turkey roasting in the oven, and suddenly you are once again 6 years old and eagerly anticipating your family's Thanksgiving dinner. Why does smell share such a special relationship with memory?

Smells have a direct superhighway to the brain structures involved in emotion and memory.

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

Traumatic memories

Akira Haraguchi recited the digits of pi to the first 83,431 decimal places in 2005. Psychologists consider Haraguchi

a mnemonist.

A person may be referred to as _____ when there is a failure in prospective memory.

absentminded

Retrieval is the process of

bringing information to mind whenever needed.

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

encoding

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in

enhanced memory retrieval.

Neurological studies on memory have revealed that the______ play an important role in explicit memory and that the _____ play an important role in implicit memory.

hippocampus and temporal lobe / cerebellum and cerebral cortex

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

prone to errors.

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ____ abilities.

recognition / recall

Chunking involves

reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into more meaningful units.

People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)

script

According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures, at least those that can be named, are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

the dual-code hypothesis

According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7, you should pay particular attention to the __________ orders, because these are the ones you are most likely to forget.

third, fourth, and fifth