Chemistry: Unit 7
use to measure length
metric ruler
logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources
An allele frequency is
the relative proportion of given allele in a population
organsim
the scientific term for a living thing
growth
*increase* amount of material structure unicelluar organisms do not
Order of energy pyramid
------Tertiary- H. ----Secondary- H. --Primary- H. Producer- Autotrophs
In a very small population of birds, assume 5 out of 20 alleles are the type that code for blue feathers. What is the allele frequency of the "blue feather allele" in this population
0.25
A lily's pollen (sperm) has 6 chromosomes in each cell. The lily's lead cell would have
12 chromosomes
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes 2n found in somatic cells
Autosomes
22 pair that don't affect sex of an individual
Humans have __ sets of homologous chromosomes
23
sex chromosomes
23rd pair that determines the sex
How many tropic levels are there in the energy pyramid
4 to 5
A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in the daughter cells after mitosis
46
An ape's skin cell has 48 chromosomes. After mitosis, how many chromosomes will be in the daughter cells
48
Codominance
A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
Multiple Alleles
A gene that has more than two alleles
species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
The red maple is known as Acer rubrum. Its scientific name is
Acer rubrum
binomial nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
anabolism
Constructive metabolism Process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones
what is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
Heritability
When investigating shell color of a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans, scientists discovered the distribution of individuals. What kind of selection is this
Directional selection
All organisms in the kingoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Anamalia are
Eukaryotes
Felis leo is most closely related to
Felis domesticus
Evidence of Evolution (4)
Fossil Record Anatomy-physical traits Embryology Biological Molecules: DNA + Proteins
Which is a heterotrophic eukaryote associated with the decomposition of dead organisms
Fungus
5 stages of cell cycle
G1- cell grows S- DNA replicated G2- cell grows M- cell division of nuclues C- cell division of cytoplasm
Migration/ Gene Flow
Immigration or Emigration Bring in or losing alleles
Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle
In interphase cells grow and DNA replicates
Which of the following developed the system of classifying organisms through binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus
catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules Releasing energy
Why are mutations important to evolution? How do they arise?
Mutations are integral to new variation Changes in the DNA (radiation or chemicals)
4 Mechanisms of Evolution
Natural Selection Mutation Migration/ Gene Flow Genetic Drift Also Mechanisms of Speciation
stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
Natural Section
One allele is being selected for
Most multicellular, nucleated autotrophs that carry on photosynthesis belong to
Plantae
fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen anaerobic less efficient alcohol lactic acid
The organism Quercus phellos is of the genus
Quercus
Purpose of Mitosis
Replace old cells
Nonrandom Mating
Sexual Selection -can be harmful when taken to extreme
Incomplete Dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Founder Effect
Small group leaves with varying gene frequency from their bigger group
Coevolution
The evolution of adaptations in two species due to their extensive interaction Predator and Prey
crossing over
The exchange of genes on homologous chromosomes during meiosis
The fish in a certain population average 10mm in length. Imagine a population of predatory words arrives in the area, but they cannot eat fish longer than 15mm. After a decade, if the fish average 14mm in length, what likely happened
The fish and the predator coevolve
biotic potential
The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
carbon cycle
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
If the elk population was drastically reduced, perhaps due to disease, what is predicted for the wold population that preys on the elk
The wolves will decline as well, but will rebound if the deer/elk population increases
4 Basic Principles of Natural Selection
Variation Heritability Overproduction Reproductive Adaptation
Endosymbiotic Theory
We went from prokaryote to eukaryote describes how mitochondria and chloroplasts are dependent on the cell and can not survive with out it
Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this experiment show
When cells come into contact with other cells, they stop growing The control on cell growth and division can be turned on and off Cell division can be regulated by factors outside the cell
Your arm is homologous with... a bird a seal flipper a sea star arm an octopus tentacle
a seal flipper
stimuli
a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue
energy
ability to make or cause change
the nonliving components of an environment, such as weather and water availability are
abiotic component
biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
development
all change that take place during the live of an organism unicelluar organisms do not changing in structure as growing
The gene pool for a particular gene is made up of
all the alleles for a certain trait that occur in the population
law of segregation
allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization
why does mitosis occur
allow for organism to grow, replace old or damaged cells, repair damaged ones, keep cells small
The DNA sequences of two species of sharks would
be more similar than the DNA sequences of a shark and a dolphin
As we move from kingdom to species, organisms
become more similar in appearance
adaptation (3)
behavioral, structural, reproductive
independent viable
being tested changed or observed on x- axis
Which of the following processes would contribute to an increase in population size
birth and immigration
somatic
body cells
anatomical
body structure
decomposers are important in the food chain because they
break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients into the soil
3 types of food energy source
carbohydrates, protein, lipids
bottleneck
catastrophe causes small population
bar/column graph
categorical data compared 2 or more groups
What are the structures common to all cells
cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Excretory System
cells blood kidneys bladder urea
Respiratory System
cells blood lungs CO2
haploid
cells are cells that have only one chromosome from each pair found in gametes
evolution
change of allele frequency in a population change of genetic makeup
metabolism
chemical reation in organs catabolism + anabolism
What are the three things that plant cells have but animal cells don't
chloroplast cell wall centeral vacular
As predator and prey species acquire new adaptations o help them survive the constant "arm race" that occurs between them, what evolutionary phenomenon is occurring
coevolution
quantitative
measure quantity, facts
The number of individuals per unit area determines the population's
density
Suppose a small population of deer is introduced to an island. All the original males have 6-10 points on their antler, and the average male has 8 points. After several generations, if most males have antlers with 10 points and no males have 6 points, this illustrates ______ selection
directional
mitosis
division of body cells parent cell divides into 2 identical diploid daught cells
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
The correct order of the taxonomy levels from most inclusive to exclusive is
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
Trisomy 21
down syndrome
Sister chromatids
duplicate chromosomes held together by a common centromere
tentative
experimental in nature; uncertain
How kind of growth is this: A population of spider mites whose population number doubles every two weeks for the course of the summer
exponential
directional selection
extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype
Linnaeus
father of taxonomy
Digestive System
food stomach small intestine (-> large intestine) blood cells
independent assortment
formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair
What is a section of DNA called which codes for a particular protein
gene
heterotroph
get energy from other organisms
autotroph
get energy from sun
correct volume reading
go one more digit then what is measured, if 21 then 21.0
used to measure liquids
graduated cylinder
carbohydrates
grains, sugars, starches
The number of chromosomes in daughter cells produced by meiosis is ___ the number of chromosomes in daughter cells produced by mitosis
half
Hardy Weinberg
has to be the equilibrium p2- homologous dominant 2pq- heterozygous q2- homologous recessive
how do you loss energy
heat and undigested material
2 caused of protein denaturation
heat, pH change shape of protien making it unable to function
catalyst
help speed up chemical reaction
What are the 3 main elements that make up the compounds of the foods we eat?
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
theory
hypothesis backed up by evidence
Although the death rate exceeds the birth rate, the population in several developed countries, continues to expand. What factors might account for this conitinued increase
immigration
The scientific name of an organism
is the same for scientists all over the world
why is cellular respiration aerobic
it uses oxygen
3 types of energy
kinetic, thermal, potential
disruptive selection
leads to speciation Natural selection where extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values
how does the energy get to cellular energy
light energy-> chemical energy-> cellular energy
food web
look at the arrows
dependent viable
measurable out some on y- axis
qualitative
measure quality, opinion
Can a male be a carrier for color blindness
no
Within a large population, if no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all mating are random, and each individual has an equal chance of reproducing, which of the following will probably happen
no evolution will occur
Does mitosis occur in prokaryotes
no, there's no nucleus
Viruses
not considered alive because they do not reproduce Used against viruses but there is no cure for viruses Vaccines- antibodies inserts dead virus so body knows how to fight real thing
reproduction
not essntial for the survival of an individual organism but is essential for the survival of the species
mitosis and meiosis refere to the division of the
nucleus
What are the two things that prokaryotes don't have that eukaryotes do
nucleus membrane bound organelles
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible (chromatid form)
only during cell division
mitochondria
organelle cellular respiration double membrane + DNA all organisms
chloroplast
organelle photosynthesis double membrane + DNA
asexual reproduction
organism divides into 2 ex. bacteria binary fission fragmentation budding parthenogenesis
what is it called when organisms produce more offspring than can survive
overproduction
meiosis
parent cells divide twice into 4 haploid daughter cells
Natural selection for, or against, certain
phenotypes
What traits are acted upon by natural selection
physical appearance physiological condition behavior NOT- acquired traits
what organisms go through photosynthesis
plants, and some bacteria + protists
Habitat loss, natural catastrophes, and/or excessive harvesting a species often results in
population bottleneck
boom and bust
predator and prey
hypothesis
prediction if..IV...then..DV...because
random fertilization
probability that any one sperm will fertilized any particular egg
homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment ex. body temp., water balance
Inheritance
process by which the characteristics of individuals are passed to their offspring
chemosynthesis
process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
apoptosis
programmed cell death
What is the main different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes don't have nucleus
histones
protein DNA is wound around
Mutations
provide the potential for evolution
genetic drift
random mating
Before a cell goes through cell division (mitosis), which process must be carried out by the genetic material
replication
Natural selection
reproductive advantage over reproduction variety heritidy survival of the fittest
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction
reshuffling of genes combines different alleles in beneficial ways
gametes
sex cells
Purpose of Meiosis
sexual reproduction
homologous
similar in ancestor
analogous
similar in environment/function
cell
simplest level at which life may exist
Evolution by genetic drift is most obvious in
small population
How does energy change forms
solar energy-> chemical energy-> chemical energy->
sexual reproduction
sperm and egg make new organism ex. hydra
Which of the following phenomena favors individuals with average phenotypes over those with extreme phenotypes
stabilizing selection
Vestigial Structures
structures (like molar teeth in vampire bats) that are homologous to important structures in other organisms but serve no purpose in the organism being considered Ex. Tailbone, Hind Legs
plasma membrane
surrounds a cell and separates it from its environment
Fitness
survival of the fittest Ability of leaving genes in the next generation
Standard Deviation
tell you how strong the average is
What can change the rate of diffusion
temperature and concentration
process of science
tentative, somewhat flexible, not always linear
What does the biotic potential (# of organisms they can have) of a species depend on
the age of producing chance of survival to age of reproduction frequency of reproduction average number of offspring produced at a time length of reproduction
Which event occurs during interphase
the cell grows
meniscus
the curve at a liquid's surface by which one measures the volume of the liquid
non-disjuction
the failure of homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, to separate during meiosis
Imagine that 1 of the original 4 mice that escape from a research labs blind due to a genetic defect. If the mice bread, and most of the mice born in subsequent generation are blind from birth, this most likely a case of
the founder effect
Despite causing a life- threatening disease, the sickle-cell allele in some area of Africa has remained in high frequency in those populations because the sickle-cell allele protects against malaria. In the US, malaria was eradicated shortly before WWII by eliminating the mosquito that spreads the disease. What is likely to happen to the frequency of the sickle-cell allele in African-Amercians living in the US
the frequency of the sickle-cell allele will decrease
biology
the study of living things
Carrying capacity
the total number of organisms of a species that an enviroment can support
How do daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle
they daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and same amount of DNA
How have humans been able to expand the carrying capacity
through advance in technology and medicine co-opting the resources exploiting renewables resources faster that can be replaces
who do organisms go through cellular respiration
to break down glucose which has energy in its bonds -chemical energy: ATP
If a cell cannot move enough material through its membrane to survive, then the ratio of its surface area to volume is
too small
Poison ivy is also known as Rhus toxicodendron, what is it's species?
toxicodendron
use to measure grams
tripple beam scale
cancer
uncontrollable growth of cells that have been mutated
What must exist for evolution to occur?
variation that is heritable
what is divergent evolution
when species don't look the same but have the same ancetry
what is convergent evolution
when species start to look the same but have different ancetry
Epistasis
where one gene controls the expression of another
Can a female be a carrier for color blindness
yes
