Comm 300 Test PPTs (6,7,8,9,10)

Pittacus' Golden Rule

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you Do unto others as they would most like to have done unto them Brings the other party directly into the equation

Measuring Type

Type is measured in points A single point is 0.0138 inch Printed text blocks best at 9 - 12 points Display type = 14 points or larger Newspaper banners often 72 points or larger

Rotoscoping:

Waking Life, (2001) Director: RichardLinklaterThe film was entirely rotoscoped, although it was shot using digital video of live actors with a team of artists drawing stylized lines and colors over each frame with computers, rather than being filmed and traced onto cells on a light box.

Contrast

contrast in size gives visual appeal Differences in color, size, symbolism, time, and sound A lot of contrast among elements = youthful, busy design Little contrast between elements = more conservative design Lack of contrast in size can be lackluster or unappealing Sizes same so lose interest, not visual appealing

Manga

comics created in Japan, or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art. The term manga is a Japanese word referring both to comics and cartooning. "Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan. Modern manga originates in the occupation (1945-1952) and post-occupation years (1952-early 1960s), when a previously militaristic and ultranationalist Japan was rebuilding its political and economic infrastructure. Although Allied occupation censorship policies specifically prohibited art and writing that glorified war and Japanese militarism, those policies did not prevent the publication of other kinds of material, including manga. Furthermore, the 1947 Japanese Constitution (Article 21) prohibited all forms of censorship. One result was the growth of artistic creativity in this period.

Non-Statistical: table

ex: sports stats

technical perspective : attributes :

size, color (contrast with background), font, column, justification, space, animation

Wassily Kandinsky

taught form theory with an emphasis on color theory. He encouraged his students to understand abstraction in his course 'The Basics of Artistic Design,' but it was in his color class where Kandinsky most thoroughly developed his own theories. These resulted in his written work "Point and Line to Plane," and the idea was a new approach to teaching color using psychology and perception. The theory was based on the analysis of individual elements such as the point, line and plane that so titled his writings.

Isotype

(International System Of TYpographic Picture Education) is a method of showing social, technological, biological and historical connections in pictorial form "Words divide, pictures unite" Austrian statistician OTTO NEURATH. Key to understanding infographics from a cultural perspective is to know a visual symbol or signs' context and possible interpretations. The aim was to "represent social facts pictorially" and to bring "dead statistics" to life by making them visually attractive and memorable. One of the museum's catch-phrases was: "To remember simplified pictures is better than to forget accurate figures".

Fair Use:

-Allows part of a copyrighted work to be used without copyright clearance or payment •commentary, search engines, criticism, parody, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship

Vocabulary of Color

-Analogous colors •colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, e.g. yellow and green -Complementary colors •colors opposite to each other on the color wheel e.g. green and purple •Complimentary colors exhibit more contrast when positioned next to each other ***green and yellow are analogous colors that harmonize where as the violet color of the shooting stars appears more intense against a complementary colored background.

•How did Gutenberg's invention shift power in Europe?

-Made information cheaper to acquire -Took literacy out of the hands of the elite and made it available to everyone

Problem with Ideogrammatic

-Problem: need large numbers of symbols to express simple ideas -Only intellectual elite could read and write

Comic Books

....

•Romans •Incorporated Greek alphabet, becomes Latin Added W and J

....

Kip Rhinelander

1924 Kip Rhinelander, a wealthy man, wanted to annul his marriage, claiming that his wife concealed from him that she was part Negro. She, in turn, insisted that this had been obvious to him even before their marriage. As part of this evidence, her lawyers had her undress to the waist in court. Newspaper set up a fake courtroom scene in which an actress for the accused Mrs. Rhinelander. The retouched picture superimposed the real faces of the courtroom characters onto posed bodies. Twenty separate photos were. The paper became famous overnight and circulation soared from around 60,000 to several hundred thousand readers.

Lotte Reiniger

1926, The Adventures of Prince Achmed is a 1926 German animated fairytale film by Lotte Reiniger. It is the oldest surviving animated feature film (1h21m); two earlier ones were made in Argentina by Quirino Cristiani, but they are considered lost. Cristiani responsible for the world's first two animated feature films as well as the first animated feature film with sound, even though the only copies of these two films were lost in a fire.

Reminder

A "good" design makes sense to its audience, without sacrificing communication

Venn diagram by John Venn (1880 CE)

A Venn diagram (also known as a set diagram or logic diagram) is a diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets. Venn diagrams were conceived around 1880 by John Venn.

Statistical: bar chart

A bar graph is a chart that uses either horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons among categories. The first bar graph appeared in the 1786 book The Commercial and Political Atlas, by William Playfair (1759-1823). Playfair was a pioneer in the use of graphical displays and wrote extensively

Non-Statistical: Flow chart

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem

Statistical: line chart

A line chart or line graph is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments. A line chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time - a time series - thus the line is often drawn chronologically.

Framing

A panel, frame or box is one drawing on a page, and contains a segment of action. A page may have one or many panels, and panels are frequently, but not always, surrounded by a border or outline, whose shape can be altered to indicate emotion, tension or flashback sequences. The gutter is the space between panels. A tier is a single row of panels. •The size, shape and style of a panel, as well as the placement of figures and speech balloons inside it, affect the timing or pacing of a story. •Panels are used to break up and encapsulate sequences of events in a narrative. •What occurs in a panel may be asynchronous, meaning that not everything that occurs in a single panel necessarily occurs at one time.

Statistical: Pie chart

A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. While it is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced, there are variations on the way it can be presented. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801 However, they have been criticized, and many experts recommend avoiding them, pointing out that research has shown it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts.

non-statisticall: word cloud, tag cloud

A tag (word) cloud a visual representation of text data, typically used to depict keyword metadata (tags) on websites, or to visualize free form text. •The importance of each tag is shown with font size or color. •This format is useful for quickly perceiving the most prominent terms and for locating a term alphabetically to determine its relative prominence. •When used as website navigation aids, the terms are hyperlinked to items associated with the tag.

Pictographs

A type of graph that uses illustrations that represent items or concepts compared Pictographs are most criticized because they employ cute, contentless drawings Problem is - purpose may be to just grab attention

Watchmen

Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, and colourist John Higgins 100 Greatest Novels according to Time Watchmen is set in an alternate reality that closely mirrors the contemporary world of the 1980s. The primary difference is the presence of superheroes. The point of divergence occurs in the year 1938. Their existence in this version of America is shown to have dramatically affected and altered the outcomes of real-world events such as the Vietnam War and the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Graffiti- writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place.

Alexamenos graffito may be the earliest surviving image of Jesus and is alleged to be among the earliest known pictorial representations of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c. 200 AD) •The image depicts a human-like figure affixed to a cross and possessing the head of a donkey. •In the top right of the image is what has been interpreted as either the Greek letter upsilon or a tau cross. •To the left of the image is a young man, apparently intended to represent Alexamenos, a Roman soldier/guard, raising one hand in a gesture possibly suggesting worship. •Beneath the cross is a caption written in crude Greek translated as "Alexamenos worships [his] God". •Several other sources suggest "Alexamenos worshiping a god", or similar variants, as the intended translation •"Graffiti (sgraffiti), meaning drawings or scribblings on a flat surface and deriving from the Italiansgraffio ('scratch'), with a nod to the Greek graphein ('to write'), originally referred to those marks found on ancient Roman architecture"

Stan Lee

American comic-book writer, editor, film executive producer, actor, and publisher. He was formerly editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics, and later its publisher and chairman before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus, as well as a member of the editorial board.

Non-Statistical: locator map

Americans geographic knowledge is bad. Need for maps is crucial to place location of news events. Nearly three-quarters of eighth-graders tested below proficient in geography on the 2014 National Assessment of Educational Progress and that's almost exactly the same result as in 1994.

Multi-frame cartoons

An Egyptian burial chamber mural, from the tomb of BaqetIII dating to around 2000 BCE, showing wrestlers in action.

Editorial Cartoon

An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artist's opinion. •They typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. • •William Hogarth, was printed as social commentary for the 18th- century audience comparable to our modern dramas. • •In this series Hogarth focuses on the misery of an arranged marriage between the daughter of an upper-class merchant family and the son of a destitute noble family attempting to maintain their wealthy status. • •At a time when arranged marriages were the subject of numerous deliberations, this series exemplifies Hogarth's belief in its dangers as he depicts the unflattering and tragic events of the bride and groom and their respective families.

Rhythm

Arrangement and number of elements Design Choices Adds to the Frenetic News Event (ex: titanic sicking newspaper)

Art Deco

Art Deco is a visual arts design style that first appeared in France just before World War I and began flourishing internationally in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned after World War II. It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation. Art Deco emerged from the interwar period when rapid industrialization was transforming culture. One of its major attributes is an embrace of technology. This distinguishes Deco from the organic motifs favored by its predecessor Art Nouveau. Historian Bevis Hillier defined Art Deco as "an assertively modern style [that] ran to symmetry rather than asymmetry, and to the rectilinear rather than the curvilinear; it responded to the demands of the machine and of new material [and] the requirements of mass production".

Historical : 1st theoretical but practical use of infographics

Cave drawings for target practice Chips Found Near Animals' Vital Organs

Setting

Background illustrations might be highly stylized and simple as in Peanuts cartoon or realistic and elaborate as in a Spider-Man comic. Degree of which elements of reality are removed is called LEVELING. High degree of leveling typically (removing background elements) = LESS serious Low degree of leveling typically = MORE serious

Join or Die

Ben Frank •"Join, or Die" is a well-known political cartoon, created by Benjamin Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. •The original publication by the Gazette is the earliest known pictorial representation of colonial union produced by a British colonist in America. •It is a woodcut showing a snake cut into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of one of the American colonies or regions.

Cubism

CUBISM: In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form Marcel Duchamp. DADA: Rejection of realism - detached from constraints of reality and convention after World War I possible precursor to CUBISM CUBISM: an early-20th-century art movement, In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form— instead of depicting objects from a single viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Trying to show more TIME dimension on 2-D surface Here's an effective print ad for VW Phaeton that doesn't show the product at all — not the exterior, interior, engineering marvels or even a silhouette of the product. A Phaeton was a form of sporty open carriage popular in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Drawn by one or two horses, a phaeton typically featured a minimal very lightly sprung body atop four extravagantly large wheels. The name "Phaethon", which means "Shining One"

Historical Perspective: Caricatures

Caricature: a picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect. Derived from the Italian caricare—to charge or load. A "loaded portrait" •Cah-rih-CAH-ray •a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others through sketching, pencil strokes or through other artistic drawings. • •Caricatures can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in editorial cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. Making fun of a Roman politician

Cultural Perspectivre

Cartoons are an essential part of any country's culture, reflecting the values and beliefs common to the culture at that time. Muslim superhero named Buraaq - a masked superhero by night and a humanitarian named Yusuf Abdullah by day.

Critical Perspective

Cartoons can bring attention to problems or issues in a society, but you have to watch critically how portrayed. Is this snow white in a dress in front of a vanity mirror and cosmetics table doing science? Is this a confusing message?

Charles Shultz

Charles Schulz's "Peanuts" $35 Million in Annual Worldwide Sales Charles Schulz's "Peanuts" $35 Million in Annual Worldwide Sales

Visual Analysis: Inventory List

Composition (elements, placement within frame) People (hard to tell but black vs. Caucasian) , moon, night, ocean, cell phone, lighted screens. Beach, sky, WHAT IS THE NARRATIVE? Visual Cues (color, form, depth, and movement) Blue, dark, lines, arms up imply movements, depth cues (size, horizon line), Moon = CIRCLE, cellphones = LINE Color, form, depth, movement. How do they interact and conflict. How are colors used? Source and direction of light. Does light come from natural or artificial source? How are shapes and lines utilized within the frame? Are eyes looking at or away from the camera or hidden from view? How is the illusion of depth achieved? Are your eyes actively moving around the frame? Gestalt Laws (similarity, proximity, continuation, common fate) SIMILARITY can be boring, DISSIMILARITY makes image interesting, PROXIMITY = men at lower-right clump, guy are far left alone, CONTINUATION: cell phone form lines, COMMON FATE = all of the men are in shadow which connects them, all facing the same way except for one man facing us, his light lit by cellphone (does he have a signal indicating hope?) Semiotic Signs (iconic, indexical, symbolic) ICONIC = it's photojournalism so representing reality, INDEXICAL = cellphone = communication, connection to family SYMBOLIC = cellphones are connection, action of holding up cellphone symbolize need for family and loss of connection at the threshold of a new world. Beach/ocean could symbolize beginning or end of a journey Semiotic Codes (metonymy, displaced, condensed) METONYMY = Group, connection, astronomy, ANALOGY = DISPLACED = cellphone add, holding up technology to sky like Lion King, cellphone = hope CONDENSED = code of technology which used to be only for wealthy, not a universal tool for everyone including poor or economic/political immigrants, this experience is similar for us all Cognitive Elements (memory, projection, expectation, selection, habituation, salience, dissonance, culture, words) MEMORY = standing out and watching the lunar eclipse, magical moment that conflicts with the actual event. SALIENCE = many of us have been in this situation of trying to find a cell signal, if not in so dire a context, DISSONANCE = I thought it was a much more peaceful scene with contrasts with the serious nature of hope, fear, need to connect. WORDS = addition of caption brings clarity and weight to the photo Purpose- Where was the picture made? What is the purpose of the image? Is it news, art, scientific, a personal snapshot, or some other type of image? Image Aesthetics-Is the image pleasant to look at? Is there anything about the image that makes it particularly compelling to look at? Does it have formal and/or creative elements that make it particularly beautiful? Does the image make you want to see more of the creator's work?

Non-Statistical: Fact box

Contain a series of statements that summarize the key points of a story. Fact boxes rarely stand alone but are part of a story

Trends to Watch

Continues Popularity personalized comics historical stories more graphic novels and comic books

Non-Statistical: Misc.

Courtroom drawing

Goal of Analysis

Discover your own reaction If you take time to study images carefully, you will become a much more interesting and knowledgeable person. You will also be more likely to produce images that have greater meaning for more people. Analyzed images are remembered longer than unconsidered pictures. Being critical is a highly satisfying intellectual exercise

Da Vinci diagram (1510 CE)

Da Vinci used combination of words and images to explain his complex ideas.

Data maps

Data maps usually combine numeric data and locations within a simple locator map to form a powerful storytelling combination eye-tracking data map LA crime stats

De Stijl

De Stijl (Duh Shtile), Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and architects.. movement advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and color The whole point of Bauhaus and De stijl was to create simplicity, and to show that nothing has to be complicated as it is Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and color; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white. Some described this style as 'hygienic' and 'cold abstraction'

Literacy: Why do we have typographies?

Def of literate: •Definition -Educated, cultured -Able to read and write

Characters

Degree of realism with which characters are drawn often indicates whether the comic is humorous or serious.

Non-Statistical: diagram

Diagrams reveal details of how process and machines work can be complex and involved with researcher and graphic artists working with a graphics editor to create

Concept Map: John Goddard's "Tree of Man's Life," 1649

Early CONCEPT MAP using tree structure metaphor (roots, trunk, branches, leaves) to tell life of human being. The present sheet, entitled in full, The Tree of Mans Life Or an Emblem declaring the like, and unlike, or various condition of all men in their estate of Creation, birth, life, death, buriall, resurrection, and last Judgment, with pious observations out of the Scriptures upon the several branches is signed by the engraver John Goddard, and By RiDey Batch

John Snow (15 March 1813 - 16 June 1858)

English physician and a leader in the adoption of anesthesia and medical hygiene. of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854. His findings inspired fundamental changes in the water and waste systems of London, which led to similar changes in other cities, and a significant improvement in general public health around the world. Cholera Epidemic, 1854. Combined Map with Data

ethical perspective : chart not zero-based

EX: in the Terri Schiavo Case The Terri Schiavo case was a legal struggle over end-of-life care in the United States from 1990 to 2005, involving Theresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo, a woman in an irreversible persistent vegetative state. Schiavo's husband and legal guardian argued that Schiavo would not have wanted prolonged artificial life support without the prospect of recovery, and elected to remove her feeding tube. Schiavo's parents argued in favor of continuing artificial nutrition and hydration and challenged Schiavo's medical diagnosis. The highly publicized and prolonged series of legal challenges presented by her parents, which ultimately involved state and federal politicians up to the level of President George W. Bush, caused a seven-year delay before Schiavo's feeding tube was ultimately removed. •Visual misrepresentation of empirical data can easily mislead unsuspecting and trusting readers and viewers •Critics cite two main problems: •Few infographic producers have much experience with statistical information •Many graphic designers believe the sole purpose of the infographic is to grab reader attention

Non-Statistical: tv schedules

Easily locate the show you want to watch. With so many cable channels and so much data, crucial to have an easy to understand and organized way

Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. It combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts are derived from hieroglyphic writing; Meroitic was a late derivation from demotic. logogram or logograph is a written character that represents a word or phrase *Chinese is a form of hieroglyphics?

Aubrey Vincent Beardsley

English illustrator and author. His drawings in black ink, influenced by the style of Japanese woodcuts, emphasized the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic.

Ethical Perspective

Ex: July 28, 1985 Edward Romero, 5, drowned in Hart Park Lake on Kern River. Distributed by the Associated Press around the world At the bottom of the photograph, a 5-year-old boy named Edward Romero lay dead in a dark-colored body bag. His face was clearly visible. His body had just been removed from Hart Park Lake in Bakersfield, Calif., where he had drowned while swimming. In the picture, Edward Romero`s father is shown kneeling over the boy and weeping. In the background Edward`s brother was shown crying out in grief, while other family members looked down at the dead boy. The photograph was taken at the instant the family first saw Edward`s body after it had been recovered from the lake.

Appropriation

Frank Shepard Fairey (born February 15, 1970) is an American contemporary street artist, graphic designer, activist, illustrator and founder of OBEY (clothing) who emerged from the skateboarding scene. He first became known for his "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" (...OBEY...) sticker campaign He became widely known during the 2008 U.S. presidential election for his Barack Obama "Hope" poster. Mannie Garcia hired as temp. photographer (not staff or freelancer/stringer) so question as to who held copyright on the photo - him or AP

Animation Techniques

Full Cell Animation Limited Animation Rotoscoping CGI with Live Action

The Times (April 1 1875, showing the weather from the previous day, March 31)

Galton prepared the first weather map published in The Times (of London) in April 1 1875 showing the weather from the previous day, March 31), now a standard feature in newspapers worldwide.

1st verifiable use of infographics

Sumerian and Chinese maps (3,800 - 1000 BCE)

Greek Maps for sea-faring from 1100 BCE.

Greek Maps for sea-faring from 1100 BCE. Ptolemy's world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geography (circa 150) in the 15th century, indicating "Sinae" (China) at the extreme right, beyond the island of "Taprobane" (Sri Lanka, oversized) and the "Aurea Chersonesus" (Southeast Asian peninsula). Developed longitude and latitude dividing world into grids and making it easier and more accurate BLUE water

Full Cell Animation:

Hand drawn cells - full frame, 24 frames per second Traditional or classical animation 1h50m = 110 minutes = 6,600 seconds = 158,400 frames

Motion Lines

In comics, motion lines (also known as movement lines, action lines, speed lines or zip ribbons) are the abstract lines that appear behind a moving object or person, parallel to its direction of movement, to make it appear as if it is moving quickly. Mort Walker, the creator of Beetle Bailey wrote in his 1980 book THE LEXICON OF COMICANA, invented all of these words to more accurately describe the symbols that cartoonists use on their characters. Agitron, n. Wiggly lines around a shaking object or character. Emanata, n. Lines drawn around the head to indicate shock or surprise.

Hip hop

Hip-hop is a cultural movement that characterized by four distinct elements, all of which represent the different manifestations of the culture: rap music (oral), turntablism or "DJing" (aural), b-boying (physical) and graffiti art (visual).

Informational Graphics Explain Events Additional Tool for Visual Journalists Readers Become Engaged with News Stories

Infographics combine the aesthetic sensitivity of artistic values with the quantitative precision of numerical data in a format that is both understandable and dramatic "show me, don't tell me" Infographics combine the intellectual satisfaction of words with the emotional power of visual messages

New Wave

In design, New Wave or Swiss Punk Typography refers to an approach to typography that actively defies strict grid-based arrangement conventions. Characteristics include inconsistent letterspacing, varying typeweights within single words and type set at non-right angles He created popular illustrations on board, paper, and canvas, most of which emphasize the simple grace and beauty of the female form, in a distinctive style descended from Art Deco. He is best known for his illustrations for Playboy magazine and the pop group Duran Duran, for whom he designed the cover of the best selling album Rio. POSTMODERN - harken back to older style - Like some of the old print masters (Toulouse-Lautrec and Bonnard, for example), Nagel was influenced by the Japanese woodblock print, with figures silhouetted against a neutral background, with strong areas of black and white, and with bold line and unusual angles of view. He handled colors with rare originality and freedom; he forced perspective from flat, two-dimensional images; and he kept simplifying, working to get more across with fewer elements. His simple and precise imagery is also reminiscent of the art-deco style of the 1920s and 1930s- its sharp linear treatment, geometric simplicity, and stylization of form yield images that are formal yet decorative.

Personal Perspective of infographics

Infographics... •Satisfy journalism's mission to educate •Explains the "why" and "how" of a story •Converts data into more understandable formats Who, what, where, when satisfies initial story, but for more depth you need why and how. Hard for us to understand scale in just words. EX: Darwins finches How to understand the theory of evolution without images.... Very hard with only words. Especially since large amounts of time are involved examples: Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin's DNA Structure. •The Keeling Curve is a graph which plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958. •It is based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii that began under the supervision of Charles David Keeling.

*START OF CHAPTER 9: Infographics* def of infographics

Information graphics or infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual system's ability to see patterns and trends. Helps tell a story that would be too too tedious in words, yet too complex for photos alone

Gutenberg (before 1456 - 1760 CE)

Less time spent on producing text, SO more time for illustration, elaborate covers, new typefaces, more aesthetics way to create the whole books

Pop art

Like Punk art, the concept of "pop art" refers not as much to the art itself as to the attitudes behind the art. Pop art employs aspects of mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material. One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques.

lpi (lines per inch)

Lines per inch (LPI) is a measurement of printing resolution. A line consists of halftones that is built up by physical ink dots made by the printer device to create different tones. Specifically LPI is a measure of how close together the lines in a halftone grid are. The quality of printer device or screen determines how high the LPI will be. High LPI indicates greater detail and sharpness.

Warner brothers

Loony Toons

Historical Perspective

Man is the only animal with a written language, symbolic language Drawing or carving on walls was realization that human could make their thoughts permanent by preserving them Later drawings of human figures and drawing of symbols of sun and moon appeared, but still lots of hunted animals were drawn. Some theorists believe it was a form of magical thinking: draw the animal as hunted and it will appear or perhaps to honor the dead animal

Marvel

Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s, had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel branding began in 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Steve Ditko, Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and many others.

*START OF CHAPTER 10: Cartoons* Matt Groening

Matthew Abram "Matt" Groening is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, animator, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell (1977-2012) and the television series The Simpsons (1989-present) and Futurama (1999-2003, 2008-2013). The Simpsons has gone on to become the longest running U.S. primetime television series in history, as well as the longest running animated series and sitcom. Groening made his first professional cartoon sale of Life in Hell to the avant-garde Wet magazine in 1978. At its peak, the cartoon was carried in 250 weekly newspapers. Life in Hell caught the attention of James L. Brooks. In 1985, Brooks contacted Groening with the proposition of working in animation for the Fox variety show The Tracey Ullman Show. Originally, Brooks wanted Groening to adapt his Life in Hell characters for the show. Fearing the loss of ownership rights, Groening decided to create something new and came up with a cartoon family, the Simpson family, and named the members after his own parents and sisters—while Bart was an anagram of the word brat.

Charles Joseph Minard (27 March 1781 - 24 October 1870)

Minard's map using pie charts to represent the cattle sent from all around France for consumption in Paris (1858). •French civil engineer recognized for his significant contribution in the field of information graphics in civil engineering and statistics. • •Minard was among other things noted for his representation of numerical data on geographic maps. Minard's chart shows six types of information: geography, time, temperature, the course and direction of the army's movement, and the number of troops remaining. The widths of the gold (outward) and black (returning) paths represent the size of the force, one millimeter to 10,000 men. Geographical features and major battles are marked and named, and plummeting temperatures on the return journey are shown along the bottom.

joseph pulitzer and william randolph hearst

Newspaper comic strips come in two different types: daily strips and Sunday strips. Most newspaper comic strips are syndicated; a syndicate hires people to write and draw a strip and then distributes it to many newspapers for a fee. A few newspaper strips are exclusive to one newspaper.

USA Today •Allen Neuharth •Gannett Newspaper Chain •Began September 15, 1982 •Colorful •Easy to Read •Much Copied Weather Map •National Distribution through Satellite Technology

Newspaper design to attract attention of a generation brought up on television. Newspaper vending machine even designed to look like a TV

Non-Statistical: Calendars

Non-Statistical: timelines Important to understanding sequence of events Especially processes that occur over long periods of time (far outside human timeline)

Sumerian/Akkadian

Oldest literary work known to man. Deluge tablet some people believe is basis for Noah myth when Hebrews were slaves in Babylon

Humorous Cartoons

On 7 January 2015 at about 11:30 local time, two brothers, Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, forced their way into the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris. Armed with assault rifles and other weapons, they killed 12 people and injured 11 others. The gunmen identified themselves as belonging to the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda's branch in Yemen, who took responsibility for the attack. Several related attacks followed in the Île-de-France region, where a further five were killed and 11 wounded. Charlie Hebdo cover after Paris terrorist attack "They have weapons. F*ck them. We have champagne."

Punk

Punk had a unique and complex aesthetic. It was steeped in shock value and revered what was considered ugly. The whole look of punk was designed to disturb and disrupt the happy complacency of the wider society.

Robert Dennis Crumb (born August 30, 1943)

Robert Dennis Crumb is an American cartoonist and musician who often signs his work R. Crumb. Robert Crumb is considered by many to be the single best (and controversial) cartoonist America has ever produced. The creator of counter culture icons like Fritz the Cat, the Keep On Truckin guy and Mr Natural, Mr. Crumb was inducted into the comic book Hall of Fame in 1991,

William Playfair (22 September 1759 - 11 February 1823)

Scottish engineer and political economist, the founder of graphical methods of statistics. Playfair invented three types of diagrams: in 1786 the line graph and bar chart of economic data, and in 1801 the pie chart and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations. Playfair considered founder of Infographics. Scottish Economist. Business Charts, 1786 In this bar chart Scotland's imports and exports from and to 17 countries in 1781 are represented. "This bar chart was the first quantitative graphical form that did not locate data either in space, as had coordinates and tables, or time"

Controversail Themes

Simpsons opening sequence calling attention to the problems in the animation industry of which is a part Simpsons opening sequence calling attention to the problems in the animation industry

Frank Miller

Sin City is the title for a series of neo-noir comics by Frank Miller. The first story originally appeared in "Dark Horse Presents Fifth Anniversary Special" (April, 1991), and continued in Dark Horse Presents #51-62 from May 1991 to June 1992, under the title of Sin City, serialized in thirteen parts. Several other stories of variable lengths have followed. The intertwining stories, with frequently recurring characters, take place in Basin City.

Cultural Perspective

Societal Impact : What is the story and the symbolism involved with the elements in the visual message? What do they say about current cultural values?

Marketing Stereotypes

Star Wars Marketing an exaggerated black cartoon character known as Memin Pinguin (MAYmeenPEENkeen) is drawn with exaggerated features, thick lips and wide-open eyes. His appearance, speech and mannerisms are the subject of kidding by white characters in the comic book, which started in the 1940s and is still published in Mexico. The charges of racism stem from the manner in which Pinguín and his mother are rendered, in the style of "darky iconography" (a form which, in the United States, has its roots in blackface and the American minstrel show tradition.)

Two main types of infographics

Statistical : visual displays that present empirical, quantitative data Non-statistical : visual displays that rely on visually pleasing arrangement of verbal and visual qualitative information

Steamboat Willie

Steamboat Willie is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub (rhymes with hub) Iwerks. It was produced in black-and-white by Walt Disney Studios and was released by Celebrity Productions. Iwerks was Wozniak, as Disney was Jobs The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse and his girlfriend Minnie, although both the characters appeared several months earlier in a test screening of Plane Crazy. Steamboat Willie was the third of Mickey's films to be produced, but was the first to be distributed because Walt Disney had, having seen The Jazz Singer, committed himself to producing the first fully synchronized sound cartoon.

Typeface

TAXONOMY: the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.

Action Sequences

Techniques used by motion picture directors also used in cartoons. Close-up, perspective and framing variations, special lighting, montage techniques, panning and quick cuts all move action from frame to frame

Bayeux Tapestry, 1000 years ago: 1.6 x 230 feet

Tells story of Norman (French) conquest of England in 1066 AD. Possibly political to show new rulers and explain to the conquered as a way to legitimize their rule. Used as a type of propaganda

Bauhaus

The Bauhaus School (literally meaning 'building house' in German) was founded in 1919 by Walter Groupius in Weimar, then the capital of post WWI Germany. In this era of change and disillusionment, the movement sought to embrace 20th century machine culture in a way that allowed basic necessities like buildings, furniture, and design, to be completed in a utilitarian but affective way. You can see the materials that make up the structure Bauhaus design's impact on today's graphics is hard to overestimate. Associated with primary colors, thick straight lines slashing across white space, and that emphatically modern trilogy of circle, triangle and square, One of the Bauhaus masters most directly associated with modern graphic design was LászlóMoholy-Nagy. He believed that art should be all-encompassing, and any means of artistry or crafts - be it sculpture, painting, architecture or poster design, should be influenced by all of the disciplines. His fascination with the modern age allowed him to focus on some of the more modern means of expression and creation, especially poster design and typography. Moholy-Nagy's similar interest in the concepts of space and time led him to focus on photography. Picture Quality - Journal of Heat and Advertising

The Man with the Golden Arm

The Man with the Golden Arm is a 1955 American drama film with elements of film noir, based on the novel of the same name by Nelson Algren, which tells the story of a drug addict who gets clean while in prison, but struggles to stay that way in the outside world. Although the addictive drug is never identified in the film, according to the American Film Institute "most contemporary and modern sources assume that it is heroin",

•Rosetta Stone (stele) •Ancient Greek •Demotic hieroglyphs

The Rosetta Stone, a 1700-pound piece of rock (called a stele <STEEL>) discovered in the sands of Egypt, was the key to modern understanding of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Stone, discovered in 1799 by a soldier in the French army headed by Napoleon Bonaparte, contains essentially the same text in three different languages: Ancient Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphs. A full translation of the Greek versions was completed in 1803, but it was 20 years before linguists worked out the details of the hieroglyphs.

The Simpsons

The Simpsons eventually became the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series.

Audience Specific

The best typographical designs match the mood of the aesthetics with the content of the piece.

Graphic Novels

The digest-sized "picture novel" It Rhymes with Lust (1950 and others since the 1930s) in 1976, the term "graphic novel" appeared in print. Bloodstar by Richard Corben used the term to define itself on its dust jacket and introduction.

Historical Perspective

The image's place in history Ask yourself: When do you think the image was made? What major developments were happening when the image was produced? Is there a specific style that the image imitates? Don't Ask Don't Tell law repealed in September 2011

eadweard muybridge's zoopraxiscope

The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures created 1879, it may be considered the first movie projector. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. The stop-motion images were initially painted onto the glass, as silhouettes.

Infofilms

Time-based graphics (usually animation) expressing a complex issue in as simple a way as possible using aural and visual elements ex:Tsunami, Erica Edwards, Jamie Peterson and Shalinder Matharu, 2011

Infointeractives

Using computers, the Internet, and statistics to understand a complex issue through data visualization and user interactivity interactive websites

Aesthetics

What is aesthetics? Merriam-Webster says: a particular taste for or approach to what is pleasing to the senses, especially sight a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty

hanna Barbera

While The Flintstones (originally running on ABC from September 30, 1960 - April 1, 1966) is generally considered the first cartoon to air in prime time

CGI with live Action

Who Framed Roger Rabbit, (1988) Director: Roger Zemeckis (performance capture - mocap) Avatar

William Gaines

William Maxwell Gaines. better known as Bill Gaines (son of Max Gaines) , was an American publisher and co-editor of EC Comics. Following a shift in EC's direction in 1950, Gaines presided over what became an artistically influential and historically important line of mature-audience comics. He published the popular satirical magazine Mad (1954) for over 40 years.

*START OF CHAPTER 6: Visual Analysis* Importance for analysis:

You must be able to use some sort of critical method to analyze pictures to fully appreciate visual communication Image = still or moving, print or screen media

Maus

a graphic novel by American cartoonist Art Spiegelman, serialized from 1980 to 1991. It depicts Spiegelman interviewing his father about his experiences as a Polish Jew and Holocaust survivor. The book uses postmodern techniques—most strikingly by representing Jews as mice and other Germans and Poles as cats and pigs. Critics have classified Maus as memoir, biography, history, fiction, autobiography, or a mix of genres. In 1992 it became the first graphic novel to win a Pulitzer Prize. Animal Farm comparison

Max Gaines

a pioneering figure in the creation of the modern comic book. In 1933, Gaines devised the first four-color, saddle-stitched newsprint pamphlet, a precursor to the color-comics format that became the standard for the American comic book industry. Saddle Stitching refers to book binding method in which folded sheets are gathered together one inside the other and then stapled through the fold line with wire staples. He was co-publisher of All-American Publications, a seminal comic-book company that introduced such enduring fictional characters as Green Lantern, Wonder Woman and Hawkman.

Serif and Sans Serif

a serif is a small line attached to the end of a stroke in a letter or symbol. A typeface without serifs is called sans serif from the French sans, meaning "without."

Edmond Halley 8 November 1656 - 14 January 1742)

an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist who is best known for computing the orbit of the eponymous Halley's Comet.

1st printed photograph

an image of Steinway Hall in Manhattan published in the New York Daily Graphic on December 2, 1873. Represent photographs in newspapers Important for those who were illiterate or semi-literate

Pre-Gutenberg Era

before 1455

Unity

brand unity and Style Guide

Action Comics #1 (June 1938)

first issue of the original run of the comic book series Action Comics. It features the first appearance of several comic book heroes—most notably the Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster creation, Superman. For this reason it is widely considered both the beginning of the superhero genre and the most valuable comic book of all time. On August 24, 2014, a copy graded 9.0 by CGC was sold on eBay for US$3,207,852

Trends to Watch L

increased use more creative

Industrial (1761 - 1890 CE )

lithography- Greek lithos, "stone" + grapho "to write" TECHNOLOGY DRIVES ART Lithography, 1813: Aloys Senefelder, Germany Makes it easier to use images with words. Prior images had to be hand-drawn, or stamped on with wood-cut or metal-cuts. Using printing press for photographs + text still not possible until half-tone process later.

Scale + time

one million seconds ago = 12 days ago one billion seconds ago = 32 years ago one trillion seconds ago = 32,000 years ago

Chart Junk

refers to all visual elements in charts and graphs that are not necessary to comprehend the information represented on the graph, or that distract the viewer from the information, or symbolism that may be inappropriate. Insensitive, too whimsical or comic (cartoonish) for such a serious issue of life and death. Overcrowded, too many graphics, lead to lack of understanding or disregard for issue

Frances Galton (mid-1800s)

the first to introduce the use of charts showing areas of similar air pressure - the modern weather map. the first systematic attempt to gather, chart and interpret weather data on a continental scale, a fundamental work of modern scientific meteorology.

Aristippus' Hedonism

the good life rests upon the belief that among human values pleasure is the highest and pain the lowest (and one that should be avoided) "all people have the right to do everything in their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure possible to them, assuming that their actions do not infringe on the equal rights of others" Aristippus meant intellectual pleasure Modern = personal motivation: do what's best for you

Persistence of Vision

the phenomenon of the eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina According to the theory of persistence of vision, the perceptual processes of the brain or the retina of the human eye retains an image for a split second. Peter Roger In 1824 Peter Roget, of Roget's Thesaurus, introduced the concept of how the brain sees individual images as a sequence of motion. This theory supposedly accounts for the fact that when a motion picture flashes a series of progressive images, instead of the mind seeing the flashing of a series of images, it sees the illusion of motion.

David Levine (December 20, 1926 - December 29, 2009)[

was an American artist and illustrator best known for his caricatures in The New York Review of Books. Jules Feiffer has called him "the greatest caricaturist of the last half of the 20th Century".[ created a powerful image of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 by alluding to an almost trivial incident: Johnson exposing the scar on his belly from a recent gall bladder operation. But Mr. Levine turned the scar into a defining physical characteristic of the man. •He also turned it into his defining political characteristic because the scar was an outline of a map of Vietnam. •The caricature was accurate to the point of prophecy: it showed the wound that was to bring down the president.

Cartoonist

•Cartoonists use specific devices to tell the story. •These graphic conventions often involve symbolic codes that might be obvious to viewer and must be learned Frames Setting Characters Motion Lines Typography Balloons Action Sequences Animation Techniques

Animated Films

•Charles-Émile Reynaud (8 December 1844 - 9 January 1918) was a French inventor, responsible for the first projected animated cartoons. •Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, and on 28 October 1892 he projected the first animated film in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. •This is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used.

Composograph

•Composograph refers to a forerunner method of photo manipulation and is a retouched photographic collage •The New York Evening Graphic (1920s, 30s) -Called the "Porno Graphic" -images were literally "cut and pasted" together using images of current celebrities and staged images -Represented events that were inconvenient to photograph, particularly with the equipment of the day

Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 - December 7, 1902)

•German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". •He was the scourge of Democratic Representative "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine (NY). Among Nast's most notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party. In this later 1881 illustration by Thomas Nast named "Merry Old Santa" the modern Santa character is born. Present is the jolly rotundity and the all important red of the suit (which had been green before). For Harpers Weekly - Nast established the red coat, not the Cola Cola ads The cartoonist Thomas Nast established the bounds for Santa Claus' current look with an initial illustration in an 1863 issue of Harper's Weekly, as part of a large illustration titled "A Christmas Furlough".

Herbert Block

•Herbert Lawrence Block, commonly known as Herblock was an American editorial cartoonist and author best known for his commentaries on national domestic and foreign policy. •During the course of a career stretching into nine decades, he won three Pulitzer Prizes for editorial cartooning

Limited Animation:

•Limited animation is a process of making animated cartoons that do not redraw entire frames but variably reuses common parts between frames. •One of its major characteristics is stylized design in all forms and shapes, which in the early days was referred to as modern design. •"Limited" animation creates an image with abstract art, symbolism, and fewer drawings to create the same effect, at a much lower cost. •This style of animation depends upon animators' skill in emulating change without additional drawings; •improper use of limited animation is easily recognized as unnatural. •But it also encourages the animators to indulge in artistic styles that are not bound to real-world limits.

Personal Perspective of Cartoons

•Not Considered Serious •One of the Oldest Forms of Communication •One of the Most Complicated Art Forms

Mask used in ngil magic ceremonies of the Fang people of Gabon

•Ritual and ceremonial masks are an essential feature of the traditional culture and art of the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa. • •While the specific implications associated to ritual masks widely vary in different cultures, some traits are common to most African cultures. • •For instance, masks usually have a spiritual and religious meaning and they are used in ritual dances and social and religious events, • •and a special status is attributed to the artists that create masks and to those that wear them in ceremonies. Masks are one of the elements of great African art that have most evidently influenced European and Western art in general; in the 20th century, artistic movements such as cubism, fauvism and expressionism have often taken inspiration from the vast and diverse heritage of African masks. Influences of this heritage can also be found in other traditions such as South- and Central American masked Carnival parades. •During the early part of Akhenaten's reign (1300s BCE -monotheistic worship if the Sun) , the artistic style made a sudden transition from the traditional Egyptian style of portraying people with ideal, perfect physiques, to a new and rather jarring style. •It seems the artists were attempting to portray people (Akhenaten in particular) with brutal honesty, to the extent that the images became caricatures.

leonardo da vinci (1452 - 1519, Florence, Italy)

•Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, who actively sought people with deformities to use as models. • The point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait

Comic Strips

•The Yellow Kid was the name of a lead American comic strip character that ran from 1895 to 1898 in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, and later William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. • •Created and drawn by Richard F. Outcault in the comic strip Hogan's Alley (and later under other names as well), • •it was one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper, • •although its graphical layout had already been thoroughly established in political and other, purely-for-entertainment cartoons • •Outcault's use of word balloons in the Yellow Kid influenced the basic appearance and use of balloons in subsequent newspaper comic strips and comic books.

Balloons

•The way dialogue of characters in a comic strip is encircled is an example of complicated semiotic structure. •The reader must learn to interpret the symbolism of various balloon types. Starts by learning the context of the image. •Brother Jonathan is a nickname for the United States that pre-dates Uncle Sam and John Bull is a nickname for England. •In this political cartoon from 1813, Brother Jonathan is pouring a drink of perry down the throat of John Bull. •Perry was a drink made from the unfermented juice of the pear and it would upset the stomach of anyone who consumed it.

*START OF CHAPTER 7: Typography* Factors of Typography

•Two factors: line width and column length •Best reading width: no more than 12 words •Columns •Books = 1 column •Magazines = 2 to 4 columns •Newspapers = up to 8 columns per page

Typography

•Unlike other art forms, comic strips, books, graphic novels supply a dramatic reading of a character's dialogue by means of typographical variations. •By recognizing difference in letter size and thickness, the reader becomes an actor emphasizing important words either in the mind or out loud Typography and SOUND EFFECTS. Invoke sound in your mind. Try to read Snikt and not hear the adamantium claws emerge from Wolverine

Paul Francis Conrad (June 27, 1924 - September 4, 2010)

•was an American political cartoonist and winner of three Pulitzer Prizes for editorial cartooning. • •In the span of a career lasting five decades, Conrad provided a critical perspective on eleven presidential administrations in the United States. • •He is best known for his work as the chief editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times during a time when the newspaper was in transition under the direction of publisher Otis Chandler, who recruited Conrad from the Denver Post.

Industrial Era

(1761-1890) "a typographical car wreck" •"Dark Ages" for typography •efficiency in design and ability to attract attention to advertisement praise •Artistic use or aesthetic concerns of typeface were low priority

Artistic Era

(1891-1983) •Toulouse-Lautrec, artist and graphic designer, advertising for Moulin Rouge and other theatrical production used illustration to create attractive advertising •Art Movements such as dada, balhaus, art deco, pop art, punk influence typography and use of images

Digital Era

(1984-present) •Desktop and Online Publishing •Macintosh + LaserWriter + Aldus Pagemaker bring low cost tools to designer •Now designer could create on screen and see work printed almost instantly

Literal or Artistic

Utilitarianism + Golden Rule = Design that is useful, words easily read, aesthetically pleasing •Readable versus "Garbage Fonts" •Utilitarianism + Golden Rule = Design that is useful, words easily read, aesthetically pleasing •Hedonism = typefaces are made to draw attention to or satisfy a designer's personal needs •David Carson graphic designer, founder of Grunge Typography •Non-traditional displays of text on page •Line of type overlap, columns of varying lengths

Visual Literacy

Visual literacy became a serious study in the early to mid-1900s Prior to mid-1900s, prestige went to those who could write words, not those who could draw, paint, or take photos

balance- Saturation

Warm colors more weight than cool, Saturated more weight than less saturated Red more weight than cool, Saturated more weight that less saturated

The Printing Press

•1446 C.E. - Johannes Gutenberg perfects his printing process •Gutenberg's metal type important because it was durable and he used it to print books (primarily The Bible) •Gutenberg built off of technology that had come before him -Paper and Parchment -Ink •Used as early as 2600 B.C.E. by Egyptians and Chinese -Metal type -Press (from wine and cheese making)

Writing

•3,000 B.C.E. - ideogrammatic (picture based) alphabets appear in several places -China (45,000+ symbols total / 3,500 in modern Chinese) •Some debate on date of first Chinese characters - some scholars believe as early as 6,000 BCE -Egypt (hieroglyphics) -Sumer (cuneiform) •Anyone know where Sumer was located? CE (Before Common Era) and BC (Before Christ) mean the same thing- previous to year 1 CE (Common Era).

Jonathan Hoefler "... design is about breaking the rules. Rule-breakers become rulers."

•Appropriation and Theft •Jonathan Hoefler who created typefaces for Sports Illustrated and other magazine •Lawsuit against partner for rights over typefaces •Founded in the early 1990s, Hoefler & Frere Jones (now Hoefler & Co.) is a legendary type foundry responsible for some of the most popular new fonts to come out in the past 20 years. •With a library of almost 800 typefaces, including the architecture-inspired Gotham font and the eponymous Hoefler Text, the foundry boasts a list of famous clients as long as your arm, including the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Rolling Stone, Tiffany, Nike, Hewlett-Packard, and more.

Oral (pre-literate cultures)

•Cultures without written language •Most communication is face-to-face •Control over communication usually unnecessary -If control needed, achieved through social sanctions •Shared characteristics: -Meaning in language is specific and local •Members highly dependent on each other -Knowledge must be passed on orally •People must be shown and told •Farmers, hunters, midwives hold special status -Memory is crucial •Elders are revered since they have knowledge -Myth and history are intertwined •Storytellers highly valued

Script Typeface

•Cursive writing with letters that are linked •Designed to mimic ordinary people's handwriting (who can write like this?) •Ironically used almost exclusively to promote high-quality, high class events •Hand-made attention to detail ex: fancy invitations

Balance

•Distribution / balance of graphic mass •Each graphic mass (each object occupying a certain amount of screen area) has a graphic weight determined by: •size and basic shape •orientation •location within the screen color Vary size of elements but the should be proportional to each other and the frame Every design should have a "center of visual impact" that the viewers can immediately see and understand If confused or frustrated by design, the viewer will turn away or forget and communication is lost

Writing

•Early communication mediums -The developing technology of writing is big part of the story -Sumerians = clay tablets -Egyptians, Greeks, Romans = papyrus •rolls of sliced reeds pressed together -Romans = parchment (animal skins) -Chinese = paper (combination of tree bark, water, rags) •Possibly developed at early as 100 B.C.E. •Carries paper to Europe through trade -"Made ideas permanent, portable, and endlessly reproducible."

*START OF CHAPTER 8: Graphic Design* Definition of Graphic Design

•Graphic design -the art and craft of bringing organized structure to a group of diverse elements, both aural and visual. -Its use has spread beyond print to words, pictures, and sounds in motion pictures, on television, and through computers

•Egyptian Hieroglyphs, "Holy Writing"

•Hieratic (official) and Demotic (everyday) Forms

information v knowledge

•Information: Bits of facts that have been provided about something or someone. •Knowledge: Something that we have acquired individually through experience and education that is useful to our lives.

balance- juxtapose

•Juxtapose seemingly disassociated events to reinforce or generate a specific idea or overall theme •aka Tertium quid (third thing)

space

•Kerning (space between letters) •If kerning is too much, too little, or uneven can lead to reading difficulties •Leading (space between lines) ("ledding") Alley- between columns Gutter- between pages in a book

Literacy (meaning and language)

•Meaning and language became uniform -A word had same meaning in all places -Community members became less dependent on each other •Communication could occur over long distances and long periods of time -Power shifts to those who can read and write •The culture's memory, history, and myth could be recorded on paper -Elders and storytellers begin to lose status

animation

•Motion for screen makes other considerations •Position •Location of entrance and exit points •Timing - when words appear and disappear •Pacing - How fast or slow the words appear and disappear •Transitions such as fades, dissolves, wipes

The printing process

•Moveable type in China and Korean hundreds of years before Gutenberg (around 1040 C.E. in China)

Miscellaneous Typeface

•Novelty of display type •Hard to classify •Came about after Industrial Revolution as more need for advertising and promotion •And Steve Jobs obsessed with typefaces for Mac

Phoenicia

•Phoenicians traveled to trade and couldn't rely just on face-to-face communication -Cuneiform symbols expanded to represent sounds rather than objects/ideas -Small amount of sound-symbols can be used to express almost unlimited ideas •1,500 - 1,000 B.C.E. - Phoenicians develop syllable alphabet -Sequences of vowels and consonants = words •800 B.C.E. - Greeks used/expanded Phoenician syllable alphabet -carried alphabet throughout the Aegean, Mediterranean seas and to Rome -Rome carried it to Europe Phoenicia is an Ancient Greek term used to refer to the major export of the region, cloth dyed Tyrian purple from the Murex mollusc, and referred to the major Canaanite port towns, and it does not correspond exactly to a cultural identity that would have been recognized by the Phoenicians themselves. Their civilization was organized in city-states, similar to those of Ancient Greece, perhaps the most notable of which were Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos and Carthage. Each city-state was a politically independent unit, and it is uncertain to what extent the Phoenicians viewed themselves as a single nationality. The Phoenician alphabet consists of 22 letters, all consonants. Since around 1050 BC, this script was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. It is believed to be one of the ancestors of modern alphabets. By their maritime trade, the Phoenicians spread the use of the alphabet to Anatolia, North Africa, and Europe, where it was adopted by the Greeks who developed it into an alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants.

Justification

•Text aligned to the margins •Aligned left (left justified or ragged right) •Aligned right (right justified or ragged left) •Centered •Seldom used for long passages because viewer has trouble finding next line •Complete justified (both left and right)

Art Nouveau

Freeform- which is more curvilinear or chaotic vs GRID which is more rectilinear ART NOUVEAU - a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I and characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms. it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines.

Golden Section

Golden rectangle, here each whole rectangle is sub-divided using the Golden Section ration of 38%/62%. .62 : 1 •Golden Section proportion/ratio reoccurs throughout our lives -the proportion between the forearm and upper arm is 38% to 62% -same ratio between the hand and forearm -same ratio between our eyes, ears, mouth and nose •Golden Section proportion/ratio reoccurs throughout nature -Conscious (or subconscious) recognition of the Golden Section in inanimate and artistic endeavors feels 'right' to the eye and creates a feeling of satisfaction and harmony within an image.

Critical Perspective

Reasoned Opinion Ask yourself: What do I think of this image now that you've spent so much time looking and studying it? What lessons does it have for those who view the image? Context of viewing is important

Saul Bass

•Born 1920, NYC •Influenced by Bauhaus Designers •Warner Bros. Posters, 1938 •Howard Hughes and RKO •Saul Bass & Associates, 1955 •Marries Partner, Elaine Makatura, 1962 •Died, 1996 Saul Bass' Work: Influence from the Bauhaus Film Work Packaging and Logos Advertisements, Posters, and Title Credits Lasting Influence on Others Saul Bass designed the 6th AT&T Bell System logo #3 above) , that at one point achieved a 93 percent recognition rate in the United States. He also designed the AT&T "globe" logo for AT&T after the break up of the Bell System (previous 1969 Bell logo shown below).

Design "suggestions" (not rules0

•Contrast •Balance •Rhythm •Unity Good graphic design can follow or challenge

Technical Perspective

Understanding the techniques involved in producing an image puts you in better position to know: Production values high or low, Great or little care has been taken, Much of little money spent to make image Consider the process decisions: A thorough critique of any visual presentation requires knowledge of how the creator generated the images you see.

cold type printing

A method of setting type that uses a photographic process to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper.

Two important lessons about the creation of memorable images

A producer of messages should have an understanding of the diversity of cultures within an intended audience You should be aware of the symbols used in images so that they are understood by members of those cultures **You have to trust yourself you are an expert in your own culture

Maxfield Parrish

(July 25, 1870 - March 30, 1966) was an American painter and illustrator active in the first half of the 20th century. He is known for his distinctive saturated hues and idealized neo-classical imagery. Maxfield Parrish had an ability to portray a powerful feeling of light and air. His career spanned fifty years and was wildly successful: his painting Daybreak is the most popular art print of the 20th century. The Lantern Bearers, 1908, oil on canvas on board, created for Collier's magazine, the painting shows Parrish's use of glazes and saturated color in an evocative night scene

hot metal typesetting

(also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot type) refers to technologies for typesetting text in letterpress printing. This method injects molten type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts and slugs are later used to press ink onto paper.

Font

A typeface is a family of fonts (very often by the same designer). Within a typeface there will be fonts of varying weights or other variations. E.g., light, bold, semi-bold, condensed, italic, etc. Each such variation is a different font. Often substituted with the word typeface All the letters and symbols possible with a typeface Different fonts of a single typeface might include plain text, boldface, italic, underline

Artistic (1891-1983)

...

Digital (1984-present)

...

Sans Serif Typeface

1832 by William Caslon IV immediately controversial made by cutting off serifs from existing letters some think sans serif fonts are more difficult to read in body text, but easier to read in title text easier to read on computer screen, although this might change as computer screen resolution become better Some periods liked it, more modern for machine age Printers using moveable type liked it because no serifs to break off during high-speed printing Connotes (versus denotes) a no-nonsense, practical approach to letting

Barbra Kruger

Artists seldom want their work to have a neutral reaction. They want theirchoices seen and responded too. Image and after image, almost like an x-ray maybe implying nuclear war, red background with white lettering indicating blood, Kruger's words and images merge the commercial and art worlds; their critical resonance eviscerates cultural hierarchies — everyone and everything is for sale. The year 1989 was marked by numerous demonstrations protesting a new wave of antiabortion laws chipping away at the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision. Untitled (Your body is a battleground) was produced by Kruger for the Women's March on Washington in support of reproductive freedom. The woman's face, disembodied, split in positive and negative exposures, and obscured by text, marks a stark divide. This image is simultaneously art and protest. Though its origin is tied to a specific moment, the power of the work lies in the timelessness of its declaration.

ethical perspective and the six philosophies

Categorical imperative: Photog's responsibility Utilitarianism: Educate others of dangers Hedonism: A personal motivation Golden Mean: Compromise between extremes Golden Rule: Try not to add grief to others Veil of Ignorance: Show empathy

Aristotle's Golden Mean

Compromise between extremes, the fairest balance courage is a virtue, but if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness, and if deficient as cowardice "the mean is not only the right quantity, but at the right time, toward the right people, for the right reason, and the right manner." *************** In philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, the 'golden mean' is the desirable middle between two extremes - midway between range of excess and deficiency. For example, in the Aristotelian view, courage is a virtue, but if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness, and if deficient as cowardice. In Chinese philosophy, a similar concept, Doctrine of the Mean, was propounded by Confucius. Buddhist philosophy likewise includes the concept of the middle way. To the Greek mentality, it was an attribute of beauty. Both ancients and moderns believed that there is a close association in mathematics between beauty and truth. The poet John Keats, in his Ode on a Grecian Urn, put it this way: "Beauty is truth, truth beauty," — that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The Greeks believed there to be three "ingredients" to beauty: symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Beauty was an object of love and something that was to be imitated and reproduced in their lives, architecture, education (paideia), and politics. They judged life by this mentality. Aristotle would be shocked at today's extreme politics and tribalism... not beautiful.

Kant's Categorical Imperative

Create absolute maxim for each decision option maxim: any simple and memorable rule or guide for living "neither a borrower nor a lender be" "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour" (no lying - ever!) an absolute, unconditional requirement that must be obeyed in all circumstances and is justified as an end in itself the actual outcome (the consequences) of a particular action didn't matter at all. It was the intent that mattered to him. ********************* Immanuel Kant 22 April 1724 - 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space and time are mere sensibilities, though a "thing-in-itself" exists independently of perception. He believed that aesthetics arise from a faculty of disinterested judgment, and that reason is the source of morality. A core aspect of this theory is the concept of intent. To Kant, the actual outcome (the consequences) of a particular action didn't matter at all. It was the intent that mattered to him. CRAZED AXE MURDERER AT THE DOOR: The main problem with the categorical imperative is its rigidity. The famous example that illustrates this is that of a crazed axe-murderer coming to your front door and asking you where your children are. You could lie - many would say you should lie - but imagine if everyone in the entire world lied all the time. If everyone lied, there would be no "telling the truth" and, thus, no real lying. As the law is logically contradictory, you have a perfect duty not to lie. You have to tell the axe-murderer the truth, so he can go and kill your children.

Dada

Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I. This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. It was founded by Hugo Ball, with his companion Emmy Hennings on February 5, 1916, as a cabaret for artistic and political purposes. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. Dada artists... like Hannah Höch, John Heartfield, Raoul Hausmann, Kurt Schwitters, Georg Grösz,and Max Ernst ...developed a unique method of reinterpreting and recontextualizing photographs to powerful socio-political effect. Photomontage allowed Dadaists to create uncompromising criticism of the socio-political issues. To create such images, they chose familiar press photographs, and reorganized them such that to radically alter their meanings. Dada survived and was the forerunner of Surrealism, Pop- and Op Art

TYPOGRAPHY

Def: is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed. •The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point size, line length, line-spacing (leading), letter-spacing (tracking), and adjusting the space within letters pairs (kerning). •Words are important for communication, so how we present them is a vital link between viewing and meaning •Poor typographical use in print and screen indicates amateurish presentation and leads to confusion ***seldom noticed unless there's a problem Same words can have different messages depending on typrographic choices employed (like a movie soundtrack)

Ex: Distracted boyfriend meme

Distracted Boyfriend, also known as Man Looking at Other Woman, is an object labeling stock photo series in which a man looks at the backside of a woman walking by while another woman, presumably his romantic partner, looks on disapprovingly.OriginThe source image is a stock photograph taken by photographer Antonion Guillem, which was posted on the stock photo database iStock[1] under the description "Disloyal man with his girlfriend looking at another girl" According to a post published on the Meme Documentation [14] Tumblr blog, the earliest known captioned version of the photo was submitted to a Turkish Facebook group at an unknown date. On January 30th, 2017, the Prog Düşmanlarına Verilen Müthiş Cevaplar Facebook[13] page posted the image with captions identifying the man as Phil Collins peering pop music while prog music looks on

Duotone

Duotone is a halftone reproduction of an image using the superimposition of one contrasting color halftone (traditionally black) over another color halftone. The most commonly implemented colors are blue, yellow, brown, and red. Due to recent advances in technology, duotones, tritones, and quadtones can be easily created using image manipulation programs.

Roman Typeface

Ex: Roman Old Style (Garamond) Roman Transitional (Baskerville) Roman Modern (Didot) 300 years to develop today's style from 1465 •3 forms of Roman •Old Style •Changed Blackletter so not as thick or ornate •Rounded style serifs •Transitional •More vertical and more contrast between thin and thick strokes •Less ornate serifs •Modern •Thinner strokes, noticeable difference in width, thinner serifs 100s of different Open just about any fashion magazine, and you'll spot a Didone. ASSOCIATION:If it's a premium brand (read "very expensive"), then it may well be brought to you on the back of Bodoni or Didot

John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism

Greatest good for greatest number Greatest overall good, not just happiness of majority *************** Jeremy Bentham's famous formulation of utilitarianism is known as the "greatest-happiness principle". It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest aggregate happiness among all sentient beings, within reason. Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. "The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, or the one." Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (lower pleasures). Mill distinguishes between happiness and contentment, claiming that the former is of higher value than the latter, a belief wittily encapsulated in the statement that "it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question."[35] Mill defines the difference between higher and lower forms of happiness with the principle that those who have experienced both tend to prefer one over the other. This is, perhaps, in direct contrast with Bentham's statement that "Quantity of pleasure being equal, push-pin is as good as poetry",[36] that, if a simple child's game like hopscotch causes more pleasure to more people than a night at the opera house, it is more imperative upon a society to devote more resources to propagating hopscotch than running opera houses. Mill's argument is that the "simple pleasures" tend to be preferred by people who have no experience with high art, and are therefore not in a proper position to judge. Mill also argues that people who, for example, are noble or practice philosophy, benefit society more than those who engage in individualist practices for pleasure, which are lower forms of happiness. It is not the agent's own greatest happiness that matters "but the greatest amount of happiness altogether".[37] Mill supported legislation that would have granted extra voting power to university graduates on the grounds that they were in a better position to judge what would be best for society. (For he believed that education itself, not the intrinsic nature of educated people, qualified them to have more influence in government.) The qualitative account of happiness that Mill advocates thus sheds light on his account presented in On Liberty. As Mill suggests in that text, utility is to be conceived in relation to humanity "as a progressive being", which includes the development and exercise of rational capacities as we strive to achieve a "higher mode of existence". The rejection of censorship and paternalism is intended to provide the necessary social conditions for the achievement of knowledge and the greatest ability for the greatest number to develop and exercise their deliberative and rational capacities.

Halftone

Halftone is the reprographic technique (reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means) that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of dots. Dots can vary either in size or in spacing, thus generating a gradient like effect. "Halftone" can also be used to refer specifically to the image that is produced by this process. Half Tone process developed in the 1880s. William Fox Talbot is credited with the idea of halftone printing. In the early 1830s, he suggested using "photographic screens or veils" in connection with a photographic intaglio process.

Personal Perspective

Initial Gut Reaction Important because they reveal much about the person making the comment Limited use because they are so personal A memorable image, maybe even a masterpiece, always sparks strong personal reactions, negative and positive, but more importantly reveals much about the culture from which it was made Anyone who makes a conclusion on only a personal perspective denies the chance of perceiving the image in a more meaningful way EX: marines same-sex marriage pic MAGA hat

Copyright (intellectual property)

Intellectual property rights are legally recognized, exclusive rights to creations of the mind. Patents: rights given to an inventor for a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process Trademarks: a recognizable sign, design or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others Copyright: The exclusive right to publication, production, or sale of rights to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or expression

Cuneiform

It is distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name cuneiform itself simply means "wedge shaped".

•Greeks •Added upper and lower case to alphabet

Learned language of Egyptian and Sumerian cultures to trade with them. Developed the alphabet - symbols representing sounds

•Phoenicians •Traders from Lebanon, Syria, and Israel

Learned language of Egyptian and Sumerian cultures to trade with them. Developed the alphabet - symbols representing sounds

Wirephoto

One of the first wirephoto devices to transmit pictures over telephone lines. 1913 Édouard Belin's develops the Belinograph, a device to sending pictures using a regular telephone line. Sending halftone photographs by telegraph or telephone is called wirephoto, telephotography or Belino. The Associated Press begins its Wirephoto service in 1935, using a picture of an airplane crash.

•These drawing represent two forms of visual messages: pictographs and ideographs

Pictographic:pictures that stand for objects, plants, or animal Ideographic: images that represent abstract ideas

Personal Perspective

Selecting and placing all the word and image elements of a presentation is the task of the graphic designer. As with typography, multivariate decisions are often overlooked by a viewer

Blackletter Typeface

Sometimes called gothic, old style, Old English, renaissance, or medieval a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 to well into the 17th century. Highly ornate and decorative Individual strokes are thick and have sharp diagonal edges Style used by scribes in monasteries So Gutenberg used this style for his Bible Associations: traditional, conservative, religious, German content Newspaper logos

Gonzalez Storyline: Do YouFeaturElianethe Raid or Reunion?

The custody and immigration status of a young Cuban boy, Elián González (born December 6, 1993), was at the center of a heated 2000 controversy involving the governments of Cuba and the United States, González's father, Juan Miguel González Quintana, González's other relatives in Miami, Florida, and in Cuba, and Miami's Cuban American community. González's mother drowned in November 1999 while attempting to leave Cuba with her son and her boyfriend to get to the United States. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) initially placed González with maternal relatives in Miami, who sought to keep him in the United States against his father's demands that González be returned to Cuba. A federal district court's ruling that only González's father, and not his extended relatives, could petition for asylum on the boy's behalf was upheld by the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals. After the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case, federal agents took González from his relatives and returned him to Cuba in June 2000.

Vitruvian Man, by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490.

The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect.

John Rawl's Veil of Ignorance

Weigh all points of view objectively/equally Imagine yourself a member of each group, then empathize with the subject parties to the original position know nothing about their particular abilities, tastes, and position within the social order of society Objective equality ******************* John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 - November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher and a figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University and the Fulbright Fellowship at Christ Church, Oxford. His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971), was said at the time of its publication to be "the most important work in moral philosophy since the end of World War II" and is now regarded as "one of the primary texts in political philosophy". His work in political philosophy, dubbed Rawlsianism,[5] takes as its starting point the argument that "the most reasonable principles of justice are those everyone would accept and agree to from a fair position". Rawls employs a number of thought experiments—including the famous veil of ignorance—to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which "everyone is impartially situated as equals," in order to determine principles of social justice. He is one of the major thinkers in the tradition of liberal political philosophy.

Pre-Gutenburg (before 1455 CE)

William Addison Dwiggins coined the term graphic design in 1922 Although term is relatively new, the practice is as old as recorded history Actually a scroll giving instructions for how someone - who could afford the scroll - how they proceed through various steps leading to the afterlife Infographic

What is a perspective?

a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view.

Square Serif Typeface

a slab serif (also called mechanistic, square serif, antique or Egyptian) typeface is a type of serif typeface characterized by thick, block-like serifs. Intended to draw attention to itself for advertising Used in Hollywood westerns for storefronts Square serif with blunt/angular terminals (Rockwell) Square serif with blunt/angular terminals (Rockwell) Square serif with rounded terminals (Courier) Serif terminals may be either blunt and angular (Rockwell), or rounded (Courier). 1.How to distinguish between a "serif" and a "terminal"Basically, as the definition,-a "serif" is "the right-angled or oblique foot ant the end of the stroke."-a "terminal" is "the self-contained finish of a stroke without a serif." ex: logos