COM100 FINAL

how can a speaker adapt to the audience while preparing the speech?

(1) assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech (2) adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible (When you do this, you will begin to hear your speech through the ears of your audience and to adjust it accordingly)

what three questions should you ask when evaluating statistics?

-Are the statistics representative? (are they truly measuring what they claim, no bias, etc) -are the statistics used correctly? -are the statistics from a reliable source? (is there bias)

What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

-The book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing -The author or sponsoring organization of the document -The author's qualifications with regard to the topic -The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated

what are the negatives of scale questions?

-They tend to yield superficial answers -Other techniques are needed to get beneath the surface.

What are the five demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter?

-age -religion -racial, ethnic, and cultural background -gender and sexual orientation -group membership

What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speeches?

-appropriate to the occasion -appropriate to the audience -appropriate to the topic -appropriate to the speaker

What four usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?

-avoid the use of "he" -avoid the use of "man" -avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender -use names that groups use to identify themselves

Identify three methods public speakers can use to help ensure that their language will be clear to listeners

-eliminate clutter -use familiar words -choose concrete words

What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

-quote or paraphrase accurately -use testimony from qualified sources -use testimony from unbiased sources -identify the people you quote or paraphrase

what are the positives of scale questions?

-they produce clear, unambiguous answers -they resemble fixed-alternative questions, but they allow more leeway in responding -useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitudes

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

-use statistics to quantify your ideas -use statistics sparingly -identify the sources of your statistics -explain your statistics -round off complicated statistics -use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

-use to make ideas clear -use to reinforce your ideas -use to personalize your ideas -use to make your ideas vivid -practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?

-using language accurately -using language clearly -using language vividly -using language appropriately

what are the 5 steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

comparative advantage order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

problem-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

problem-cause-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

brief example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

extended example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

cliché

A trite or overused expression.

hypothetical example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

demographic audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like

situational audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

Why is a testimony important?

Audiences tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience on the topic at hand. By quoting or paraphrasing such people, you can give your ideas greater strength and impact.

stereotyping

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

clutter

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

what makes persuasive speeches challenging?

In some persuasive speeches, you will deal with controversial topics that touch on your listeners' basic attitudes, values, and beliefs. This may increase their resistance to persuasion and make your task more difficult.

audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

inclusive language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

statistics

Numerical data.

open-ended questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

fixed-alternative questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives. ex: yes/no questions

scale questions

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. ex: never, often, very often (spectrum)

testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

peer testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

expert testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

direct quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word.

mean

The average value of a group of numbers.

need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

denotative meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas

connotative meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

parallelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

imagery

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

what does it mean to say that audiences are egocentric?

They pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being. Very simply, they usually want to hear about things that are meaningful to them. People are egocentric

example of questions of fact specific purpose statement

To persuade my audience that William Shakespeare did not write the plays attributed to him.

example of questions of value specific purpose statement

To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation.

example of questions of policy specific purpose statement

To persuade my audience that our state should increase funding for all levels of public education.

paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words.

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

Why is age important to audience analysis?

all age groups differ from those younger and older to them so you must compensate for that age group and what information will resonate with them to build your speech

Explain what it means to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with speakers

as a speaker persuades their audience, the audience is engaging with the information they are told and either agreeing or disagreeing with what is being said

Why is group membership important to audience analysis?

be aware of the group you are talking to and the knowledge they have on the given topic of your speech

Why is gender and sexual orientation important to audience analysis?

by expressing thoughts that may assume the gender of sexual orientation of someone, you can potentially offend member or members of your audience

what are the guidelines for effective use of questionnaires?

by using all three types of audience-analysis questions, you will have well rounded information from the three fields

what are the three key ways speakers can generate imagery in a speech?

by using similes, concrete words and metaphors

what are the three major kinds of supporting materials?

examples, statistics, and testimony

what are the types of audience-analysis questions?

fixed-alternative questions, scale questions, and open-ended questions.

audience-analysis questionnaire's

helped the speaker get a better idea of the knowledge their audience has on a given topic.

Evaluate the use of supporting materials in a speech

helps build your speech and make it stronger

How does language help create our sense of reality?

helps to make ideas clear and easy for the audience to follow

what are the negatives of fixed-alternative questions?

not much leeway

what are the positives of fixed-alternative questions?

offers a straight forward/clear response

what are the four basic devices for enhancing the rhythm of a speech?

parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis

how can a speaker adapt to the audience while delivering the speech?

read your audience and situation as you go, be sure to read the reactions of your audience to see if your speech is going well and if not, further support it

Why is racial, ethnic and cultural background important to audience analysis?

some of your listeners may have racial, ethnic, or cultural perspectives that will affect their attitudes toward your speech topic. Try to gauge what those perspectives are and how they will be likely to affect the audience's response to your message.

why is it so easy to lie with statistics?

the numbers in statistics can be easily manipulated

what are the negatives of open-ended questions?

they increase the likelihood of getting answers that do not give the kind of information you need

what are the positives of open-ended questions?

they provide more detailed responses

What are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language?

through imagery and rhythm

Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language?

to be respectful towards your audience in this ever-changing world

Why must speakers be audience-centered?

to gain a desired response from listeners

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

Why is religion important to audience analysis?

you must consider the variations of religions within your audience to avoid conflicted views/word choice--you do not want to offend your audience