Chapter 9: Constructing Gender and Sexuality

What is the name of the sociological view that seeks to explain phenomena in terms of natural phenomena?

Essentialism

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sexual orientation. Our society recognizes different sexual orientations based on a _________ gender system. The normative and dominant category of sexuality is ________; in 2010, the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior found that about 4% of all adults identify as __________ while 3 percent of men and 4 percent of women identify as ____________. The idea that sexual orientation can have a wide spectrum, posited by _________, is not the dominant view in our society.

1) Binary 2) Heterosexuality 3) homosexual 4) bisexual 5) Alfred Kinsey

Place each occupation in order from highest to lowest percentage of women in that occupation

1) Dental hygienist 2) librarian 3) waiter and waitress 4) lawyer 5) surgeon 6) computer programmer 7) Firefighter

Place each social theorist's work in the order in which it was published, from first to last.

1) Harold Garfinkel studied a trans woman named "Agnes." 2) Zillah Eisenstein suggested the potential losses for men under a system without gender segregation. 3) Catharine MacKinnon argued that gender and power are inextricably intertwined in our society.

Fill in the blanks to complete the statement about gender and bullying. ____________ (2016) found that bullying in the form of _________ and the spreading of sexual rumors helped reinforce traditional gender and sexuality norms in ___________.

1) Sarah Miller 2) Homophobic Labeling 3) Young Women

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sociological theories of gender inequality. Sociologist _________ identified two complementary social gender roles in the family. The _________ is the position of the family member who provides material support and is often an authority figure. The ____________ is the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. These roles may be complementary, but the social rewards for filling them are far from equal. The _____________ view does not explain very well why gender relations are characterized by such inequality.

1) Talcott Parsons 2) Instrumental role 3) Expressive role 4) Functionalist

Place each groundbreaking television series about homosexual or transgender characters in order of air date, from earliest to latest.

1) The Sitcom Ellen 2) Will & Grace 3) Orange is the New Black 4) I am Cait

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sex, gender, and society. Sex refers to categories (such as male, female, and intersex) that are assigned to ___________ differences. Gender reflects our notions about what is appropriately __________. There is significant debate about gender - ____________ suggest that notions of gender are socially determined and ___________ see gender a immutable.

1) biological 2) masculine or feminie 3) constructionists 4) essentialists

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about education, gender, and LGBTQ individuals. Women increasingly outnumber men in college and made up the majority of college graduates by __________. By 2019, women earned ____________ of bachelor's degrees. For LGBTQ individuals, education may be tougher road than for non-LGBTQ individuals. The 219 National School Climate Survey found that fully ________ of LGBTQ students reported being verbally harassed, while __________ reported being physically harassed.

1) mid-1990s 2) 57% 3) 81% 4) 34%

Label each category of sexuality according to its appropriate location on the Kinsey Scale of Sexuality.

2 - Predominately heterosexual but more than incidentally homosexual 3 - Equally heterosexual and homosexual 5 - Predominately homosexual; only incidentally heterosexual

At what age do children develop a preference for same-sex playmates?

3

Identify the following statements as applying to either boys or girls in school.

Boys: - They receive more attention and instructional time and are more likely to be called on in class. - They are posed with more challenging questions or tasks and are given more praise for the quality of their work Girls: - They tend to earn higher grades in elementary school - They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability.

Match each term about gender to its definition.

Cisgender: A term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth Transgender: A term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth Gender Identity: An individual's self-definition or sense of gender Gender Expression: An individual's behavioral manifestations of gender Gender Nonconforming: A term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

Identify the observed phenomena that call into question the biological binary male/female sex distinction.

Correct Answer: - Children born with ambiguous genitalia - Women with male secondary sex characteristics Incorrect Answer: - Women who enjoy, and are good at, hunting - men who are sexually attracted to other men

What are the major agents of socialization that enforce gender roles?

Correct Answers: - Families - the media - schools - peers Incorrect Answers: - religion

Identify the college policies and aspects of campus life that contribute to a rape culture on campuses.

Correct Answers: - Restricting alcohol use on campus - hookup culture - creating policies that unintentionally engage in "victim blaming" - feeling pressure to participate in the party scene on campus Incorrect Answers: - Educating men in rape prevention

Match each term to the corresponding example.

Discrimination: - A woman is paid less than her male co-worker for the same job. Toxic Masculinity: - In 2014, Elliot Rodger wrote a 140 page manifesto linking himself to the incel movement, before killing six people and injuring fourteen more in Isla Vista, California (near the University of California, Santa Barbara) Hegemonic Masculinity: - Car advertisements usually feature men who are heterosexual, economically successful, and physically fit.

All nonbinary people consider themselves transgender.

False

Every society in the world acknowledges only two genders

False

Consider the following scenario. Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 an hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise's situation exemplify?

Feminization of poverty

Your textbook describes the Vanatinai society in New Guinea as an example of what?

Gender Equality

Identify whether or not the following are examples of gendered microaggressions.

Gendered Microaggression: - a female physician wearing a stethoscope is mistaken for a nurse. - A customer service agent calls a trans woman "sir" on the phone. - A man refuses to wash the dishes because he claims that it is "women's work" Not Gendered Microaggression: - A woman is assumed to be the principal of a school because she wears a pantsuit to work.

Sociologist Arlie Rothchild has studied how two-parent households handle the division of labor for many tasks of domestic life. In the context of her studies of gender norms and household labor, what does "second shift" refer to?

It refers to the after-work homemaking chores of a wage-earning wife.

Which sociologist conducted work on intersectionality among workers in nail salons?

Miliann Kang

Identify the reasons why the Covid-19 pandemic impacted women's employment more than men's

Reasons: - Women are more likely to be responsible for caregiving - The service sector was hit particularly hard Not Reasons: - Past recessions have disproportionately impacted women's employment in a negative way

Match each theoretical perspective to the corresponding approach to gender inequality.

Structural Functionalism: Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to perform. Conflict Theory: Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance. Symbolic Interactionism: Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media

Fill in the table with the correct theories.

Top Box: Structural Functionalism Middle Box: Conflict Theory Bottom Box: Symbolic interactionism

Identify the category that best describes Laverne Cox's gender identity.

Transgender woman

Gender role socialization begins before birth.

True

Identify the true and false statements about queer theory.

True Statements: - "Queer" Encompasses a wide range of gender and sexual diversity. - For much of the twentieth century, "queer" was a pejorative term. - Queer theory challenges prevailing binary notions of sex, gender, and sexuality. False Statements: - Queer theorists accept Kinsey's categorization as the true way to classify sexuality.

Identify the true and false statements about gender and labor force participation.

True Statements: - A higher percentage of men than women participate in the labor force. - Since 1975, the percent of mothers in the labor force has been on the rise - Marriage seems to have opposite effects on women's and men's participation rates. False Statements: - Occupational sex segregation, or the domination of certain professions by a single gender, has dramatically fallen in recent years.

Identify the true and false statements about male and female earnings according to this graph.

True Statements: - Between 1990 and 2010, the earnings of women increased more than the earnings of men. - Between 1980 and 1990, the female-to-male earnings ratio increased about 10% False Statements: - Between 1975 and 2020, men's earnings have increased by 20% - Recessions have always led to decreases in the female-to-male earnings ratio

Identify the true and false statements about feminism.

True Statements: - Feminism can be divided into three waves - Feminism is more than a social movement. False Statements: - The second wave of feminism focused on diversity. - The goals of feminism have always been the same

Identify the true and false statements about Talcott Parson's ideas of complementary gender roles.

True Statements: - Parsons suggests gender segregation serves to uphold the traditional family and its social functions. - The instrumental role is being task oriented, a "breadwinner," and an authority figure. - The expressive role is providing emotional support and nurturing. False Statements: - The social rewards for filling complementary gender roles are equal

Identify the true and false statements about sexuality.

True Statements: - Slightly more women than men identify as bisexual - the percentage of people who identify with each category of sexual orientation is controversial - some suggest that sexuality is best understood as a fluid continuum False Statements: - About 20% of adults self-identify as gay or lesbian

Which of the following statements about health are true for men, and which are true for women, in the United States?

True for Men: - This group is less likely to suffer from depression True for Women: Over the past several decades, the rate of new lung cancer cases for this group has increased. - Over half of the American population belongs to this group. - This group has a longer life expectancy

Match each statement about feminism to the wave it is associated.

first wave -Its key event was a convention held in Seneca Falls, New York. -It was associated with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony -Its main cause was the campaign to win the vote for women, or the suffrage movement. second wave -Its main causes were equal access to education and employment -Its key event was the establishment of the National Organization for Women -It was associated with Betty Friedan. third wave -Its main cause was globalization. -It introduced a focus on intersectionality

Consider the following scenario. Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify?

heteronormativity

Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female?

intersex