Chapters 18-20: Cardiovascular System
Which of the following arteries help form the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) in the brain?
Internal carotid arteries
If the plasma of a blood sample contains both the anti-A and the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______.
O
Identify the Rh blood type of sample (1) in the image. Sample 1 is the middle column.
Rh+, exposed to Rh- blood; Rh+, never exposed to Rh- blood
What layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells?
Tunica Media
What layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers?
Tunica externa
What layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue?
Tunica intima
To test compatibility of blood types between a door and a recipient, a specific blood test called a(n) ____ test must be performed.
agglutination
A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called _______ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called ________ chains (globins).
alpha (a); beta (β)
An arterial ____ is when more than one artery is providing blood to a given tissue.
anastomosis
The anterior interventricular artery (LAD) supplies the _____ wall of the left ventricle and ______ the interventricular septum.
anterior; most of
The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the ____.
apex
When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins ____.
are broken into free amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein
The vessels that are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart are _____.
arteries
The ____ are smaller than the ____.
atria; ventricles
The _____ of the heart receive blood and the ___ pump blood to the lungs and body tissues.
atria; ventricles
The first heart sound heard with a stethoscope is the result of the ___ valves closing; producing a "lubb" sound.
atrioventricular
Which of the following describes the function(s) of lymphocytes?
attack abnormal body cells; coordinate immune response
In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n) ____.
bacterial infection
The ____ vein is a superficial vein that runs adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb.
basilic vein
left atrioventricular valve
bicuspid valve (mitral valve); two triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue
The nucleus of an eosinophil is(are) _____.
bilobed, dark-staining, surrounded by reddish cytoplasmic granules
Hyaline cartilage has a low degree of vascularization. This means that _____.
blood delivery to this tissue is limited
The veins that drain the head, neck, and upper limbs merge to form the left and right ___ veins.
brachiocephalic
Arteries, veins, and ____ make up the three classes of blood vessels.
capillaries
In both pulmonary and systemic circulation, gas exchange occurs at the ______.
capillaries
Under the microscope, the wall of a blood vessel is observed to contain only a tunica intima. This must be a(n) ______.
capillary
Blood from the coronary circulation returns to the right atrium through one of several ____ ____.
cardiac veins
Which superficial vein runs along the lateral side of the upper limb?
cephalic vein
the heart is approximately the size of a person's _____.
clenched fist
When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle, the bicuspid valve is __________ and the aortic semilunarvalve is __________.
closed; open
In the body, _____ blood vessels travel together and supply the same region.
companion
Upon dissection of a capillary, it is found to contain intercellular clefts, but otherwise no pores, openings or gaps in the vessel wall. This is probably a __________ capillary.
continuous
The ____ deliver oxygen rich blood to the thick wall while the ____ carry the deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall.
coronary arteries; coronary veins
Deoxygenated blood from the heart myocardium drains into the right atrium via the ______.
coronary sinus
The cardiac veins all drain into the ____ a large vein that lies in the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus.
coronary sinus
Identify the three major vessels that empty into the right atrium: _____, ______, and ____.
coronary sinus; superior vena cava; inferior vena cava
Which artery supplies the hip joint and many of the thigh muscles before traversing posteromedially along the thigh?
deep femoral artery
An embolus traveling down the radial artery will next reach the ______.
deep palmar arch
Which vessel extends several branches to supply the thoracic wall?
descending thoracic aorta
The external layer of the heart wall is the _____.
epicardium
What artery provides the main blood supply to the lower limb?
external iliac artery
Leukopoiesis involves three different types of maturation processes; ___ maturation, ___ maturation, ___ maturation.
granulocyte; monocyte; lymphocyte
The two main classes of leukocytes are _____.
granulocytes and agranulocytes
The _____ lies within the anterior interventricular sulcus.
great cardiac vein
Which superficial vein of the lower limb runs along the medial leg and thigh before draining into the femoral artery?
great saphenous vein
The ____ cardiac vein runs alongside the ____ interventricular artery.
great; anterior
The three main components of the cardiovascular system are _____, blood vessels, and the ____.
heart; blood vessels; blood
All formed elements are derived from cells in bone marrow (A in figure) called ____.
hemocytoblast
The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of _____ in erythrocytes.
hemoglobin
Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. What type of substance is released by basophils?
histamine; heparin
When a lymphocyte is activated, its thin rim of blue-gray cytosol will ______ in volume and thus the size of the lymphocyte will _____.
increase; increase
The veins inferior to the diaphragm merge to collectively form the ____ vena cava.
inferior
Identify the types of substances transported by blood.
ions, formed elements, waste products, hormones, and dissolved materials
When transported by hemoglobin, oxygen binds weakly with the _______.
iron ion of each heme group
The ___ atrium and ventricle are prominent when viewing the heart from the posterior view.
left
The interatrial septum forms a thin wall between the right and _____ ______.
left atrium
Which vessels are the three main arterial branches emerging from the aortic arch?
left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, brachiocephalic trunk
The"buffy coat" consists of ________.
leukocytes and platelets
All of the circled cells in this figure are ______.
leukocytes; granulocytes
The hepatic portal system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and directs the blood to the _____.
liver
The pulmonary circulation includes the movement of blood to and from the ____ for gas exchange.
lungs
Monocytes become active phagocytic cells called ______.
macrophages
The right coronary artery typically branches into the right ____ artery, which supplies the lateral wall of the right ventricle, and the posterior _______ artery, which supplies the posterior surface of both the left and right ventricles.
marginal; interventricular
The posterior tibial veins receive blood from the _____.
medial plantar veins, lateral plantar veins, fibular veins
Which of the following is the region of the thoracic cavity where the heart is located?
mediastinum
The precursor cell from which platelets are derived or formed is called a ____.
megakaryocyte
The myocardium is the ____ layer of the heart wall and is composed of ______ muscle tissue.
middle; cardiac
The _____ cardiac vein runs alongside the ___ interventricular artery.
middle; posterior
Smaller and medium-size veins typically travel with ________.
muscular arteries
The number of _____ in a person's blood rises dramatically in the presence of a chronic bacterial infection, as more are produced that target bacteria.
neutrophils
The systemic circulation includes the movement of ____ blood through the left side of the heart.
oxygenated
A common error is to describe arteries as the vessels that always transport _____ blood instead of describing it as a vessel that takes blood ____ from the heart.
oxygenated; away
The function(s) of neutrophils is to _____.
phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
Platelets are formed from ____.
pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off.
Which component of whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss?
plasma
The three major classes of formed elements of blood include _____ involved in blood clotting; the formed elements that transport respiratory gasses are called _____; and the formed elements that protect and defend the body against pathogens are called ____.
platelets; erythrocytes; leukocytes
Which artery supplies the knee joint and muscles in this region?
popliteal artery
The anterior and posterior tibial veins merge to form the _____.
popliteal vein
Which vessel drains capillaries?
postcapillary venules
The ______ ______ carries blood away from the right ventricles and branches into the pulmonary arteries.
pulmonary trunk
Openings of __ are visible in the left atrium.
pulmonary veins
1. About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide ______ ______2. Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity ________ _______3. Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting _______ ______
red blood cells, erythrocytes; white blood cells, leukocytes; platelets, thrombocytes
The right atrioventricular opening is covered by the ____ valve.
right atrioventricular; tricuspid
As they pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called _____.
rouleau
The endocardium is composed of a ___ squamous epithelium, called an endothelium, and a layer of ___ connective tissue.
simple; areolar
The cells of the ___________ act as the heart's pacemaker, which establishes the pace for cardiac activity.
sinoatrial (SA) node
Which superficial vein of the lower limb runs along the posterior leg before draining into the popliteal vein?
small saphenous vein
The _____ are the great vessels.
superior vena cava, aorta, and inferior vena cava
The anatomic features that are significant in the normal function of the heart are _____.
the great vessels attached to the heart; the two sets of valves within the heart; the two sides of the heart
semilunar valves
three half-moon shaped cusps of dense connective tissue
Platelets production process is called ______.
thrombopoiesis
When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein ____ and stored in the liver by the protein ______.
transferrin; ferritin
right atrioventricular valve
tricuspid valve; blood leaving the right atrium flows into right ventricle through this valve; three triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue
The walls of arteries and veins have three layers called ____.
tunica
Capillaries have only a _____.
tunica intima
The three layers of walls of arteries and veins are the _____.
tunica media, tunica externa, tunica intima
Most veins contain numerous _______ to prevent blood from pooling in the limbs and assist blood moving back to the heart.
valves
The simple pathway of blood flow to an organ or body region includes an artery, capillary bed, and a ______.
vein
Under the microscope, a blood vessel is observed to have a relatively thin wall, a large lumen, is collapsed, and contains a thick tunica externa. This is probably a(n) _______.
vein
Which class of blood vessel returns blood to the heart?
vein
At rest about 55% of blood is held within the systemic ______ that function as the body's blood reservoirs
veins
Which blood vessels become larger and merge as they move toward the heart?
veins
The smallest veins are the ______.
venules
A blood sample containing erythrocytes with both surface antigen A and surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type _____.
AB
_______ are leukocytes that have such small specific granules in their cytosol they are not clearly visible under the light microscope.
Agranulocytes
In general, ________, the smallest arteries, have less than six layers of muscle in their tunica media.
Arterioles
If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-A, and not the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is _____.
B
In the figure, the leukocyte labeled ____ is a neutrophil.
B
Blood vessels called ___ connect arterioles to venules.
Capillaries
True or False: All arteries carry oxygenated blood.
False
True or False: Globin proteins cannot be broken down and formed into erythrocytes.
False
List the deep veins of the lower limb in order from distal to proximal. Place the veins of the toes at the top of the list.
1. digital veins 2. medial and lateral planter veins 3. posterior and anterior tibial veins 4. popliteal vein 5. femoral vein 6. external lilac vein
A platelet is about _____ the size of an erythrocyte.
1/4
Basophils are about _____ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundant formed elements, basophils are the _____ abundant.
2; least
Monocytes may be as much as ___ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes.
3
Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water.
92
A blood sample containing erythrocytes with only surface antigen A on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ____.
A
In the figure, the letter ____ is a lymphocyte.
A
Match the name of the artery to its proper location on the figure of the descending aorta.
A - Celiac trunk B - Superior mesenteric artery and branches C - Inferior mesenteric artery and branches
Matched the name of the upper limb vein to its location on the figure.
A - Subclavian B - Axillary C - Brachial
Match the name of the artery to its proper location on the figure of the upper limb.
A - Subclavian Artery B - Axillary Artery C - Brachial Artery D - Radial Artery E - Ulnar Artery
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A - Tunica Intima B - Endothelium C - Tunica Media D - Elastic Fibers
Which options are part of the cardiac muscle cells?
T tubules; sarcolemma; myofibrils