Chapter 9: Families and Children

328 Identify the reasons why international adoptions in the United States peaked in 2004.

Reason(s) Adoptions from some nations were halted entirely. Ethical and legal violations were more closely scrutinized.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about parenting. Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge - with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also - their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build - that help them parent and provide resources.

Social bonds Socialize Social networks

Identify the reasons why women with less education have more children, on average, than women with more education.

Reason(s) Schooling delays the start of childbearing. The opportunity cost of having children is lower for less educated women.

(343-347) Read this blog post on parenting in China. Identify the shared pressures that Chinese and U.S. parents face.

Shared Pressure(s) Many parents spend a lot of money on child-development activities. Women are largely responsible for rearing children.

Page 321 Identify the statements that are true of adoptive parents.

True Statement(s) They are parents to a child or children they did not produce biologically. They are parents via a legal agreement. They have rights and obligations enforced by the U.S. government.

Select the bolded phrases that represent the three categories of skills or resources that parents offer their children. Karen's parents were very attentive to her development and performance in school. They made sure she knew she should ask her teacher questions when she was unsure of what to do in school. They also talked to Karen about her day in school every evening. They attended parent-teacher conferences and talked to other parents when they were concerned about how the school was handling Karen's attention problems. Their close friends, the Matthews, had a son in the same grade who sometimes came to them with questions as well; the four parents enjoyed socializing with one another.

ask her teacher questions talked to Karen attended parent-teacher conferences talked to other parents

Based on this figure, identify the ways that family diversity has increased since 1960.

There is greater representation of non-two-parent family structures. There are far fewer father-only families than mother-only families in all racial-ethnic groups. 336-337

343 In recent decades, parental insecurity has been increasing, as more and more experts are giving - about how to be good parents. In addition to this practice by experts, parental insecurity is enhanced by the - number of children parents have today and the - that they face.

advice smaller economic insecurity

Place the racial-ethnic groups in order from lowest to highest fertility rate. 332

American Indians Asians Whites Latinos

332 Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about infertility.

Infertility is typically defined as the failure to have a successful pregnancy despite having sex without contraception for 12 months.

Identify the parental changes brought about by intensive mothering. (346)

Parental Change(s) Mothers spend more time with children. Parenting comes with greater stressors. Mothers appear to have less leisure time today than in the past.In her book The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, sociologist Sharon Hays described an ideology she called "intensive motherhood," a cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children.

Identify the accurate conclusions drawn from the figure.

Accurate Conclusion(s) The birth rate for women under age 30 declined beginning in 2007. The greatest decline in birth rates has occurred among those under the age of 24. The birth rate for women over age 30 has been steadily increasing since 2000. 326

Page 3229.1. Childbearing Based on the figure, identify the accurate statements.

Accurate Statement(s) Fertility in the baby boom era (represented by women who reached the end of their childbearing years in the 1980s) was driven up largely by women having four or more children. Fertility in 2006 was lower than at any other point on the graph.

Identify the challenges that studying fathers presents to researchers. 354

Challenge(s) Some fathers do not live in households with their children. Only 3 percent of single parents are fathers.

Identify the conclusions that one can draw from this figure.

Conclusion(s) Infertility is less equal across race/ethnicity than educational attainment. Women with BA degrees or higher show the lowest rates of infertility.

Identify the examples of transitions that may add to children's stress and affect their development. 338

Example(s) a mother's boyfriend's moving into the home moving to a new, safer neighborhood an aunt's moving in after losing her job

Page 3349.3 Why (Not) Have Children? Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children.

Factors greater educational and occupational attainment for women delayed marriage and childbearing

321 The total fertility rate in the United States is currently 1.82, which is the same as the replacement fertility rate.

False The total fertility rate in the United States is lower than the cutoff for replacement fertility (2.1), meaning that the United States cannot replace its population with births alone at the current rate. The total fertility rate is useful for thinking about populations as a whole. If a country has a total fertility rate of more than 2.1 or so, the population will usually grow; if the rate is lower than that, it will eventually start to shrink.

Identify each group of people as more or less likely to use assisted reproductive technology. 356, 358

More Likely same-sex couples older couples individuals who anticipate damage to their reproductive organs due to chemotherapy or another challenge

Click on the bands that represent the highest and lowest proportions of 45-year-old women in the United States, according to their childbearing rates.

Purple (Top) & Green (Middle)

Identify the factors that contributed to families' having fewer children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Raising children cost more money. Children's labor was not needed. More children lived into adulthood.

Latinos have the - fertility rate of all racial-ethnic groups in the United States. This is due to several factors, including Latinos' high rate of religious commitment to - lower levels of - , cultural expectations to have children, and immigration.

highest Catholicism education