Chapter 6 Assessment
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
positive or negative.
Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?
self-conscious
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
true
True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's emotions.
true
Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?
Effortful control
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
cognitive processes
Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion?
development of the brain stem maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the hippocampus
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ____________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
difficult
Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _____________ child.
difficult
Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions?
disengagement suppression
Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.
easy
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
easy difficult slow-to-warm-up
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an
emotion
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an
emotion.
Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?
emotional reactivity
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions.
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
empathy pride
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?
environmental quality
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit.
Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?
higher levels of parental responsiveness higher parental involvement higher levels of parental sensitivity
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.
inhibition to
Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children?
maternal sensitivity
Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negative affectivity
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as
personality
Which of the following types of emotions are present in infancy?
primary emotions
Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as
reactivity.
Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?
reflexive
A ________ (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a __________ (reflexive/social) smile does.
reflexive; social
An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called
separation protest.
The term _________ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
seperation
Behavioral inhibition is characterized by
shyness with strangers
Which of the following actions soothe infants?
singing lullabies rocking and stroking thumb sucking
Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.
slow-to-warm-up
Which of the following is Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?
slow-to-warm-up
Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?
social relationships
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
temperament
Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in
temperament.
Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?
the anger cry the pain cry the basic cry
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?
the characteristic of the stranger the social context
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
the concept of goodness of fit.
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?
Bowlby Erikson Freud
What is the close emotional bond between two people called?
attachment
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _________________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions.
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.
15
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
Chess and Thomas
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
According to Rothbart and Bates, what dimension includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?
Extraversion/surgency
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
Face-to-face
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
behavioral organization communication with others
Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply.)
It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?
Sadness Discomfort Frustration Fear
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include? (Choose every correct answer.)
Smiling Approach Pleasure Activity
What type of infant cry is a variation of the basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?
anger cry
The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic