Chapter 9 & 10 - Nervous System and Senses

Put the following steps of nociception in order. Perception Transmission Transduction Modulation

1. *Transduction*: coversion of painful stimulus to nerve impulse 2. *Transmission:* nerve impulse travels to spinal cord 3. *Modulation:* amplification/suppression of impulse 4. *Perception:* sensory impulse processed by brain

____ decreases the amplitude of vibrations but amplifies their force when sent to the cochlea. a. Tympanic Membrane b. Oval Window c. Auditory Ossicles d. Vestibule

c. Auditory Ossicles *Malleus, Incus, Stapes* work in compliment with two smooth muscles *tynsor tympani* (malleus) and *stapedius* (stapes) keep loud vibrations from entering cochlea

Which thermoreceptors are located in the hypothalamus and monitor core body temperature? a. Deep Receptors b. Superficial Receptors c. Central Receptors d. Hypothalmo Receptors

c. Central Receptors *NOTE:* Superficial thermoreceptors detect changes in skin temperature

The nervous system can be divided into what two basic anatomic areas? a. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic b. Somatic and Autonomic c. Central and Peripheral d. Sensory and Motor

c. Central and Peripheral *Central Nervous System (CNS):* brain and spinal cord *Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):* links CNS to the rest of the body (includes cranial and spinal nerves)

(5) Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining balance and coordination a. Cerebrum b. Brain Stem c. Cerebellum d. Cortex

c. Cerebellum

What type of stimuli do taste buds detect? a. Mechanical b. Electromagnetic c. Chemical d. Thermal

c. Chemical

The ____ is the passageway between the brainstem and cerebrum often referred to as "between brains". a. Pons b.. Medulla Oblongata c. Diencephalon d. Cerebellum

c. Diencephalon

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland are three components of which part of the brain? a. Brain stem b. Cerebral cortex c. Diencephalon d. Cerebellum

c. Diencephalon

Which of the following hormones or neurotransmitters bind to Alpha, Beta-1, and Beta-2 receptors? a. Acetylcholine b. Norepinephrine c. Epinephrine d. Noradrenaline

c. Epinephrine Alpha, beta-1, beta-2 = Andrenergic receptors --> Norepinephrine targets *Alpha* receptors --> Epinephrine stimulates all three

The _____ connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx to equalize air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane a. External Auditory Meatus b. Tympanic Bulla c. Eustachian Tube d. Vestibule

c. Eustachian Tube

(15) Where are neurotransmitters stored? a. In the dendrite b. In the cytoplasm of the dendrite and then migrate to the axon c. In the synaptic vesicles in the axon d. In clusters of cell bodies called ganglia

c. In the synaptic vesicles in the axon

Where are the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals located? a. Outer ear b. Middle ear c. Inner ear d. Pinna

c. Inner Ear

(3) A nerve that has both sensory and motor functions is called a/an ___ nerve a. Efferent b. Afferent c. Mixed d. Somatic

c. Mixed

Which type of receptor on cholinergic ganglia is found within the target organs of parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways? a. Nicotinic b. Alpha c. Muscarinic d. Acetylcholinesterase

c. Muscarinic *REMEMBER:* Nicotinic receptors are at synapses between pre/postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems as well as neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle

(17) The type of tissue that coordinates and controls activities in and around an animal's body is ____ tissue a. Muscle b. Connective c. Nervous d. Epithelial

c. Nervous

(4) An upper respiratory tract infection will primarily affect the ___ sense. a. Tactile b. Auditory c. Olfactory d. Nociception

c. Olfactory

This neuron transmits impulses to a synapse and releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to to transmit an impulse to the next neuron. a. Postsynaptic b. Telodendron c. Presynaptic d. Saltatory

c. Presynaptic *NOTE:* Postsynaptic Neurons receive impulses and have receptors for neurotransmitters

(7) The space between a neuron and a target cell is called the ____ a. Threshold b. Telodendron c. Synaptic cleft d. Symphysis

c. Synaptic cleft

(14) Where are rods and cones located? a. The iris b. The cornea c. The retina d. The lens

c. The retina

Which two neurotransmitters are only secreted in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? a. Acetylcholine, Glycine b. GABA, Dopamine c. Norepinephrine, Epinephrine d. Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine

d. Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine Acetylcholine = Excitatory Norepinephrine = Excitatory/Inhibitory

Where does neurotransmission typically take place? a. At the myelin sheath b. At the nodes of Ranvier c. At the perikaryon d. At the synaptic cleft

d. At the synaptic cleft

Which part of the brain maintains balance, is involved in coordination, posture, and complex refelexes? a. Cerebrum b. Diencephalon c. Midbrain d. Cerebellum

d. Cerebellum

Spinal nerves are part of the PNS and exit the spinal cord between vertebrae. Each spinal nerve consists of nerve roots. Which nerve root brings sensory information from the peripheral body back to the spinal column? a. Motor b. Sensory c. Efferent d. Dorsal

d. Dorsal *Remember:* Dorsal = Sensory Ventral = Motor

A ____ neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, making the inside of the cell becomes more negative to prevent it from reaching threshold. a. Acetylcholine b. Excitatory c. Hormone d. Inhibitory

d. Inhibitory --> Chloride and potassium channels open in postsynaptic membrane --> K+ ions leave cell and Cl- enter cells

Neuron cell membranes are electrically polarized: the inside of the neuron has a net negative charge and the outside has a net positive charge. The difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane is called the _____. a. Action Potential b. Resting State c. Threshold d. Membrane Potential

d. Membrane Potential *NOTE:* The *action potential* is the process of depolarization and repolarization

(8) What part of the ear is visible from the outside? a. Auditory ossicles b. Eustachian tube c. Tympanic membrane d. Pinna

d. Pinna

(18) Which of the following senses is a special sense a. Temperature b. Touch c. Pain d. Smell

d. Smell

What's the function of synaptic vesicles? a. Insulating the axon b. Contacting the postsynaptic membrane to transmit a signal c. Receiving envrionmental information d. Storing neurotransmitters

d. Storing neurotransmitters

In which nervous system pathway do preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord to control the "fligh-or-flight" response? a. Peripheral b. Parasympathetic c. Axial d. Sympathetic

d. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) *Fight-or-flight* = preparing the body for activity; stimulates nerve plexus or direct organs Central & Peripheral Nervous System = Anatomical Grouping Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System = *Functional Grouping* Autonomic (involuntary) divided into *Sympathetic/Parasympathetic)

Vibration of the endolymph of the cochlear duct causes the ____ to rub against the hairs of the Organ of Corti and produce a nerve impulse. a. Tympanic membrane b. Macula c. Ampulla d. Tectorial membrane

d. Tectorial membrane Sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane --> ossicles-->oval window-->perilymph-->endolymph-->tectorial membrane rubs against hairs of organ of corti producing nerve impulse that will be interpreted as sound in the brain

Which nerve in the brachial plexus innervates muscles that flex the shoulder and skin over the cranial surface of the elbow? a. Axilary b. Radial c. Median d. Ulnar

a. Axillary *REMEMBER:* brachial plexus = fusion of ventral branches of several spinal nerves that controls thoracic limbs *Radial* = humerus and craniolateral foreleg and foot *Median* = medial foreleg and palmar foot *Ulnar* = caudal foreleg and palmar foot

Matching Brachial Plexus Spinal Nerves a. Axillary b. Radial c. Median d. Ulnar 1. innervates muscles that flex shoulder and skin of cranial elbow 2. innervates medial surface of foreleg and palmar surface of foot 3. innervates caudal surface of foreleg and palmar surface of foot 4. innervates lateral surface of humerus and craniolateral surface of foreleg and foot

a. Axillary --> 1. innervates muscles that flex shoulder and skin of cranial elbow b. Radial --> 4. innervates lateral surface of humerus and craniolateral surface of foreleg and foot c. Median --> 2. innervates medial surface of foreleg and palmar surface of foot d. Ulnar --> 3. innervates caudal surface of foreleg and palmar surface of foot

Which of the following are general senses? *Select all that apply* a. Touch b. Proprioception c. Hearing d. Visceral Sensations e. Vision f. Taste

a. Touch b. Proprioception d. Visceral Sensations

1. In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neurons are *[ Cholinergic / Adrenergic ]* and the postganglionic neurons are *[ Cholinergic / Adrenergic ]*. 2. In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neurons are *[ Cholinergic / Adrenergic ]* and the postganglionic neurons are *[ Cholinergic / Adrenergic ]*.

1. Cholinergic ; Adrenergic 2. Cholinergic ; Cholinergic *Cholinergic:* secretes acetylcholine [cholin--acetylcholine] *Adrenergic:* secretes norepinephrine (noradrenaline)* [adren--adrenal gland secretes epinephrine a modified form of norepinephrine]

1. The *[ Neuron / Neurolglia ]* is the basic functional unit of the nervous system that responds to stimuli and conducts impulses 2. *[ Perikaryon / Neuroglia ]* are cells that provide structural and functional support to neurons. They are not involved in transmission of information or impulses 3. The cells that make up the myelin sheath lining neurons in the brain and spinal cord are called *[ Schwann cells / Oligodendrocytes]*

1. Neuron 2. Neuroglia 3. Oligodendrocytes --> Schwann cells make up the myelin sheath lining peripheral nerves

1. Immediately after depolarization of a neuron, the cell undergoes _____, in which potassium channels open and K+ diffuses out of the neuron. The inside of the neuron acheives a net negative charge again. 2. After the cell has undergone depolarization and repolarization, the inside of neuron has a high concentration of ____ ions and the outside has a high concentration of ____ ions 3. The sodium-potassium pump uses ____ to move K+ and Na+ into and out of the cell, respectively, to return it to it's resting state 4. The period after depolarization when another impulse cannot be generated is called the ______ period

1. Repolarization 2. Na+ ; K+ 3. Active Transport 4. Refractory Period

Put the steps involved in hearing into the correct order, beginning with a sound being made. ___ Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane ___ An electrical impulse is transmitted to the central nervous system ___ Vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea ___ Sound waves enter the pinna ___ Vibrations are transmitted through the malleus, incus, and stapes

1. Sound waves enter the pinna 2. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane 3. Vibrations are transmitted through the malleus, incus, and stapes 4. Vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea 5. An electrical impulse is transmitted to the central nervous system

Matching a. Axon b. Dendrite c. Perikaryon d. Cyton e. Synaptic Knob f. Soma 1. Cell body where the nucleus is located 2. Cytoplasm within the cell body 3. One of many cell receptors that senses the environment or receives signal from neighboring neurons 4. Cell projection that transmits signals to other neurons 5. Disc-shaped bulb at the axon terminal 6. Neuron cell body

a. Axon --> 4. Cell projection that transmits signals to other neurons b. Dendrite --> 3. One of many cell receptors that senses the environment or receives signal from neighboring neurons c. Perikaryon --> 2. Cytoplasm within the cell body d. Cyton --> 1. Cell body where the nucleus is located e. Synaptic Knob --> 5. Disc-shaped bulb at the axon terminal f. Soma --> Neuron cell body

(19) Which organ does not have nociceptors? a. Brain b. Heart c. Kidneys d. Lungs

a. Brain

In which structure of the brain would you find the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata? a. Brain Stem b. Cerebrum c. Diencephalon d. Cerebellum

a. Brain Stem --> Primitive brain; controls body at the subconcious level (breathing, heart control, etc)

The ____ is the largest portion of the brain in domestic animals and is responsible for higher order behaviors, such as learning, reasoning, memory recall, and intelligence. a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Diencephalon d. Medulla

a. Cerebrum

Taste pores on a taste bud are openings that allow dissolved food to come in contact with ____ a. Chemoreceptors b. Photons c. Thermoreceptors d. Olfactory Receptors

a. Chemoreceptors

(6) Which of the following causes the greatest degree of light refraction in the eye? a. Cornea b. Lens c. Vitreous body d. Aqueous body

a. Cornea

(12) The vestibulocochlear nerve travels between the brain and what organ? a. Ear b. Nose c. Eye d. Tongue

a. Ear

Matching Lumbosacral Plexus nerves of pelvic limbs a. Femoral b. Obturator c. Ischiatic (Sciatic) 1. innervates muscles of medial thigh 2. Innervates cranial muscles of femur and provides sensory nerves to medial surface of thigh and foreleg 3. innervates caudal thigh muscles

a. Femoral --> 2. Innervates cranial muscles of femur and provides sensory nerves to medial surface of thigh and foreleg b. Obturator --> 1. innervates muscles of medial thigh c. Ischiatic (Sciatic) --> 3. innervates caudal thigh muscles

Which of the following functions would the autonomic nervous sytem control? *Select all that apply* a. Heart beating b. Breathing while asleep c. Turning the head to greet another animal d. Secreting digestive enzymes after a meal e. Moving the legs to run

a. Heart beating b. Breathing while asleep d. Secreting digestive enzymes after a meal

Match the following structures of the Cerebrum a. Longitudinal Fissure b. Sulcus c. Gyrus d. Lateral Ventricle e. Corpus Callosum 1. Divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres 2. Raised tissue of gray matter 3. Collection of fibers covering the ventricles that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain 4. Indentions in gray matter 5. Cavities within each hemisphere that produce CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

a. Longitudinal Fissure --> 1. Divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres b. Sulcus --> 4. Indentions in gray matter c. Gyrus --> 2. Raised tissue of gray matter d. Lateral Ventricle --> 5. Cavities within each hemisphere that produce CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) e. Corpus Callosum--> 3. Collection of fibers covering the ventricles that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Matching a. Meninges b. Pia Matter c. Arachnoid Layer d. Dura Mater e. Subdural Space f. Epidural Space 1. meningeal layer that covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord 2. Outer most layer of meninges that fuses with the periosteum of the skull 3. Space between dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae that is filled with fibrous tissue, fat, and veins 4. Fluid-filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid matter 5. Connective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord 6. Middle layer of meninges

a. Meninges --> 5. Connective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord b. Pia Matter --> 2. Outer most layer of meninges that fuses with the periosteum of the skull c. Arachnoid Layer --> 6. Middle layer of meninges d. Dura Mater --> 1. meningeal layer that covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord e. Subdural Space --> 4. Fluid-filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid matter f. Epidural Space --> 3. Space between dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae that is filled with fibrous tissue, fat, and veins

When a neuron is in a resting state, the cell maintains a net negative charge (-70mV). This is achieved by having a high concentration of ____ outside of the neuron and a high concentration of ____ inside the neuron. a. Na+ ; K+ b. Cl- ; Na+ c. Cl- ; K- d. K+ ; Na+

a. Na+ ; K+

What's the name for gaps in the myelin sheath on a myelinated neuron? a. Nodes of Ranvier b. Saltatory Cells c. Unmyelinated Cells d. Nodes of Schwann

a. Nodes of Ranvier

Which of the following are cranial nerves? *Select all that apply* a. Optic b. Oculomotor c. Trochlear d. Brachial plexus e. Spinal f. Olfactory

a. Optic b. Oculomotor c. Trochlear f. Olfactory

In which nervous system pathway do preganglionic neurons originate in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord to control the "Rest-and-Restore" response? a. Parasympathetic b. Autonomic c. Peripheral d. Sympathetic

a. Parasympathetic --> ganglia located nea/within target organs i.e (*LONG* preganglionic neurons and short post)

The ____ is a smooth muscle attached to the malleus that adjusts the tension of the tympanic membran to soften transmission of loud vibrations to the cochlea a. Tensor tympani b. Stapedius c. Organ of Corti d. Perilymph

a. Tensor tympani *NOTE:* stapedius = smooth muscle that restricts movement of stapes against oval window of cochlea

Match the following structures of the Diencephalon correctly. a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Pituitary 1. Regulates production and release of hormones throughout the body 2. Interface between nervous system and endocrine system 3. Regulates sensory input to cerebrum

a. Thalamus --> 3. Regulates sensory input to cerebrum b. Hypothalamus --> 2. Interface between nervous system and endocrine system c. Pituitary --> 1. Regulates production and release of hormones throughout the body

(1) The tactile sense is the sense of ___ a. Touch b. Temperature c. Pain d. Hunger

a. Touch

Matching General Senses a. Visceral Sensations b. Touch c. Temperature d. Pain (Nociception) e. Proprioception 1. When something comes in contact with skin 2. Sense of body position and movement of feet and the body 3. Noxious stimulation 4. Related to sensations of hunger or thirst and fullness (stretch) of hollow organs 5. Detects increases or decreases in body temperature

a. Visceral Sensations --> 4. Related to sensations of hunger or thirst and fullness (stretch) of hollow organs b. Touch --> 1. When something comes in contact with skin c. Temperature --> 5. Detects increases or decreases in body temperature d. Pain (Nociception) --> 3. Noxious stimulation e. Proprioception --> 2. Sense of body position and movement of feet and the body

Low-pitched frequencies stimulate the *[ apex / base ]* of the cochlea and high-pitched frequencies stimulate the *[ apex / base ]*.

apex ; base

The ____ separates capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue, preventing substances from easily passing from blood to brain. a. Meninges b. Blood-brain barrier c. Pia Matter d. Dura mater

b. Blood-brain barrier *Remember:* Blood-brain barrier capillaries lack fenestrations (pores) and are covered in glial cells to prevent drugs, proteins, ions, or other moelecules from readily passing to the brain

(16) In domesticated animals, what's the largest part of the brain? a. Diencephalon b. Cerebrum c. Cerebellum d. Brain stem

b. Cerebrum

(11) Taste buds are a type of ___ a. Central temperature receptor b. Chemoreceptor c. Photoreceptor d. Motor receptor

b. Chemoreceptor

Neuron cell bodies are located within the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord). They receive and send impulses to and from muscles and organs. Nerves of the Peripheral Nervous System consist of dendrites and axons that extend from the CNS cell bodies. Which of the following are clusters of neruon cell bodies that are located outside of the Cenral Nervous System? a. Telodendron b. Ganglia c. Schwann Cells d. Neuroglia

b. Ganglia

The outer layer of brain tissue and the inner layer of the spinal cord are made of _____ matter; while the inner layer of the brain and the outer layer of the spinal cord are made of ____ matter. a. Dura; Arachnoid b. Gray ; White c. Pia ; Subdural d. White ; Gray

b. Gray ; White

What's the brachial plexus? a. Group of several cranial nerves b. Group of several spinal nerves c. A single cranial nerve d. A single spinal nerve

b. Group of several spinal nerves

(2) Cholinergenic neurons can be classified into what two subtypes? a. Sensory and motor b. Muscarinic and nicotinic c. Afferent and efferent d. Alpha and beta

b. Muscarinic and nicotinic

What's the process of experiencing pain called? a. Proprioception b. Nociception c. Visceral Sensations d. Special Sensations

b. Nociception

The nerve-to-nerve interaction of neurons where sensory neurons stimulate motor neurons directly without interacting with the brain is a. Sympathetic Response b. Reflex Arc c. Somatic d. Lumbosacral Twitch

b. Reflex Arc

(9) Which of the following function would the autonomic nervous system carry out? a. Swishing the tail at insects b. Releasing hormones to regulate blood sugar c. Running d. Walking to a water source

b. Releasing hormones to regulate blood sugar

Where in the eye are photoreceptors located? a. Uvea b. Retina c. Choroid d. Iris

b. Retina

What type of cells make up the myelin sheath? a. Sodium-potassium cells b. Schwann cells c. Ranvier cells d. Epithelial cells

b. Schwann cells

When a neuron reaches its threshold, depolarization causes ____ channels to open. a. Sodium-Potassium b. Sodium c. Chloride d. Potassium

b. Sodium --> Na+ floods into the cell --> Inside of neuron has net *Positive* charge

What's the function of saltatory conduction? a. Speeds neurotransmission between neurons b. Speeds signal transmission along a neuron c. Initiates signal transmission along neuron d. Initiates neurotransmission between neurons

b. Speeds signal transmission along a neuron

What's the middle vascularized layer of the eye called? a. Cornea b. Uvea c. Retina d. Limbus

b. Uvea

Which category would a sensory nerve fiber best fit into? a. Efferent b. Neuroglia c. Afferent d. Motor Nerves

c. Afferent *REMEMBER:* Afferent nerves conduct impulses towards CNS *(Sensation)* Efferent nerves conduct nerve impulses away from CNS in response to stimuli; generates response in muscle/organs *(Motor)*

What's the primary difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems? a. The autonomic system is afferent, and the somoatic system is efferent b. The autonomic system is sensory , and the somatic system is motor c. The autonomic system is "rest-and-restore", and the somatic system is "fight-or-flight". d. The autonomic system in involuntary, and the somatic system is voluntary

d. The autonomic system in involuntary, and the somatic system is voluntary *REMEMBER:* Autonomic = controls involuntary actions; sends and receives impulses from smooth and cardiac muscles and glands -->Fight/flight OR Rest/Restore Somatic = concious control at skeletal muscles

(13) Which statement describes the sympathetic nervous system? a. The nerves exit the central nervous system in the head and from the lumbar spine b. The only neurotransmitters it secretes are epinephrine and norepinephrine c. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system generally causes a decrease in blood pressure d. There are three different subtypes of adrenergic receptors on target organs

d. There are three different subtypes of adrenergic receptors on target organs

(20) Which of the following cranial nerves contains both sensory and motor functions? a. Optic b. Trochlear c. Abducent d. Vagus

d. Vagus

Which of the following special senses involves electromagnetic sensory input? a. Taste b. Hearing c. Smell d. Vision

d. Vision