Chapter 7 Practice Questions
The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned? A. acetylcholine B. glutamate
A. acetylcholine
Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________. A. neuroglia B. oligodendrocytes C. myelin sheaths D. microglia
A. neuroglia
Sensory neurons respond to an appropriate sensory stimulus with a change in membrane potential that is A. All or nothing B. Graded with the stimulus intensity C. always small and subthreshold D. always large and suprathreshold
B. Graded with the stimulus intensity
What effect did decreasing the extracellular sodium have on the resting membrane potential? A. The resting membrane potential became less negative. B. Only a small change occurred, because the resting neuron is not very permeable to sodium C. Only a small change occurred, because the sodium channels were mostly open. D. The resting membrane potential disappeared.
B. Only a small change occurred, because the resting neuron is not very permeable to sodium
Why is white matter "white"? A. It consists of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers. B. Endoneurium is composed of a delicate connective tissue. C. It contains a high concentration of myelin. D. The region contains a high concentration of the white pigment titanium dioxide.
C. It contains a high concentration of myelin.
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a A. synapse. B. receiving neuron. C. neurotransmitter. D. synaptic cleft. E. sending neuron.
C. neurotransmitter.
What is the first event of an action potential? A. Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes. B. Potassium gates open and the membrane depolarizes. C. Sodium gates open and the membrane repolarizes. D. Potassium gates open and the membrane repolarizes.
A. Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes.
Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol? A. cerebellum B. cerebrum C. pons D. thalamus E. hypothalamus
A. cerebellum
What congenital disorder can occur when there is a temporary lack of oxygen during delivery of a baby? A. cerebral palsy B. spina bifida C. anencephaly D. hydrocephalus
A. cerebral palsy
What produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A. choroid plexus B. subarachnoid space C. arachnoid villi D. cerebral aqueduct
A. choroid plexus
What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body? A. dendrite B. axon terminal C. axon D. axon hillock
A. dendrite
Which of the following indicates damage to the primary motor area? A. inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles B. inability to form complex memories C. inability to involuntarily move smooth muscles D. inability to recognize patterns and faces E. inability to say words properly
A. inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles
At the axon terminal, each action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter. This neurotransmitter diffuses to the receiving end of an interneuron, where it binds to receptors and causes A. ion channel to open, so that the receiving end of the interneuron depolarizes B. A sensory stimulus in the interneuron C. The interneuron to move away D. No response
A. ion channel to open, so that the receiving end of the interneuron depolarizes
The typical concentration of sodium is _______. A. lower than potassium intracellularly. B. higher than potassium intracellularly. C. lower than potassium extracellularly. D. the same as potassium intracellularly.
A. lower than potassium intracellularly.
Which of the following statements about receptor potentials is FALSE? A. They can trigger an action potential. B. The receptor potential is carried by neuroglia. C. Odor molecules can act as stimuli. D. The receptor proteins respond to stimuli.
B. The receptor potential is carried by neuroglia.
What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and neurotransmitters? A. oligodendrocytes B. astrocytes C. ependymal cells D. microglia
B. astrocytes
The conducting region of the neuron is the _______. A. dendrite B. axon C. cell body D. axon terminal
B. axon
What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles? A. Schwann cells B. axon terminals C. dendrites D. myelin sheath E. axon hillock
B. axon terminals
Hemiplegia and aphasia characterize those patients who have experienced a ________. A. contusion B. cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke C. cerebral edema D. concussion
B. cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke
Which spinal plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve, and what organ does this nerve supply? A. thoracic; chest muscles B. cervical; diaphragm C. thoracic; diaphragm D. brachial; arm muscles
B. cervical; diaphragm
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane. A. voltage-gated; postsynaptic B. chemically gated; postsynaptic C. chemically gated; presynaptic D. voltage-gated; presynaptic
B. chemically gated; postsynaptic
Which of the following parts of a spinal nerve contains sensory nerves only? A. ventral root B. dorsal root ganglion C. mixed nerves D. ventral ramus E. dorsal ramus
B. dorsal root ganglion
Interneurons respond to chemical (neurotransmitter) stimulation with a change in membrane potential that is A. all or nothing B. graded with the stimulus intensity C. always small and subthreshold D. Always large and suprathreshold
B. graded with the stimulus intensity
What are the two major functional properties of neurons? A. lubricate and secrete B. irritability and conductivity C. cover and line body surfaces D. contraction and movements E. connect and protect
B. irritability and conductivity
What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain? A. transverse fissure B. longitudinal fissure C. sagittal fissure D. tentorium cerebelli
B. longitudinal fissure
The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________. A. fats B. metabolic waste such as urea C. waternutrients such as glucose D. respiratory gases
B. metabolic waste such as urea
How are neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), structurally classified? A. efferent B. multipolar C. afferent D. unipolar E. bipolar
B. multipolar
Impulse conduction is faster in neurons that are ________. A. unmyelinated B. myelinated C. sensory D. motor E. cerebral
B. myelinated
In which cerebral lobe is the primary somaticsensory cortex located? A. frontal B. parietal C. temporal D. occipital
B. parietal
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________. A. postsynaptic neuron B. presynaptic neuron C. synaptic cleft
B. presynaptic neuron
What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system? A. autonomic and sympathetic B. sensory and motor C. central and peripheral D. somatic and autonomic
B. sensory and motor
Which of the following is a disease of the basal nuclei? A. encephalitis B. multiple sclerosis C. Parkinson's disease D. aphasia
C. Parkinson's disease
Which of the following is a disease of the basal nuclei? A. encephalitis B. multiple sclerosis C. Parkinson's disease D. aphasia
C. Parkinson's disease
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________. A. gyrus B. longitudinal fissure C. primary motor area D. Broca's area E. central sulcus
D. Broca's area
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels? A. chemically gated Ca2+ channels B. voltage-gated Na+ channels C. voltage-gated K+ channels D. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
D. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
The membrane potential is becoming more positive than the resting membrane potential.
Depolarize
How are neurons classified according to their function? A. Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons. B. Neuron and supporting cells. C. Dendrites and axons. D. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. E. Sensory, motor, and interneurons.
E. Sensory, motor, and interneurons.
What specific part of the midbrain houses reflex centers for vision and hearing? A. fourth ventricle B. reticular formation C. medulla oblongata D. pons E. corpora quadrigemina
E. corpora quadrigemina
The channels that provide for the movement of potassium in the resting neuron are _______. A. voltage gated B. leakage and chemically gated. c. leakage d. chemically gated
c. leakage
Are the cell bodies of motor neurons contained within the ventral or dorsal horns of the highlighted structure (spinal cord)?
ventral horns
What best describes bipolar neurons? A. Bipolar neurons are found in special sense organs, such as the eye and nose. B. Bipolar neurons are called neuroglia. C. Bipolar neurons are more abundant in adults than in children. D. Bipolar neurons are often found in ganglia.Bipolar neurons are motor neurons.
A. Bipolar neurons are found in special sense organs, such as the eye and nose.
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell? A. Na+ and Cl− B. K+ and protein anions (A−) C. K+ and Cl- D. Na+ and protein anions (A−)
A. Na+ and Cl−
What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS? A. Schwann cells B. microglial cells C. satellite cells D. ependymal cells
A. Schwann cells
Which nervous system integrates and commands centers?
Central Nervous System
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, A. the receiving neuron becomes more positive inside. B. the receiving neuron becomes more negative inside. C. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the sending neuron open. D. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open. E. vesicles in the synaptic terminal fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
D. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
Which of the following is NOT a functional region of a neuron? A. secretory region B. conducting region C. receiving region D. medullary region
D. medullary region
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________. A. ventricles B. arachnoid villi C. sinuses D. meninges
D. meninges
A suprathreshold stimulus results in _______. A. the disappearance of action potentials B. larger action potentials C. fewer action potentials D. more action potentials
D. more action potentials
How are the fibers found in the ventral roots of spinal nerves classified? A. afferent fibers B. sensory and motor fibers C. sensory fibers D. motor fibers
D. motor fibers
A single action potential is described as _______. A. graded by the frequency of the stimulus B. graded by the intensity of the stimulus C. graded by the functional area involved D. not graded
D. not graded
The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the ________ nerve plexus. A. brachial B. cervical C. lumbar D. sacral
D. sacral
The membrane potential is more negative than the resting membrane potential.
Hyperpolarize
Which nervous system communicates lines with the body?
Peripheral nervous system
Like neurons, nerves are classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses. Nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers are called mixed nerves. Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are called sensory, or afferent, nerves, whereas those that carry only motor fibers are motor, or efferent, nerves. Spinal nerves are _____ nerves. A. mixed B. motor C. sensory
A. mixed
Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ________. A. ramus B. ganglion C. tract D. plexus
A. ramus
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear? A. sympathetic division B. somatic division C. sensory division D. parasympathetic division
A. sympathetic division
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the A. synaptic cleft. B. neurotransmitter. C. synaptic terminal. D. calcium channel. E. vesicle.
A. synaptic cleft.
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal, A. they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. B. they cause an action potential in the sending neuron. the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more positive. C. neurotransmitter molecules are quickly removed from the synaptic cleft. D. the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more negative.
A. they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________. A. tracts; nerves B. afferent neurons; efferent neurons C. axons; dendrites D. gray matter; white matte
A. tracts; nerves
What is the order of an action potential?
Rest, Depolarization, Peak, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization
Select the option that correctly matches the type of neuroglia with its function. A. Oligodendrocytes; form the myelin sheath around peripheral nerve fibers. B. Ependymal cells; control the permeability of capillaries. C. Satellite cells; surround and protect peripheral neuron cells bodies. D. Astrocytes; clean debris such as dead cells or bacteria. E. Microglial cells; participate in cerebrospinal fluid production.
C. Satellite cells; surround and protect peripheral neuron cells bodies.
If the depolarization that reaches the axon is large and suprathreshold, the result in the axon is A. a graded depolarization B. a larger-than-normal action potential C. action potentials at higher frequency D. no response.
C. action potentials at higher frequency
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next? A. potassium B. magnesium C. calcium D. sodium E. chlorine
C. calcium
Ganglia are collections of ________. A. axons B. dendrites C. cell bodies D. nuclei E. axon terminals
C. cell bodies
During the action potential, when does sodium permeability initially DECREASE? A. during the rising phase of depolarization B. during hyperpolarization C. during the peak of depolarization D. during repolarization
C. during the peak of depolarization
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________. A. depolarize B. hyperpolarize C. either depolarize or hyperpolarize
C. either depolarize or hyperpolarize
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________. A. midbrain B. hypothalamus C. medulla oblongata D. cerebrum E. pons
C. medulla oblongata
The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater. A. dura B. periosteal C. pia D. arachnoid
C. pia
The stimulus for graded potentials includes _______. A. sensory stimuli B. voltage C. sensory stimuli and neurotransmitter D. neurotransmitter
C. sensory stimuli and neurotransmitter
What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized? A. potassium ions B. magnesium ions C. sodium ions D. calcium ions
C. sodium ions
Establishing the resting membrane potential requires energy through the use of the _______. A. sodium-glucose pump B. sodium leakage channels C. sodium-potassium pump D. potassium-glucose pump
C. sodium-potassium pump
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________. A. effector B. Schwann cell C. synaptic cleft D. cell body E. node of Ranvier
C. synaptic cleft
Which of the following is an alternate name for the parasympathetic nervous system? A. the exercise division B. the emergency division C. the craniosacral division D. the fight-or-flight system E. thoracolumbar division
C. the craniosacral division
Amal died at the age of 71. If Amal had Alzheimer's disease, what would an autopsy of his brain reveal? A. massive degeneration of the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei B. scleroses surrounding nerve fibers C. the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, shrunken gyri, and an atrophied brain d. brain lesions on the left side of the brain, in the Broca's and Wernicke's areas
C. the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, shrunken gyri, and an atrophied brain
Amal died at the age of 71. If Amal had Alzheimer's disease, what would an autopsy of his brain reveal? A. scleroses surrounding nerve fibers B. massive degeneration of the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei C. the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, shrunken gyri, and an atrophied brain D. brain lesions on the left side of the brain, in the Broca's and Wernicke's areas
C. the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, shrunken gyri, and an atrophied brain
During an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for __________. A. the hyperpolarization phase B. the depolarization phase C. the repolarization phase D. returning to the resting membrane potential after the action potential
C. the repolarization phase
The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain. A. gap B. intercalated C. tight D. desmosome
C. tight
Which of these is a sympathetic effect? A. Increased saliva production. B. Bronchioles within the lungs constrict. C. Heart rate slows. D. Blood vessels constrict.
D. Blood vessels constrict.
Select the option that correctly matches the term with its definition: A. Polarized; return of the membrane to a polarized state. B. Repolarized; membrane is more positive outside than inside. C. Repolarized; membrane is more positive inside than outside. D. Depolarized; membrane is more positive inside than outside. E. Depolarized; membrane is more positive outside than inside.
D. Depolarized; membrane is more positive inside than outside.
The spinal cord terminates by vertebra ________. A. T3 B. S4 C. T9 D. L3 E. C7
D. L3
What primarily determines the polarity of the cell membrane when the neuron is at rest? A. The same amount of sodium and potassium ions leaks out of the cell. B. More sodium ions leak out of the cell than potassium ions leak into the cell. C. The same amount of sodium and potassium ions leaks into the cell. D. More potassium ions leak out of the cell than sodium ions leak into the cell.
D. More potassium ions leak out of the cell than sodium ions leak into the cell.
Select the supporting cells present in the peripheral nervous system. A. Ependymal cells. B. Microglial cells. C. Astrocytes. D. Schwann cells. E. Satellite cells. F. Oligodendrocytes.
D. Schwann cells. E. Satellite cells.
What effect did increasing the extracellular potassium have on the resting membrane potential? A. The resting membrane potential did not change. B. The resting membrane potential became more negative. C. The resting membrane potential disappeared. D. The resting membrane potential became less negative.
D. The resting membrane potential became less negative.
Which of the following describes a change from the resting membrane potential? A. a receptor potential B. an action potential C. a synaptic potential D. a receptor potential, a synaptic potential or an action potential
D. a receptor potential, a synaptic potential or an action potential
A depolarizing synaptic potential is also known as _______. A. a hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential B. an excitatory presynaptic potential C. an inhibitory postsynaptic potential D. an excitatory postsynaptic potential
D. an excitatory postsynaptic potential
Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood in the dural sinuses via the ________. A. cerebral aqueduct B. hypothalamus C. choroid plexus D. arachnoid granulations E. pons
D. arachnoid granulations
Damage to the cervical nerve plexus can cause problems with ________. A. footdrop B. clawhand C. wristdrop D. breathing
D. breathing
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? A. cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves B. thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves C. cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves D. cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves E. thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
D. cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. fourth ventricle B. cerebral aqueduct C. subarachnoid spacelateral ventricles D. corpus callosum
D. corpus callosum
Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges? A. dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater B. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater C. arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater D. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater E. pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
D. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which of these is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system? A. stimulates secretion of epinephrine B. increases cellular metabolism C. increases heart rate D. increases peristalsis within the stomach and small intestines
D. increases peristalsis within the stomach and small intestines
Which cranial nerves control movement of the eyes? A. oculomotor and facial B. oculomotor and trigeminal C. optic and oculomotor D. oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
D. oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division? A. sympathetic B. afferent C. somatic D. parasympathetic
D. parasympathetic
Which of these parts of the brain is correctly matched with its region? A. pons; cerebellum B. corpora quadrigemina; medulla oblongata C. primary motor area; brain stem D. thalamus; diencephalon
D. thalamus; diencephalon
What part of the central nervous system (CNS) gives rise to sympathetic nerves? A. brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord B. brain stem and cervical region of the spinal cord C. brain stem and entire spinal cord D. thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
D. thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, A. the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential. B. the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential. C. the sending neuron becomes more positive inside. D. the sending neuron becomes more negative inside. E. the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
E. the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
Which cranial nerve transmits impulses for the senses of hearing and balance? A.hypoglossal B. accessory C. glossopharyngeal D. oculomotor E. vestibulocochlear
E. vestibulocochlear
Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. This reflex is best known as a(n) ________. A. patellar reflex B. two-neuron reflex C. knee-jerk reflex D. autonomic reflex E. withdrawal reflex
E. withdrawal reflex
The membrane potential is moving from a more positive value toward resting membrane potential.
Repolarize
A graded potential is to local depolarization as an action potential is to a nerve impulse. A. True B. False
True
