Chapter 8: Articulations
Intrinsic ligament
(also called capsular ligaments) are parallel bundles of fibers creating thickenings within the joint capsule.
Saddle joints
Concave and convex
Supination
Holding soup
Pivot joints
Round of one bone sits into sleeves of other bone.
Eversion
Standing on the inside line of foot (big toe)
Blood plasma
Synovial fluid is derived from ____.
Goudy
The accumulation of the Uric acid results in ____ arthritis.
Ball and socket
The hip joint, like the shoulder joint, is a _____ type of synovial joint.
Radius ulna joint
The only amphiarthrotic joint in fibrous joints are _____.
Pannus
Thickening of joint capsule
Meniscus
____ of the knee joint is an example of fibrocartilage pad used to absorb shock.
Ligaments
_____ are made of dense regular connective tissue and are responsible for attaching bone to bone.
Gliding
bones slide across the surface of one another
Dorsiflexion
flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole (as when you dig in your heel).
Fibrous joints
held together by fibrous connective tissues but lack cartilage and possess no cavity between the bones. _____ joints are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.
Uniaxial motion
movement in one planes (finger joints, elbow, knee)
Lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
3 functions of synovial joints?
Gomphosis
A ____ joint is found between the articulation of teeth and the alveolar margin of the jawbone
cannot
A joint _____ be both highly mobile and very strong. The greater the range of motion at a joint, the weaker it becomes.
stronger
A synarthrotic joint, the _____ type of joint, permits no movement. Whereas a diarthrosis, such as the shoulder, is far weaker but permits a broad range of motion
First half of jumping jack
Abduction
synovial
Anatomical classes of _____ joints are based on the shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones.
Hyperextention
Backbend, looking up at stars
Lateral rotation
Ballerina, first position.
joints
Because the bones of the skeleton are relatively inflexible, movement can occur only at articulations, or ____, where two bones interconnect
Interosseous ligament
Bones are connected by a ______.
Elevation
Closing mouth
Inversion
Club foot
Synovial joints
Diarthrotic only. Ligaments, cartilage, joint cavity.
Dorsiflexion
Digging heels, hamstring stretch
Pronation
Dribbling a basket ball.
range of motion
Each joint reflects a compromise between the need for strength and the need for mobility. As a result, articulations differ in the amount of movement permitted, and this property is known as ________
Extension
Lowering something to the floor
Uni axial
Movement in only one plane called a _____ and is demonstrated by elbow joint
Abduction
Moving the arm away from the body
Protraction
Moving your jaw forward to create an "underbite" is called _____.
Condyloid joints
Oval shaped sitting into a corresponding depression.
Retraction
Overbite
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
Flexion
Picking up something from the floor
Medial rotation
Pigeon toed
Plantar Flexion
Pointing toes
Rotation
Saying no
Addiction
Second half of jumping jack
Depression
Shrugging shoulders, opening mouth
Amphioroctic
Slightly moveable
Opposition
Snapping fingers
Fibrous joints
Sutures, synostosis, gomphosis, syndesmosis
Diarthrotic
Synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints are relatively simple in structure, with direct connections between the articulating bones. _____ joints are quite complex in structure, and they permit the greatest range of motion
Fibrous joints
Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, ligaments only.
Cartilaginous joints
Synarthrotic, amphthiarthrotic, ligaments and cartilage.
movement
The anatomical structure of a joint determines the type and amount of _____ that may occur.
Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
The articular capsule is made of the ______ and the ______.
Hinge
The elbow is an example of a ____ joint
Synostosis, fibrous
The epiphyseal plate on the end of long bones is an example of a _____ which belongs to the structural class called ____.
Saddle
The joint between the carpal and the first metacarpal is called a ____ type of synovial joint.
Suture, fibrous
The joint between the frontal and parietal bone is called ____ and it belongs to the structural class called a _____.
Plane, synovial joints
The joints between the vertebrae are examples of ___ joints which belong to the structural class of _______.
Thumb
The only saddle joint in body?
Diarthrotic
The scientific term for a freely moveable joint is ____
Periodontal ligament
The socket of a tooth.
Nutrient distribution
The synovial fluid in a joint must circulate continuously to provide nutrients and waste disposal for the chondrocytes of the articular cartilages. It circulates whenever the joint moves, and the repeated compression and expansion of the articular cartilages pump synovial fluid into and out of the cartilage matrix.
Eversion
Turning the foot medially at the ankle so that a person stands outside of their foot would be called _____
Protraction
Underbite
Condyloid joints
What class of joints are Radiocarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5, and metatarsalphalangeal joints
Hinge joints
What joint is cyndrical shaped sitting in a troph?
Plane
What joint is intercarpals, intertarsals, sacroiliac joint, vertebral costal joints, acromioclavicular, and sternoclavicular joints?
Saddle joints
What joint is the thumb (first metacarpal articulates trapezium)?
Synovial joints
What joint permits the greatest range of motion?
Fibrocartilage
What kind of cartilage is symphysis?
Hyaline cartilage
What kind of cartilage is synchondrosis?
Ball and socket joints
What kind of joints are shoulder joints and hip joints?
Hinge joints
What kind of joints are the humerus to ulna, knee joints, ankle joints, and interphalangeal joints?
Multi axial
What movement is a ball and socket joint?
Bi axial
What movement is a ellipsoid/condyloid joint?
Uni axial
What movement is a hinge joint?
Uni axial
What movement is a pivot joint?
Non axial
What movement is a plane?
Bi axial
What movement is a saddle joint?
Pivot joints
What type of joints are the atlas/axis and promixal radio ulnar joints?
Shock absorption
When a joint is subjected to compression, the synovial fluid provides a cushion against the shock. For example, when you jog your knees are severely compressed and the synovial fluid distributes that force evenly across the articular surfaces and outward to the joint capsule.
Lubrication
When part of an articular cartilage is compressed during movement, some of the synovial fluid is squeezed out of the cartilage and into the space between the opposing surfaces. In turn, this thin layer of fluid markedly reduces friction between moving surfaces. This is called weeping lubrication.
Synovial joints
Which class of joints contains only diarthrotic joints?
Circumduction
Windmills
Gouty arthritis
____ is caused by too much uric acid in the blood. Most of the time, having too much uric acid is not harmful. Many people with high levels in their blood never get gout. But when uric acid levels in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in your joints. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness, and swelling in a joint, usually a big toe. These attacks can happen over and over unless gout is treated. More common in men.
structural classifications
_________ are based on the anatomical components that make up the joint.
functional classifications
_________ are based on the range of motion allowed.
Meniscus
a pad of fibrous cartilage situated between opposing bones within a synovial joint. Menisci may subdivide a synovial cavity, channel the flow of synovial fluid, or allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces.
Synchondrosis
a rigid, hyaline cartilage bridge unites the bones of a synchondrosis joint. One example is the cartilaginous joint found between the ends of the first pair of ribs and the manubrium of the sternum (all other ribs form synovial joints). A second example is the epiphyseal plate found holding the epiphysis of a long bone to the diaphysis (remember this becomes a synostosis in adulthood when the cartilage is replaced with bone). Both of these examples are synarthrotic joints.
Bursa
a small, fluid-filled pocket that forms in a connective tissue. It contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane. Bursae often form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues. Located around most synovial joints, bursae reduce friction and act as shock absorbers.
Synostosis
a synarthrotic joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears. In adulthood, the sutures of the skull normally transform to synostoses creating a secure cranial cavity around the brain. The epiphyseal plate of the long bones also ossifies to form a synostosis, called the epiphyseal line, in adulthood. Abnormal fusion of bones may also occur resulting synostoses where they should not exist. One example is the premature ossification of the cranial sutures (which limits the normal growth of the brain). Another example is radio-ulnar synostosis.
Sutures
a synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the _____ by dense fibrous connective tissue.
Gomphosis
a synarthrotic joint sometimes called a "peg-in-socket" joint. A ______ joint is found on the maxillae and mandible where the teeth are fixed securely in the sockets of the alveolar margins. The fibrous connective tissue between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament.
Inversion
a twist motion of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole (seen in club foot).
Dislocation
also known as a luxation; when reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses, the articulating surfaces may be forced out of position. The displacement may damage the articular cartilages, tear ligaments, or distort the joint capsule. Although the inside of a joint has no pain receptors, nerves that monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are quite sensitive, so dislocations are very painful. A partial dislocation is called a subluxation.
Osteoarthritis
also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, generally affects individuals age 60 or older. It can result from the cumulative effects of wear and tear on the joint surfaces or from genetic factors affecting collagen formation. In the U.S. population, 25% of women and 15% of men over age 60 show signs of this condition.
Condyloid joints
also known as ellipsoid joint, oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another; biaxial (metacarpophalanges 2-5 or knuckles, radiocarpal joints, and metatarsophalangeal joints).
Plane joints
also known as gliding joints; articular surfaces are flat and only allow for short gliding movements; non-axial (intercarpal and intertarsal joints, sacro-iliac joint, vertebrocostal joint).
Rheumatoid arthritis
an autoimmune disease. RA can occur at any age but is more common in middle age and women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes, and hormones changes may be linked to the disease. RA usually affects joints on both sides of the body equally. Wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and ankles are the most common affected body parts. The disease often begins slowly with only minor pain but progressively becomes debilitating.
Hyperextension
angular movement where the body part is extended past the anatomical position (looking up at the stars).
Flexion
angular movement within the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements (lifting dumbbell as in a biceps curl).
Abduction
angular movement within the lateral-medial plane that moves the body part away from the longitudinal axis (first part of a jumping jack, spreading the fingers, cocking the wrist).
Saddle joints
articular surfaces have a concave area on one that fits with the convex area of the other; biaxial (first carpometacarpal joint in the thumb).
Symphysis
articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage. The articulation between the vertebrae where a thick pad of fibrocartilage forms the intervertebral disc is a common example of a symphysis. The articulation between the two pubic bones (called the pubic symphysis) is another joint typical of this category. A symphysis is considered an amphiarthrotic joint. Each vertebral joint, for example, only provides slight movement but because the vertebral column is formed by so many vertebral joints, collectively the vertebral column demonstrates a high degree of mobility.
Syndesmosis
bones are connected by an interosseous ligament and are amphiarthrotic. The most common example is the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula called the tibiofibular joint. Another example is the middle radio-ulnar joint but should not to be confused with the joints formed at the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulna which are both synovial joints that are diarthrotic.
Angular
changing the angle between two bones
Hinge joints
cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone; uniaxial (elbow joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joints).
Circumduction
draw around; conical shape or circular motion
Diarthrosis
freely moveable joints. ______ joints provide a wide range of motion as typical in the joints of our appendages.
Cartilaginous joints
held together by fibrous connective tissues such as ligaments but they also possess either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity and are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.
Synovial joints
held together by fibrous connective tissues, hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage, and possess a joint cavity. All synovial joints are diarthrotic. Synovial joints are quite complex in structure, are the most numerous type of joint in the body, and permit the greatest range of motion. Because of this, we will discuss synovial joints in detail.
Supination
in anatomical position, the forearm is supinated with the radius and ulna lying parallel to each other and the palm facing anteriorly (as when holding a bowl of soup).
Bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
Tendonitis
inflammation of the tendon
Arthritis
inflammatory or degenerative disease of the joint where synovial membranes thicken (called pannus) and fluid production decreases resulting in friction and pain. Arthroscopic surgery may be necessary to treat joint injuries or artificial joints may need to be installed when a joint is damaged beyond repair.
Synovial membrane
inner soft tissue whose network of capillaries leak plasma from the bloodstream to produce the synovial fluid
Joint capsule
layers of dense fibrous connective tissues that enclose the synovial cavity to house the synovial fluid.
Articular cartilages
line the surfaces of the articulating bones; composed of hyaline cartilage however these cartilages lack a perichondrium and the matrix contains more water than that of hyaline cartilage located elsewhere in the body. The articular cartilages provide a slick, smooth surface to the bones which reduces friction during movement.
Non-axial motion
linear movements where bones slide (vertebrocostal joints, sacroiliac joint, and intercarpal joints)
Fat pads
localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. They are commonly superficial to the joint capsule. Fat pads protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint. When the bones move, the pat pads fill in the spaces created as the joint cavity changes shape.
Multi-axial motion
movement in three planes (shoulder joint and hip joint)
Biaxial motion
movement in two planes (metacarpophalangeal joint, occipital condyles to atlas)
Protraction
moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane (an under-bite with the lower jaw).
Circumduction
moving a limb in a circle creating a cone in space (performing windmill exercises).
Synarthrosis
no movement is permitted. At ______ joints, the bony edges are quite close together and may even interlock. These extremely strong joints are located where movement between bones must be prevented.
Joint cavity
not only are synovial joints composed of fibrous connective tissues (as are fibrous and cartilaginous joints) and possess cartilage (as do cartilaginous joints) but they also possess a space between the articulating bones, called the synovial cavity.
Amphiarthrosis
only slight movement is permitted. An _____ joint permits more movement than a synarthrotic joint, but is much stronger than freely moveable joints.
Extension
opposite of flexion; an angular movement within the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements. When in anatomical position, all of the major joints of the axial and appendicular skeleton (except the ankle) are at full extension (lowering the dumbbell back to a starting position).
Adduction
opposite to abduction; an angular movement within the lateral-medial plane that moves the body part toward the longitudinal axis (second part of a jumping jack, bringing fingers together, snapping the wrist).
Plantar flexion
opposite to dorsiflexion, extend the ankle and elevates the heel (as when you point your toes).
Eversion
opposite to inversion; a twist motion of the foot that turns the sole outward, elevating the lateral edge of the sole.
Lateral rotation
opposite to medial rotation; the anterior surface of a limb turns away from the midline of the body (first position in a ballerina stance
Retraction
opposite to protraction; moving the body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane (an overbite with the lower jaw).
Pivot joints
rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone or ligament; uniaxial (proximal radio-ulnar joint, the dens of the axis to atlas).
Extrinsic ligament
separate from the joint capsule and may pass outside (extracapsular) or inside (intracapsular) the joint capsule.
Sprain
stretching or tearing of a ligament across the joint capsule.
Depression
structure moves inferiorly (opening the mouth).
Elevation
structure moves superiorly (closing the mouth).
Ligaments
support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints
Medial rotation
the anterior surface of a limb turns towards midline of the body (pigeon toe in the leg).
Opposition
the movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm or the pads of the other fingers (as in snapping to music).
Pronation
the shaft of the radius rotates, the distal epiphysis of the radius rolls across the anterior surface of the ulna so that the bones are crossing. The palm faces posteriorly (pro basketball players pronate to dribble the ball).
Ball and socket
the spherical end of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another bone; multiaxial (shoulder joint and hip joints).
Fibrous capsule
thick outer layer continuous with the periosteum around the articulating bones. As a result, this adds strength and helps to stabilize the joint.
Synovial fluid
this fluid is largely derived from blood and has a clear, viscous, egg-white consistency. Even in large joints, such as the knee, the total quantity of synovial fluid is normally less than 3 ml. There are three primary functions of synovial fluid: lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption
Rotation
turning movement of a bone around its own axis
