chapter 8
Albert is the manager of a large retail store. He has the authority to appoint employees in the store. The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Albert himself conducts selection interviews. Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment. This often leads to selection errors. Albert does not prepare in advance for interviews. He asks questions that come to his mind easily during interviews. This indicates _____. A. availability bias B. bandwagon effect C. self-fulfilling prophecy D. projection bias E. social identification
a
Grace is in charge of staffing for the pediatric unit and must make sure there are always enough nurses on the unit. When Reg breaks his leg skiing and can't work for several weeks, Grace is able to competently and easily decide how to adjust the schedule. She has done this many times over many yeaers. Schedule reshuffling is a(n) _____ for her. A. programmed decision B. non-programmed decision C. escalation of commitment D. projection E. self-serving decision
a
Ken pushed very hard to go with the bubble project rather than the wave project. There have been several cost overruns, the project is two weeks beyond its finish date, and the technology just isn't working out as planned. Ken increases the funding for the third time and hires three new designers to help revamp the look of the product. Ken is engaging in ______. A. escalation of commitment B. goal directed behavior C. selective perception D. a fundamental attribution error E. projection
a
Mark is a new hire at Blue Bay Technologies, Florida. His work involves creating technology-enabled business solutions for clients from various states. Mark's work gets evaluated and rewarded at the end of each month. This is an example of _____ reinforcement. A. fixed interval B. variable ratio C. continuous D. fixed ratio E. variable interval
a
Nicole has spent weeks studying the manuals in order to take the Lieutenant's exam. She has gained a great deal of ______ knowledge but little, if any, ______ knowledge from her studies. A. explicit, tacit B. high level; low level C. specific, general D. internal, external E. transitory, permanent
a
Tacit knowledge _____. A. is based on experience B. involves conscious and accessible information C. can be learned through books D. exists as general information E. is easily transferred through written communication
a
The last step of behavior modeling is: A. reinforcement. B. production process. C. attention process. D. retention process. E. behavior assessment.
a
The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the: A. availability bias. B. bandwagon effect. C. self-fulfilling prophecy. D. projection bias. E. environmental bias.
a
To be a rational decision maker, one should do all of these EXCEPT: A. boiling the problem down to something that is easily understood. B. evaluating all the alternatives simultaneously. C. using accurate information to evaluate alternatives. D. picking the alternative that maximizes value. E. developing an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.
a
Vincent has worked at The Shadows restaurant for several years and in the restaurant industry for almost 30 years. He can't really explain it, but he "just knows" which applicants are the ones to hire. His intuition most likely comes from a high level of _____ that he has of the industry in general and this restaurant in particular. A. tacit knowledge B. extraneous knowledge C. early training D. continual reinforcement E. genetic knowledge
a
Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors? A. Punishment and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Punishment and negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement E. Negative reinforcement and extinction
a
With _____ schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same. A. fixed interval B. variable ratio C. continuous reinforcement D. fixed ratio E. variable interval
a
_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. A. Heuristics B. Perceptions C. Self-fulfilling prophecies D. Climates of transfer E. Attributions
a
_____ decisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because people's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken. A. Programmed B. Unstructured C. Indirect D. Spontaneous E. Surface
a
_____ is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment. A. Perception B. Reinforcement C. Heuristic D. Stereotyping E. Attribution
a
_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. A. Decision making B. Learning C. Intuition D. Reinforcement E. Conditioning
a
_____ theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others. A. Social learning B. Learning life cycle C. Bounded rationality D. Social identity E. Attribution
a
________ does not always result in positive outcomes for the organization. Employees who witness other employees not being punished for leaving early, taking long lunch breaks, and taking supplies home may engage in the same counterproductive activities. A. Behavioral modeling B. Continuous reinforcement C. Selective perception D. Production processes E. Goal orientation
a
A manager suspends one of his subordinates for showing up to work late. This is an example of: A. negative feedback. B. punishment. C. negative reinforcement. D. extinction. E. neutral reinforcement.
b
A salaried paycheck is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule. A. continuous; fixed interval B. fixed interval; fixed ratio C. variable ratio; variable interval D. variable interval; fixed ratio E. fixed ratio; continuous
b
A worker comes late to the work site. An external attribution will occur if there is high ______, high ______, and low ______. A. consensus; consistency; extinction B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness E. consensus; consistency; distinction
b
An employee comes late to the office. An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______, low _____, and high _____. A. consensus; consistency; extinction B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness E. consensus; consistency; distinctiveness
b
An organization revises its employees' salaries at the end of each financial year. This is an example of _____ reinforcement. A. variable ratio B. fixed interval C. continuous D. fixed ratio E. variable interval
b
Sally's daughter just started going to school. As a result, Sally has been coming to work early for the past few weeks. Her colleagues are under the impression that Sally is a Type A person. Sally's colleagues are subject to: A. self-serving bias. B. fundamental attribution error. C. anchoring error. D. illusion of control error. E. halo effect.
b
The first step in rational decision making is to: A. generate the list of available alternatives. B. identify the criteria that are important in making the decision. C. evaluate the alternatives that are available. D. choose a person who could evaluate the decision. E. choose the solution that maximizes value.
b
The knowledge and skills that distinguish specialists from novices is referred to as: A. motivation. B. expertise. C. heuristic. D. inspiration. E. rationale.
b
The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called _____ knowledge. A. consensus-based B. tacit C. explicit D. direct E. open _
b
The tendency of people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called: A. social identification. B. selective perception. C. availability bias. D. environmental bias. E. thin-slicing.
b
When an individual has a _____, building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence. A. productivity bias B. learning orientation C. projection bias D. performance orientation E. negative reinforcement
b
When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat what they have observed, they are engaging in: A. structural modeling. B. behavioral modeling. C. static learning. D. extrinsic learning. E. hierarchical modeling.
b
_____ are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. A. Heuristics developers B. Communities of practice C. Control moderators D. Internal advocates E. Attribution anchors
b
_____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, non-conscious, and holistic associations. A. Performance orientations B. Intuition C. Faulty attributions D. Calculations E. Rational decisions
b
_____ refer(s) to the notion that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it. A. Explicit learning B. Operant conditioning C. Social identification D. Heuristics E. Experimental conditioning
b
_____ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviors at random points in time. A. Fixed ratio B. Variable interval C. Continuous D. Variable ratio E. Fixed interval
b
At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations. People split themselves up into teams based on their occupations. Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way? A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Bandwagon effect C. Social identity theory D. Projection bias E. Collective perception
c
Lucy just moved to New York on a job assignment. Lucy got herself a map of the city and various other guides on restaurants, fitness centers, libraries, and theaters. Lucy learns about New York by studying these materials. Lucy acquires _____ knowledge by learning this way. A. consensus-based B. tacit C. explicit D. intuition-based E. inherent
c
Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior. They are known as: A. attribution biases. B. communities of practice. C. contingencies of reinforcement. D. climates of transfer. E. heuristics.
c
The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to: A. management by exception. B. communities of practice. C. bounded rationality. D. projection bias. E. structure bias.
c
The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect
c
Transfer of training can be fostered if organizations create a(n) _____, an environment that can support the use of new skills. A. locus of control B. internal heuristic C. climate for transfer D. community of practice E. social network
c
True learning only occurs when: A. employees avoid mimicking the behaviors of experts. B. experts also pretend to be novices. C. changes in behavior become relatively permanent. D. employees are assigned larger responsibilities. E. learned behaviors are not repeated over time.
c
Which of the following is the first step in the behavior modeling process? A. Reinforcement B. Production processes C. Attentional processes D. Retention processes E. Extinction
c
Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior? A. Reverse discrimination B. Neutral reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement
c
Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience? A. Perception B. Learning C. Intuition D. Consensus E. Heuristic
c
_____ refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action. A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Escalation of commitment D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect
c
A new, complex, and unrecognized situation calls for: A. structured decisions. B. external decisions. C. direct decisions. D. nonprogrammed decisions. E. irrational decisions.
d
Bounded rationality advocates: A. pick the alternative that minimizes value. B. evaluate all alternatives simultaneously. C. use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. D. develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions. E. choose the first acceptable alternative.
e
Albert manages a large retail store. He has the authority to appoint employees in the store. The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Albert himself conducts selection interviews. Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment. This often leads to selection errors. Albert selected an applicant only because he displayed personality traits similar to one of his best performers. Identify the bias facing Albert in this case. A. Anchoring B. Recency C. Framing D. Representativeness E. False consensus
d
Explicit knowledge _____. A. is highly personal in nature B. cannot be articulated to others C. is job and situation-specific D. contains conscious and accessible information E. is based on employees' experience
d
James is the new manager of operations at Leo Motors. To his dismay, he finds the employees coming in late to work, taking long breaks and behaving unprofessionally at their work stations. James decides to promote desirable work practices. He plans to introduce incentives for meeting the required targets, at the same time withhold incentives when employees meet the target, but their work culture is poor and they continue coming late. Identify the contingencies that James is planning to implement. A. Punishment and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Punishment and negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement E. Negative reinforcement and extinction
d
Learning has _____ effect on performance and _____ effect on commitment. A. a moderate negative; a moderate positive B. a strong positive; a moderate negative C. a weak negative; a strong positive D. a moderate positive; a weak positive E. a weak positive; a moderate negative
d
The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to: A. availability bias. B. anchoring effect. C. bandwagon effect. D. projection bias. E. halo effect.
d
The workers at Snack Time are always on their feet and do not take extra long breaks because their supervisor Mr. Dan pays surprise visits to the production department. This practice helps the firm exceed performance targets. Mr. Dan practices which of the following reinforcement schedules? A. Variable ratio schedule B. Fixed interval schedule C. Continuous schedule D. Variable interval schedule E. Fixed ratio schedule
d
Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge? A. Transferability through written communication B. Existence as general information C. Ability to be learned through books D. High personal nature E. Existence as conscious and accessible information
d
Which of the following is the simplest schedule of reinforcement? A. Variable ratio B. Variable interval C. Fixed ratio D. Continuous E. Fixed interval
d
Which of these occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job? A. Heuristics B. Communities of practice C. Illusion of control D. Transfer of training E. Attribution anchoring
d
Which schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited? A. Continuous B. Variable interval C. Variable ratio D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval
d
____ knowledge is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations. A. Book-based B. Direct C. Explicit D. Tacit E. Documented
d
_____ occurs when there is the removal of positive consequences following an unwanted behavior. A. Negative feedback B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement
d
_____ results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered. A. Emergence B. Neutralization C. Optimization D. Satisficing E. Stereotyping
d
A slot machine is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule. A. continuous B. fixed interval C. fixed ratio D. variable interval E. variable ratio
e
A(n) _____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group. A. availability bias B. bandwagon effect C. self-efficacy D. projection bias E. stereotype
e
Conrad is the manager of a large retail store. He has the authority to appoint employees in the store. The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Conrad himself conducts selection interviews. He has not received any training on selection and recruitment. This often leads to selection errors. Conrad interviews people mainly to analyze if they have ability to address the latest problem that the store is facing. Identify the bias facing Conrad in this case. A. Anchoring B. Representativeness C. Framing D. Contrast E. Recency
e
In general, _____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees. A. punishment; extinction B. negative reinforcement; extinction C. punishment; negative reinforcement D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement E. positive reinforcement; extinction
e
Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is known as _____ knowledge. A. inherent B. inferred C. implied D. tacit E. explicit
e
Jackson High School introduced a scholarship of $1,000 for students who maintain 100 percent attendance. This is an example of using _____. A. positive feedback B. negative feedback C. punishment D. extinction E. positive reinforcement
e
Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of: A. intelligence. B. consensus. C. heuristic. D. personality. E. learning.
e
United Motors is facing shortage of funds and has decided to implement the piece-rate system of payment. This way the workers who perform better will get higher wages and it would not be a huge burden on the company's bank account. Which of the following methods of reinforcement schedules has United Motors implemented? A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed ratio
e
_____ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. A. Reverse discrimination B. Retribution C. Extinction D. Punishment E. Negative reinforcement
e
_____ reinforcement happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior. A. Fixed interval B. Variable ratio C. Fixed ratio D. Variable interval E. Continuous
e
