Com Arts Final

What speech is designed to convey knowledge and understanding?

Informative

A speaker's credibility can vary from audience to audience and from topic to topic. However, credibility can also change throughout the speech. What are the three types of credibility?

Initial (before speaker starts); Derived (credibility produced by everything said during the speech itself); Terminal (credibility at the end of the speech)

What are the three main parts of the speech?

Intro, body, conclusion

What are the advantages of speaking extemporaneously compared to the other methods of delivery

It gives more precise control over thought and language than does impromptu speaking; it offers greater spontaneity and directness than does speaking from memory or from a full manuscript; and it is adaptable to a wide range of situations. It also encourages the conversational quality audiences look for in speech delivery. Which means that it still sounds spontaneous but yet know it well enough that you are still able to connect to the audience with eye contact and gestures

Talk about evidence as a whole: is it important and tips for using it

It is important in classroom speeches because none of us are experts. Research shows that speakers with very high initial credibility do not need to use as much evidence as do speakers with lower credibility Tips: Use clear, new evidence from reliable sources and make sure to clearly explain the point of your evidence.

Talk about reasoning from principle

It is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. Here we start with a general statement (all people are mortal) move to a minor statement (I am a person) and end with a specific conclusion (I am mortal). Very popular when trying to persuade an audience

What are some tips for the conclusion?

Keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research the speech. Conclude with a bang and be creative, work on several possible endings. Be brief, should be no more than 5 - 10% of your speech Don't leave anything to chance, use very fine details

What are some tips for an introduction?

Keep it brief, no more than 10-20% of your speech. Be on the lookout for introductory materials as you do your research. Be creative and experiment with a few different openings before choosing the one you believe will get the audience interest the most. Don't worry about exact wording of intro until you have finished preparing the body. Work out your introduction in detail

What are three tips for successful main points (I, II, II)

Keep main points clearly independent of one another, use the same wording for each main point, balance the amount of time devoted to each

What is typically the best note taking skills for listening?

Key word outline, outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in a rough outline form

Extemporaneous speech involves using a brief set of notes. What should these notes consist of ?

Key words or phrases rather than complete sentences or paragraphs

What is the biggest separator in culture?

Language

What is inclusive language? What are some of the most important principles of inclusive language?

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. Avoid the generic "he" Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender Use names that grounds use to identify themselves

What two tasks must be accomplished in your conclusion?

Let the audience know you are about to finish, and reinforce your central idea

What type of graph should be used to show changes over time? What type of graph should be used to illustrate simple distribution patterns? What type of graph should be used to show comparisons among two or more items?

Line graph shows changes over time (also most popular graph) Pie chart shows simple distributions and should be limited to 2-5 categories Bar graphs are easily readable for comparisons

What is a preliminary bibliography?

List complied early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic. A good chunk likely won't be used

What state of communication activity, reading, listening, writing, speaking, do people spend the most time in

Listening

What is a catalogue?

Listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library. Also tells you whether the book you want is available or is already checked out

Signaling the end of a speech is one of the two main objectives of a conclusion. What are some ways you can signal the ending of your speech?

"In conclusion" "My purpose has been" "Let me end by saying" OR could signal the end by the manner of your delivery (tone, pacing, intonation, and rhythm). This includes multiple different types. Crescendo ending in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity. The other option is a dissolve ending, which generations emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

What are the four methods of delivery?

(1) reading verbatim from a manuscript, (2) reciting a memorized text, (3) speaking impromptu, and (4) speaking extemporaneously

What are some guidelines for a good central idea or a good SPS?

(1) should be expressed in a full sentence, (2) should not be in the form of a question, (3) should avoid figurative language, and (4) should not be vague or overly general.

What are the four main informative speeches?

(1) speeches about objects, (2) speeches about processes, (3) speeches about events, and (4) speeches about concepts.

What are the guidelines for ethical listening?

(1) to listen courteously and attentively; (2) to avoid prejudging the speaker; and (3) to maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

Get the attention and interest of your audience is one of the objectives of introductions. It is pretty easy to get it before you start speaking, its hard to keep it once you start talking. What are some methods used to get the audience interested in your topic

-Relate the topic to the audience -State the importance of your topic, demonstrate its significance -Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement. Very effective and easy but need to make sure it directly relates to the subject of your speech -Arouse the curiosity of the audience -Ask a rhetorical question, be sure to pause for a moment after asking the question -Begin with a quote -Tell a story

What are some tips for informative speaking?

1. Don't overestimate what the audience knows (be sure to explain everything thoroughly so they can't help but understand it). 2. Relate the subject directly to the audience (they probably don't find topics interesting that you do, so relate it to their interest and lives) 3. Don't use too much technical language 4. Avoid abstractions (use descriptions, comparisons, and contrasting) 5. Personalize your ideas and dramatize them in human terms 6. Be creative

What are three ways to establish your credibility?

1. Explain your competence - either talk about your research and knowledge or your personal experiences on the topic 2. Establish common ground with the audience - at the beginning show that you share their values, attitudes, and experiences 3. Speaking with genuine conviction - moderately fast speakers are seen as more intelligent and confidence than slower speakers.

What percent of errors made in business come from poor listening?

60%

Eye contact is important for speaking in every culture, even if it does vary in importance in day to day conversation. It is one of the quickest ways to establish a communicative bond with your listeners. What percent of your speaking time should be spent looking at the audience? What do you want your eyes to convey?

80-90% Want your eyes to convey confidence, sincerity, and conviction

What is a fallacy? What are some common types to know? Which is the most common in reasoning from specific instances?

A fallacy is an error in reasoning. There are more than 125 different types of fallacies but the most important ones for us are: hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem. Hasty generalization is the most common

Talk about using videos as a visual aid

A lot can go wrong with them. They should be short, no more than 30 seconds if possible. It should be cued to start exactly when you want it. May need to do editing work to get the desired length so it blends smoothly into the speech. Resolution could be problematic as it may look fine on the computer but blurry and distorted when projected

What is problem-solution order? When is it used?

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

What is topical order? When is it used?

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

What is spatial order? When is it used?

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. Main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, inside out, east to west, etc. (Structure of hurricane going from the inside out or major regions in Italy)

What is chronological order? When is it used?

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern, such as explaining a process or demonstrating how to do something

What is casual order? When is it used?

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. In this situation, you have two main points: one deals with the causes of an event, the other deals with its effects (can be switched around to do effects first and then causes)

What is a vocalized pause?

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er", and "um". These can create negative perceptions about the speaker

What is a persuasive speech on a question of value? How is it typically organized?

A speech around the question about the worth, rightness, norality, and so forth of an idea or action. Talk about what is right or wrong, NOT whether something should or should not be done. Almost always organized topically

Your introduction should always preview the body of the speech, which could be done using a preview statement, which does what

A statement in the intro that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

What is comparative advantages order?

A way of organizing a persuasive speech on a question of policy. Each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. This is especially useful when the audience already agrees that a problem exists

What is monroe's motivated sequence?

A way of organizing persuasive speeches on questions of policy that call for immediate action. It is a 5 step plan from Alan Monroe of Purdue university in the 1930s. Steps: 1. Attention, gain their attention early on. 2. Need, show them why they need to be concerned about the problem, make them psychologically primed to hear your solution 3. Satisfaction, satisfy their need by giving them your solution 4. Visualization, show them with imagery the benefits of your plan 5. Action, conclude with your call to action to reinforce their commitment. Really popular for individual whose career is persuasion

What is a reference work?

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers. Examples include encycolpedias, yearbooks, quote books, and biographical aids. Can save you hours of time by putting at your fingertips a wealth of information

Language should be:

Accurate, clear, vivid, appropriate, inclusive

What is ethos, logos, and pathos?

All words used by Aristotle. Ethos deals with credibility. Logos deals with the logical appeal of a speaker. Pathos deals with emotions.

What is a brief example?

Also known as specific instances. It is a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

If you cannot go a day ahead of time to check the room and equipment, how early should you arrive on speech day?

An hour early

What is ethos?

Another name for credibility, originally used by Aristotle

What is a persuasive speech on a question of policy? How does it relate to speeches on fact and value? What are the two types? What are its 3 basic issues? What are the four special organizational methods that can be used for policy speeches?

Answers a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Questions of policy involve questions of fact and may also involve questions of value. But questions of policy always go beyond questions of fact or value by deciding whether something should or should not be done. The two types are speeches to gain passive agreement and speeches to gain immediate action. Need, plan, practicality Problem solution order, problem cause solution order, comparative advantages, Monroe's Motivated sequence

What are the four kinds of listening?

Appreciative, empathic, comprehensive, critical

When you track down stats, you need to evaluate them in light of the following questions:

Are they representative (gender, age, ethnicity, major, etc); are they being used correctly (mean, median, mode, and telling the whole story); are they from a reliable source?

Pauses should always occur when

At the end of thought units, not in the middle of them

One way speakers analyze audiences is through demographic audience analysis. What is this? What are the two main steps to it?

Audience analysis that focused on demographic features such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background. It consists of two steps: (1) identifying the general demographic features of your audience, and (2) gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation. While it can be useful, need to make sure and avoid stereotyping (creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike)

Good public speakers are always:

Audience centered; they know the primary purpose is to gain a desired response from listeners

What are some tips for a good introduction speech?

Be brief (2-3 minutes). Make sure everything you say is accurate (check with the speaker ahead of time). Adapt your remarks to the occasion, speaker, and audience. Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama

When must you adapt to the audience?

Before the speech (put yourself in their shoes and adopt their perspectives) and during the speech

What is ethnocentrism?

Believing your culture is superior to all others

What is a speaking outline? What is the goal of it? How does it differ from preparation outline? Talk at length about it

Brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. Most widely recommended form of notes for extemporaneous speeches Goal is to help you remember what to say. Should contain key words or phrases as well as essential stats and quotes you don't want to risk forgetting. Should also include material NOT found in your preparation outline, such as cues to direct and sharpen your delivery! Basically include delivery cues by underlining, highlighting, jot down on the outline the cues (used by all speakers) Should use the same visual framework (symbols and indentation) Use large lettering, leave extra space between lines, provide ample margins, and write only on one side of the paper. Keep it brief- notes should be the minimum you need to job your memory and keep you on track

What three things are you trying to accomplish in an introductory speech?

Build enthusiasm for the speaker, build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic, establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility

How can you make your main points stand out?

By introducing each with a transition statement

Talk about the speaker as a visual aid

Can be helpful in clarifying ideas and helps keeps the audience involved. Also can reduce a speaker's nervousness by providing an outlet for extra adrenaline Directing an orchestra, performing, sign language, etc

What type of visual aid is useful for summarizing large blocks of information, usually in list form? Talk about these

Charts - should not contain too much information and should rarely exceed seven or eight items

When doing an information speech on a process, what type of speech organization will you likely use?

Chronological or maybe topical

When doing an information speech on an event, what type of speech organization will you likely use?

Chronological or topical

When doing an informative speech on an object, what types of speech organization will you likely use?

Chronological, spatial, topical

The main points of your speech are the central features of it (they are the I, II, III of your speech). Select them carefully and arrange them strategically. They usually are pulled from your specific purpose statement. What are the main ways of organizing/arranging them?

Chronologically, spatial order, casual order, problem-solution order, topical order, comparative advantage, monroe's motivated sequence, problem-cause-solution

Visual aids should be:

Clear, simple, and uncluttered

What does the word plagiarism come from and what is it?

Comes from the latin word plagiarius, the Latin word for kidnapper. To plagiarize means to present another person's language or ideas as your own—to give the impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone else

What are the two main factors that affect credibility?

Competence (speaker's intelligence, expertise, knowledge) and character (speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience)

What is the central idea of a speech?

Concise statement of what you expect to say. Sometimes called the thesis statement, subject sentence, or major thought. Typically refines and sharpens the SPS.

What is the difference between concrete words and abstract words? Which should you use in speeches?

Concrete words refer to tangible objects, wile abstract refer to ideas or concepts. You should use concrete in speeches. Concrete are much more likely to claim your listeners' attention and more difficult to misinterpret. Obviously still need some abstract words though

You can signal the ending of the speech in words, or by your delivery. What are two ways you can do it by delivery?

Crescendo ending in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity. The other option is a dissolve ending, which generations emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

What are the five steps you should do ahead of time to ensure a successful interview?

Define purpose, decide who to interview, arrange the interview, decide whether to record, Prepare questions!!!

What are the ways to figure out what to learn about your audience?

Demographic audience analysis, situational audience analysis

What are the types of meanings of words?

Denotative (dictionary definition) and connotative (what the word suggests or implies)

What are three ways to avoid abstractions during an informative speech?

Descriptions, comparisons, contrasting

Once you have your topic and general purpose (to inform or to persuade), what comes next?

Determining your specific purpose, which should focus on one aspect of a topic

What is a dialect? What are the four most common dialects in America? Is any dialect better than another?

Dialect is a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary. They are usually based on regional or ethnic speech patterns. US has 4 major regional dialects: Eastern, New England, Southern, and General American, but also have many ethnic dialects. No dialect is inherently better or worse than another.

When do you use direct quotes and when should you paraphrase?

Direct quotes are most effective when they are brief, when they convey your meaning better than you can, and when they are particularly eloquent, witty, or compelling. Paraphrasing is better than direct quotation in two situations: (1) when the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome; (2) when a quotation is longer than two or three sentences.

Three tips for accurate quotations

Do not misquote, do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase, make sure you don't quote out of context

Concrete words in speeches do what for you

Enhance the clarity of the speech and are the key to effective imagery

Whenever you analyze a question of policy, you face three basic issues, what are they?

Establishing a need, stating your plan, showing why the plan is practical

Talk about establishing your credibility and goodwill in the introduction

Establishing credibility shows the audience you are qualified to speak on this topic. Does not need to be from personal experience or knowledge, but can come from research, interviews, etc Establishing goodwill is especially important outside the classroom to diffuse any hostile situations. Have to make sure the audience knows you will take into account their feelings and views

What is ethics? When do questions of ethics arise?

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Questions of ethics arise whenever we ask whether a course of action is moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest.

Credibility is to _________ as evidence/reasoning are to ______________.

Ethos; Logos

What is a hypothetical example?

Example that describes an imaginary of fictitious situation. Typically are brief and relate a general principal

What is the difference in outcomes of expert and peer testimony?

Expert leads to good credibility and that your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic. Peer credibility shows individuals who have firsthand experience on the topic, and is good at making the speech more personable

Speeches about processes is one of the four types of informative speeches. These process speeches can be in one of two categories. What are the two categories?

Explaining the process so that listeners will understand it better. Explaining so listeners will be better able to perform the process themselves. Idea is that they will use the techniques as a result of your speech

What is a simile?

Explicit comparison between items are essentially different yet have something in common. Always contains the words "like" or "as". There are some overused ones though, called cliches. Avoid using these in your speeches

What is an invalid analogy?

Fallacy that occurs often during analogous reasoning. Occurs when two cases are compared but are not essentially alike (nails and employees)

What is false cause?

Fallacy that typically occurs during casual reasoning. Often known by its Latin name, (post hoc, ergo propter hoc which means after this, therefore because of this). Speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second (NFC and economy boost)

What is hasty generalization?

Fallacy that usually occurs when reasoning from specific instances. it is when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence (Military leaders always make good presidents)

What is bandwagon?

Fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable (governor must be correct in his ideas since 60% of people support him)

What are some of the types of emotional appeals you might use as a speaker?

Fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, reverence

Whenever you are impromptu responding to a previous speaker, what four steps should you follow:

First, state the point you are answering. Second, state the point you wish to make. Third, support your point with appropriate statistics, examples, or testimony. Fourth, summarize your point.

A formal audience-analysis questionnaire is used to learn about your audience. What are the three major types of questions in these questionnaires? Most questionnaires have all three types

Fixed alternative questions (yes, no, not sure; tend to yield clear but superficial answers), scale questions (1-10 rating; especially useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitudes) and open ended questions (give maximum leeway in responses which often leads to more details, but also increase likelihood of getting answers that do not give the kind of information you need).

The broad goal of a speech is often defined as a ____. What are the two most common types of categories?

General purpose; to inform or to persuade

What are the four objectives of introductions?

Get the attention and interest of your audience Reveal the topic of your speech Establish credibility and goodwill Preview the body of the speech

What is global plagiarism? When does it typically occur? How do you avoid it?

Global plagiarism is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. The most blatant—and unforgivable—kind of plagiarism, it is grossly unethical. Global plagiarism in a college classroom usually occurs because a student puts off the assignment until the last minute. Then, in an act of desperation, the student downloads a speech from the Internet or gets one written by a friend and delivers it as his or her own. The best way to avoid this, of course, is not to leave your speech until the last minute.

What are the different types of plagiarism?

Global, patchwork, incremental

What type of visual aid should you use when giving a complex series of numbers?

Graph- shows statistical trends and patterns Line graph

Faster the sound waves vibrate, the __________ the pitch

Higher

Why as the speaker, is listening important?

How we get most of our ideas. If you don't listen well, you won't understand what you hear and may pass along your misunderstanding to others

Once you know what to learn about your audience, you have to decide how to learn it, talk about this

If you are invited, usually they will give you background information or give you a place to go to read more about the mission. For class, sometimes it is as easy as observation and conversation. But could also do a formal audience-analysis questionnaire

What is a metaphor?

Implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Does not use "like" or "as"

Most speeches you give in life will be delivered in what way

Impromptu

What is the most effective way to show drawings and photographs as a visual aid

In a presentation program such as powerpoint

What is incremental plagiarism? Why is it different from global and patchwork?

In global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism, the entire speech is cribbed more or less verbatim from a single source or a few sources. But plagiarism can exist even when the speech as a whole is not pirated. This is called incremental plagiarism. It occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people. The most important of these increments are quotations and paraphrases.

To avoid plagiarism while using the internet you should do what?

Make sure you keep a record of the following: (1) the title of the Internet document, (2) the author or organization responsible for the document, (3) the date on which the document was last updated, (4) the date on which you accessed the site. You will need all this information for your speech bibliography.

What are the major guidelines for ethical speaking?

Make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name calling and other abusive language

What is the problem with listening too hard?

Might miss the main point if we are trying to remember all the names, dates, places, etc. May also end up confusing all the facts

What are the two major formats for citing documents? Does it matter which you use?

Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological Association (APA). Either is fine, just depends on instructor and making which it is consistent.

What is connotative meaning?

More variable, figurative and subjective than denotative. It is the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. Connotative meaning gives words their intensity and emotional power and arouses in listeners different feelings

More has been writing about gestures than any other aspect of speech delivery. What is a gesture? What is the primary rule for gestures?

Motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech. They can add to the impact of the speech, but you don't need a vast repertoire of gestures. Primary rule: whatever gestures you make should not distract from your message. They should appear natural and spontaneous, help clarify or reinforce ideas, and be suited to the audience and occasion

What are some tips dealing with fonts and visual aids?

No decorative ones, keep it simple Avoid using all CAPS Don't use more than two fonts were slide (one for title and the other for text) Use the same font on all slides Put titles and major headings in at least 36-44 point type, and other subheads and text at lest 24-30 point type

What are the four causes of poor listening?

Not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivery and personal appearance

What are some different visual aids?

Objects and models, photographs and drawings, graphs, chart, the speaker himself, video

In what ways should language be appropriate to?

Occasion, audience, topic, speaker

What are extended examples?

Often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes that are developed at some length to illustrate a point

What are the four devices that can improve rhythm and give examples?

Parallelism - similiar arrangment of a pair or series of related words (rich and poor, wise and dumb) Repetition - reiterating the same word or phrase at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences (If not...? If not ..?) Alliteration - repeating an initial consonant sound (peace, progress, process) Antithesis - the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure (Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country)

What are three common ways to brainstorm for topics?

Personal inventory of your experiences, interests, etc; Clustering, put down people, places, things, events and name the first four or five in each category that come to mind; lastly just do an internet search

Talk about the relationship between listeners and persuasive messages as they process the information

Persuasion is a process a speaker does WITH an audience. There is mental dialogue (mental back and forth) during the speech between speaker and audience. Therefore, before your speech, you must put yourself in their shoes to anticipate possible objections they may raise in their head.

What is persuasion? What % of the U.S. GDP is accounted for by persuasion? What type of process is a persuasive speech?

Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. It accounts for 26% of US GDP It is a psychological process

What is the most complex and challenging speech?

Persuasive speech

What is pitch? What is a change in pitch called?

Pitch is the highness or lowness of a speaker's voice. A change in pitch is called an inflection.

What are some basic tips for preparing visual aids?

Prepare them well in advance, keep them simple, make sure they are large enough, use a limited amount of text, use fonts effectively, use color effectively

What is the conversational quality?

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed. Usually present in extemporaneously delivered speeches

What is pronunciation? What is articulation? Is there a difference?

Pronunciation is the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. Articulation is the physical production of particular speech sounds. They are not identical, you could articulate all the speeches sounds of a word crisply and distinctly, but if say the p in pneumonia or the s in Illinois you are pronouncing it incorrectly Poor articulation is more common in college students

What types of questions should you avoid when interviewing?

Questions you can answer without the interview, leading questions (state fact, you do think its a problem, don't you?), hostile and loaded questions. Don't shy away from tough questions just make sure you phrase them neutrally and save them for the end of the interview

What is testimony? What are the major types?

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. Audiences tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge on topics, so using a testimony from these people can really help the speech. Two main types are expert testimony and peer testimony

What two types of reasoning are popular in everyday conversation? Which two of the four are popular in persuasive speeches?

Reasoning from specific instances and casual reasoning popular in conversation. Reasoning from principle and analogical reasoning popular in persuasive speeches.

What is analogical reasoning?

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similiar cases and infers that what is true for case one is also true for case two. Popular in persuasive speeches

What is casual reasoning?

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. Popular in everyday conversation

What is logos?

The named used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

What is a virtual library?

Search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data. Good examples are Librarians' Internet Index and Internet public library

What is the first step in speechmaking? What are the two categories of it?

Selecting a topic; two categories are: selecting a topic you know a lot about, or selecting a topic you don't know much about

Talk about what the book says about wikipedia

Several years ago, it was NOT a reliable source. Today its ratings compare well to those of print encyclopedias. Major articles are refined over time. It is a good place to start learning, but not a good place to end. Don't rely on it as your sole source of information. One benefit is there list of resources, references, footnotes at the end

What is a specific purpose statement?

Single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech. To inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with disorders.

Outside of demographic audience analysis, what is another type of analysis?

Situational audience analysis, usually builds on demographic analysis. It identifies traits of the audience unique to the speaking situation at hand. These traits include the size of the audience, the physical setting, and the disposition of the audience toward the subject, the speaker, and the occasion.

What is the problem with jumping too conclusions?

Sometimes we put words into their mouth because we are so sure what they mean, we don't listen to what they actually say

What are the key elements of the communication process?

Speaker, message, • Channel • Listener • Feedback • Interference, Situation

Which type of informative speech is usually the most complex?

Speech about concepts. So you need to make sure you define terms clearly and use examples and comparisons to illustrate the concepts

What is a persuasive speech on questions of fact? How does it differ from an informative speech? What are some examples? How are they typically organized?

Speech in which you try to convince the audience about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Examples include How many shots were fired at President Kennedy and from what locations? Who will win the Super bowl next year? In an informative, you are nonpartisan, giving facts on all sides of the story. In persuasive, you are partisan, advocating for one side or another and refuting other views of the facts. Typically organized topically.

What are the three types of persuasive speeches?

Speeches on questions of fact, value, policy

Talk about the two types of persuasive speeches of policy?

Speeches to gain passive agreement aim to convince listeners that the speaker's policy is necessary and practical, but is not trying to get the audience to take action in support of the policy. Speeches to gain immediate action aim to motivate the audience to action. This reinforces belief.

Talk at length about the guidelines for a preparation Outline

State the specific purpose of your speech at the top, followed by the central idea Label introduction, body, and conclusion either in the middle of the page or in the far left margin. They are labels only and are not to be included in the symbolization Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. Main points are identified by roman numerals. Sub points are identified by capital letters and there can be further sub sub points. More important ideas are farthest on the left, with less important ideas progressively further to the right. State main points and subpoints in full sentences Label transitions, internal summaries, internal previews separately from the symbolization and indentation Attack a bibliography Give your speech a title- be brief with it, attract attention of your audience, encapsulate the main thrust of your speech

Reinforcing the central idea is one of two major objectives of the conclusion. What are some ways you can do this?

Summarizing the speech is the easiest way. Could end with a quote that captures your central idea and is brief. End with a dramatic statement of your own (give me liberty or give me death) Refer back to the introduction Often these four ideas are used in combination

What is goodwill?

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

What is spare brain time?

The difference between the 120-150 words that can be spoken a minute, and the 400-800 words we can understanding a minute. So our mind can fill in the extra time however it wants. Ties in with not concentrating

Size is one trait that is included in a situational audience analysis. What is one basic principal to keep in mind with audience size?

The larger the audience, the more formal the presentation should be

What is a denotative meaning?

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. It describes the object, person, place, idea, or event, to which the word refers. It is precise, literal, and objective

What is the channel?

The means by which you are delivering the message. If you call via phone, then the channel is the phone

What is rhythm? What four devices can improve rhythm?

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. Aim is to use rhythm and flow of language to enhance your meaning, never at the expense of your meaning. Parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

What is the visual framework?

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speakers ideas

What is reasoning? What are the basic methods of reasoning?

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. 1. Reasoning from specific instances 2. Reasoning from principle 3. Casual reasoning 4. Analogical reasoning

Talk about situation

The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs. Conversation always takes place in a certain situation. Sometimes the situation helps—as when you propose marriage over an intimate candlelight dinner. Other times it may hurt—as when you try to speak words of love in competition with blaring music.

People tend to be egocentric, which means what?

They tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being

What are the two major objectives of the conclusion?

To let the audience know you are ending the speech and to reinforce their understand of the central idea

You should cite your sources orally, however, they don't have to follow a specific format. The key when doing this is:

To tell your audience enough that they will know where you got your information and why they should accept it as qualified and credible

No longer necessary to memorize any speeches but the shortest ones, such as

Toasts, congratulatory remarks, acceptances speeches, introductions

What is the difference between topic, general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea.

Topic is just what you are talking about: music therapy General purpose is whether it is informative or persuasive: to inform Specific purpose is what you hope to accomplish: to inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for those with disabilities. Central idea is one sentence that sums up the major ideas of the speech; it is what you expect to say: music therapy developed as a formal mode of treatment during the 20th century, utilizes a number of methods, and is explained by several theories that account for its success.

When doing an information speech on a concept, what type of speech organization will you likely use?

Topical

Don't pass visual aids out during the speech. This is because at least 3 people will be paying more attention to the object than you: person who just had it, person who has it, person about to get it. Pass out any paperwork at the end. This is because they likely are reading it during your speech at their own pace

True

Everything in a library has been reviewed at one point or another and has been published for a reason. Not the same system for the internet, anyone can post what they want

True

Many people don't believe speakers should use emotional appeal. However, reason and emotion often go hand in hand

True

One tip for doing a research project, it will always take longer than expected

True

Only use ALL CAPS for titles or individual words that require special emphasis Another general rule is for slides that contain text only, include no more than 6 lines of type (lesser than that if there are images) Only add images when they are truly needed

True

Personal appearance is important, because they see you before they hear you. Just as you adapt your language to the audience and the occasion, so should you with the way you dress

True

Research shows that vivid, concrete examples have a strong impact on listeners' beliefs and actions. Also, examples make ideas become specific, personal, and lively. As shown in the Bible

True

There is a degrees of persuasion scale where you rate your audience members. Left to right is strongly opposed, moderately opposed, slightly opposed, neutral, slightly in favor and so on... Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right on the scale, no matter where the listener begins or how small the movement is

True

Without a listener, there is no communication

True

What is feedback and two way communication?

Two way communication is when the speaker can see the messages the audience is sending in return (one way would be President addressing the nation and you talking to your TV). Those messages they send back is called feedback. Feedback all depends on individuals frame of reference (in Europe rapping knuckles is good, not so great here)

What are signposts?

Type of connective that is a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. Frequently they are just numbers "first cause is, second cause is" or can introduce main points with a question

What is a transition?

Type of connective that is a word or phrase that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. The transitions state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the idea she or he is coming up to

What are internal summaries?

Type of connective that is the opposite of internal previews. Remind listeners of what they have just heard. Usually used when a speaker finishes a complicated or important main point. "In short . . "

What are internal previews?

Type of connective which is a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. Usually previews a main point, we will first look at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact. More detailed than transitions, but often combined with transitions.

What is ad hominem?

Type of fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in the dispute (head of commerce commission has many economic proposals, but lets not forget she comes from a wealthy family)

What is a red herring?

Type of fallacy that comes from a old farm trick in England where they dragged a smoked herring with a strong odor around the edge of the fields to throw hunters and their dogs off the scent of the fox, and therefore keep them out of the field. It introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion (political corruption when working to improve the quality of life)

What is an example?

Type of supporting material used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. Three main types are brief, extended, and hypotetical

What are some ways to generate emotional appeal?

Use emotional language, use imagery and vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

A speaker's meaning must be immediately comprehensible. How can you ensure that there is no chance of misunderstanding?

Use familiar words, choose concrete words over abstract words, and eliminate verbal clutter

What is imagery? What are three ways to generate imagery?

Use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas. Ways to generate: use concrete words, simile, metaphor

What are some tips for using stats?

Use them sparingly, list your reliable source, explain your stats (relate them to the listeners), round off to more easily understandable numbers, use visual aids to present them

What are supporting materials?

Used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kids are examples, statistics, and testimony

When talking about audience makeup, what do people want to hear?

Very simply, they usually want to hear about things that are meaningful to them. People are egocentric. They pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being. Listeners approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: "Why is this important to me?"

If you want to move people with your speeches, you need to use: _____. What are the two most important types?

Vivid, animated language. Two most important types are imagery and rhythm

Talk about reasoning from specific instances

We do it often in everyday conversation. It is reasoning that moves from specific, particular facts to a general conclusion (all gym courses are easy). These are not foolproof conclusions. Must make sure you have sufficient evidence that is unbiased and must reinforce your argument with stats

What are the pluses and minuses of presentation technology

When used well, they can add a lot to a speech. However, can also be distracting. Can't be too over the top that it takes away from the speech, kind of like Prezi can do: create a barrier to communication Also, need to be somewhat fun and well designed, otherwise get death by powerpoint Rather than using slides to illustrate every thought, look for spots where they will genuinely enhance your message.

What do you need to avoid with demographic audience analysis?

While it can be useful, need to make sure and avoid stereotyping (creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike)

To be audience centered, you should keep several questions in mind, such as:

Who am i speaking too, what do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech, what is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?

What are connectives? What are some types of connectives?

Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them. Without them a speech is disjointed and uncoordinated, kind of like an individual without ligaments and tendons to join bones and hold organs in place. Transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts are examples

What are the two major steps in preparing for a Q&A session?

Working out answers to possible questions and practicing the delivery of those answers

What are examples of speeches that must be delivered from a manuscript? Why would a speech need to do so?

Would need to do so in a situation where absolute accuracy is essential. This could be the Pope's religious proclamation, an engineer's report to a professional meeting, or a President's message to Congress

Talk about the internet and library as a relationship

You can unearth a good amount of information on the internet, but cannot find the same range and depth as in a good library. It is advised you use the internet to supplement, not replace, library research. The internet also doesn't tell you how great your sources are like a librarian does

If you are having trouble phrasing your central idea, what might be the problem?

You may not yet have a firm grasp on the main points of your speech

What is interference? What are the two types?

is anything that impedes the communication of a message. When you talk on the telephone, sometimes there is static, or wires get crossed so that two different conversations are going on at once. That is a kind of interference, which is external, something is occurring outside of your audience. Another type is internal, perhaps some isn't paying attention in the audience because they have a test next period, that is internal

What is the first job in the introduction? How can you accomplish it?

is to get the attention and interest of the audience. You can do this by posing a question, telling a story, making a startling statement, or opening with a quotation. The purpose of all these methods is to create a dramatic, colorful opening that will make your audience want to hear more.

What does it mean to be audience centered?

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

What is appreciative listening?

listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.

What is critical listening?

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesperson or the campaign speech of a political candidate.

What is empathic listening?

listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress.

What is comprehensive listening?

listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house.

What is a main point?

major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain 2-5 main points

Can you cite an article in your speech on the basis of just the abstract?

no

What is patchwork plagiarism? How can you avoid it?

occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources. Key is again to start early on the speech and take from as many sources as possible

Using inclusive language is not a matter of political correctness, but a matter of

personal courtesy

What is name calling?

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups. It is a destructive social force

What is the aim of a extemporaneous speech?

to plan your major points and supporting material without trying to memorize the precise language you will use on the day of the speech.