cois 2

In the example of "Decision Tree for Playing Tennis" (discussed in lecture), how do you represent the three cases "Sunny", "Overcast" and "Rain" using strings of binary numbers?

• Binary numbers to represent input and output • 1: yes, 0: no → for the two categories • For three categories: sequence of binary numbers (100,101,001) ◦ For the stupid sunny, overcast, rain ◦ For two second level categories: 10,01 ◦ For the high, low thing ◦ Output: 1,0 → yes or no → based off of^ ◦ 100,01 → input → sunny, humidity = normal ◦ Representation: input by binary numbers ◦ Input: weather, output: yes or no • Sunny: 100 - Humidity (high - 01, normal - 10) • Overcast: 010 • Rain: 001 - Wind (strong - 01, weak, 10)

12. Briefly describe four (4) groups that make up the Internet community.

¥ Application Service Providers (like Salesforce, Microsoft, IBM, Google, and Amazon) offer online Software-as-a-Service platforms which allow users to run programs on their powerful servers instead of the user's own computers ¥ Infrastructure Companies (like Rogers, Telus, Bell, Cogeco, AT&T, and Verizon) own and maintain the telephone wires, cell phone towers, and other essential network equipment that keep the Internet running ¥ Users access Internet sites and interact with online businesses, cloud computers, and each other ¥ Internet Service Providers (like Nexicom, Xplornet, Bell, and TekSavvy) provide subscribers with Internet access

Differentiate between the two (2) coding systems that are used to represent text- based data in current computers.

• ASCII and EBCDIC • Fixed-length codes that can represent any single character of data as a string of eight bits. (A = 01000001) • Unicode • A longer (32 bits per character is common) code that can be used to represent text-based data in virtually any written language.

21. Explain why "Artificial Intelligence is an interdisciplinary area." Discuss three (3) academic disciplines that are relevant to AI.

• Artificial intelligence refers to computers ability to perform tasks that are characteristic with human intelligence • Capable of representation, reasoning, and learning, machines can learn and adapt • Interdisciplinary because crosses boundaries between many academic areas • Philosophy -Logic, reasoning, learning, language • Mathematics -Proofs, algorithms, computation • Computer engineering -Building fast, effective computers

The diagram below represents a simplest neural network.

(a) What are the inputs? Are the numbers in the two small circles → 1 and -5 (b) What are the weights? Are on the arrows → 0.8 and 0.1 (c) What is the bias input? Is the theta (theta = -0.5) so the answer will never be 0 (d) Which node is the processor? The processor is within the large circle (in the neuron) (e) If the Sign Activation Function is applied, what will be the output of the perceptron? (1*0.8) + (-5*0.1) -0.5 = -0.2

15. Discuss how computer technology can impact your emotional health. How can you help safeguard your emotional health?

Computer technology means that you are bombarded with information 24/7, and that can lead to stress, depression, anxiety, etc. To safeguard your emotional well-being you could budget your time and only spend a bit of time per day online. You could make decisions to not use the Internet at certain times/places (like at the dinner table or before bed) to help you de-stress and get a break from everything so you can focus on the more important things in life.

What are the three areas of reasoning: What reasoning area does AI follow?

Mathematical reasoning → theorems, mathematical based ** AI follows mathematics reasoning 2. Logical → deductive (general-specific), inductive (specific-general), abductive (conclusion + rule → the precondition (bwds)) 3. Non-logical reasoning → linguistic, language ▪ EQ: emotional quotient → nonlogical ▪ IQ: summation of mathematical reasoning skill and logical reasoning

11. Draw an analogy between traditional letter delivery and the concept of package switching. Extend this analogy to the idea of net neutrality.

Net neutrality is the principle that governments should mandate Internet service providers to treat all data on the Internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or method of communication. For instance, under these principles, internet service providers are unable to intentionally block, slow down or charge money for specific websites and online content. With traditional letter delivery, the entire message is sent as a whole from Point A to Point B, along a single route (which may not be the optimal one). With package switching, the message is broken up into many smaller, easier to manage pieces, and those pieces follow an optimal route (optimal for each package) to the destination, often each along a different path. The concept of net neutrality comes into play when one considers that the packets are not handled by one carrier (like mail often is), but are each treated separately by the TCP/IP. A good analogy of this concept can be found at http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/471/hout/netech/postofficelayers.htm

14. Briefly discuss why the digital divide is an ethical issue. Suggest how the digital divide can be overcome.

The internet has become an integral part of our lives, how we do business/communicate/buy things, entertain ourselves, etc. Since some people have access and others don't, it puts those that don't at a significant disadvantage (harder to access services, harder to communicate with others, some jobs require submitting resumes by e-mail, etc. The digital divide can be overcome if governments and Internet/technology organizations arrange for better Internet access (i.e. Canadian Internet Registration Authority is working to set up data centres in Nunavut to allow for faster broadband access for Canadians living in the high Arctic).

22. Describe four examples of Applications for Machine Learning.

• Making credit decisions -Important for loan companies -Can apply learned information to individuals based on criteria • Machine diagnosis -Can detect problems/associate reasoning for issues that arise based on past experience • Weather forecasting -Can forecast severe weather → such as severe thunderstorms based on learned meteorological information • Learning strategies for flight control -Automated planes → less reliance on the pilot, constantly calculating and making decisions