Connective (supportive) tissues **
what type of cells are mainly present in primitive embryonic cells?
mesenchymal
these cells serve as a reservoir of cells that can differentiate into any other type of connective tissue cells
mesenchymal cells
what cells are found adjacent to blood vessels?
mesenchymal cells
what connective tissue cells are irregularly shaped with multiple processes?
mesenchymal cells
macrophages are derived from what?
monocytes that migrate across the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue
what type of adipocytes keeps a young newborn animal warm?
multilocular
which type of adipocyte has multiple lipid droplets?
multilocular
which type of adipocyte is known as brown fat?
multilocular
which type of adipocyte has a high concentration of mitochondria in the cytoplasm?
multilocular adipocyte
fibroblasts that contain actin filament are called what?
myofibroblast
what connective tissue cell is a fibroblast that plays a role in contraction during wound healing?
myofibroblast
how is the nucleus shape in fibroblasts?
ovoid and euchromatic
what connective tissue cell is elongated and located adjacent to the endothelium lining small blood vessels?
pericytes
what connective tissue cells have the potential to transform into other cells, but mainly convert to fibroblasts?
pericytes
what types of cells have a lot of lysosomes?
phagocytic cells (macrophages)
what type of connective tissue cells are found in the choroid?
pigment cells
what type of connective tissue cells are found in the iris?
pigment cells
what type of connective tissue cells are found in uterine caruncles?
pigment cells
what type of connective tissue cells are in the dermis?
pigment cells
what types of connective tissue cells are found in the skin/retina?
pigment cells
the arrangement of chromatin in this cell gives the nucleus a cartwheel appearance.
plasma cell
these cells develop from B-lymphocytes.
plasma cells
these connective tissue cells are abundant in lymphatic tissue and lamina propria of the GIT?
plasma cells
what cells produce antibodies?
plasma cells
what is the function of myofibroblasts?
play a role in contraction during wound healing
what is the function of mast cells?
produce heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator to increase permeability)
what are reticular fibers coated with?
proteoglycans and glycoproteins
what cells produce reticular fibers?
reticular cells
what connective tissue cells are stellate shaped?
reticular cells
what fibers are actually individual collagen fibers (type III collagen) coated with proteoglycans and glycoproteins?
reticular fibers
what fibers are stained with silver impregnation or PAS reagent?
reticular fibers
what fibers form delicate, flexible networks around capillaries, muscle fibers, and nerves?
reticular fibers
what fibers form the framework of the liver, endocrine, and lymphatic organs?
reticular fibers
what are reticular fibers stained with?
silver impregnation (agrophylic or argentaffin fiber) or PAS reagent
how is the nucleus in reticular cells?
spherical
what is the shape of mast cells?
spherical or ovoid
how is the shape and the nucleus in plasma cells?
spherical or ovoid cells, arrangement of chromatin gives the nucleus a cart wheel like appearance
what are collagen fibers stained with and what color do they turn?
stained red with Van Gieson's Method and blue with Mallory's and Masson's Trichrome stain
what is the function of fibroblasts?
synthesis of fibers and intercellular ground substance (wound repair)
where are Dermatin sulphate GAGs found?
tendons and ligaments
what happens when mast cells are stained?
they are stained with toluidine blue but actually turn red
what is the function of reticular cells?
to produce reticular fibers
mast cells are stained with what?
toluidine blue
how is the arrangements of collagen fibers?
wavy
what color are fresh collagen fibers?
white
plasma cells develop from what?
B-lymphocytes
what type of GAG is found only in cartilage and bones?
Keratin sulphate
what stain makes collagen fibers red?
Van Gieson's Method
what type of fiber usually occur as individual, branching and coiled fibers?
elastic
what fibers are present in structures that require elasticity?
elastic fiber
elastic fibers are covered by what?
glycoprotein (fibrillin)
cells and fibers of CT are embedded in an amorphous ground substance composed of what?
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans
where are Keratin sulphate GAGs found?
in cartilage and bone
what type of connective tissue cells are monocytes?
leucocytes
elastic fibers are stained what color?
light pink
how is the cytoplasm in fibroblast cells?
long and branched cytoplasm processes, rich in rough ER and golgi complex
what connective tissue cells contain pigments (melanin)?
pigment cells
reticular fibers are found around what type of organs?
the liver, endocrine and lymphatic organs
what is the function of plasma cells?
to produce antibodies
what type of adipocytes are filled with large lipid droplets?
unilocular
what helps to get rid of dissolved products?
vacuoles
what are the 5 major types of GAGs?
1) Hyaluronic acid 2) Chondroitin sulphate 3) Dermatin sulphate 4) Keratin sulphate 5) Herapin sulphate
what 3 things is connective tissue composed of?
1) cells 2) fibers 3) amorphous ground substance
name the connective tissue fibers.
1) collagen fibers 2) elastic fibers 3) reticular fibers
name the connective tissue cells.
1) mesenchymal cells 2) fibroblasts 3) reticular cells 4) adipocytes 5) pericytes 6) plasma cells 7) macrophages 8) pigment cells 9) mast cells 10) leucocytes
name what is in the amorphous ground substance of connective tissues.
1) proteoglycans 2) glycosaminoglycans 3) interstitial fluid
what are the two types of adipocytes?
1) unilocular adipocytes 2) multilocular adipocytes
what type of GAG is found in cartilage, bone, and large blood vessels?
Chondroitin sulphate
what type of GAG is found in tendons and ligaments?
Dermatin sulphate
what are elastic fibers stained with?
H&E
what type of GAG is found in arteries and lungs?
Heparin sulphate
what type of GAG is found in vitreous body of eye and in synovial fluid?
Hyaluronic acid
what stain makes collagen fibers blue?
Mallory's and Masson's Trichrome stain
what kind of filament do myofibroblasts contain?
actin
what type of filaments do pericytes contain?
actin and myosin
what are the two stages of activity of the fibroblast cell?
active (fibroblast) and inactive (fibrocyte)
where are mesenchymal cells found?
adjacent to blood vessels
where are pericytes located?
adjacent to the endothelium lining of small blood vessels
what are some examples of where elastic fibers are located?
aorta and muscular arteries, nuchal ligament, pinna of ear and lungs
where are mast cells commonly found?
around blood vessels
where are reticular fibers found?
around capillaries, muscle fibers and nerves
where are Heparin sulphate GAGs found?
arteries and lungs
how is the cytoplasm in reticular cells?
basphilic
what is the function of mesenchymal cells?
can differentiate into any other type of connective tissue cells
how is the nucleus located in multilocular adipocytes?
centrally located nucleus
reticular fibers are actually individual _______fibrils (type______) coated with ______and______.
collagen type III collagen proteoglycans glycoproteins
what type of fibers are present in tendon, ligament and organ capsule?
collagen fibers
what type of fibers are strong and flexible, but inelastic?
collagen fibers
what type of fibers have a wavy arrangement?
collagen fibers
what is the main function of connective (supportive) tissues?
connects other tissue and provides a framework to support the entire body by cartilage and bones
what kind of linkage links proteoglycans to GAGs?
covalent linkage
proteoglycans are formed by ______linking _______to a ______.
covalently, GAGs, protein core
macrophages contain what 2 things?
cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous lysosomes
what are some examples of where pigment cells are found?
dermis, uterine caruncles, choroid and iris
how is the nucleus in unilocular adipocytes?
displaced to the periphery
what type of fiber is in nuchal ligament?
elastic
what type of fiber is in the aorta and muscular arteries?
elastic
what type of fiber is in the lungs?
elastic
what type of fiber is in the pinna of the ear?
elastic
what fibers are selectively stained by orcein and resorcin-fuschin?
elastic fibers
elastic fibers are composed of what?
elastin protein
(fibroblast/fibrocyte) is the active form
fibroblast
the fiber forming cell is called what?
fibroblast
what connective tissue cells are the most common cells?
fibroblast cells
what connective tissue cells are responsible for the synthesis of fibers and intercellular ground substance (wound repair)?
fibroblasts
what connective tissue cells are responsible for wound repair?
fibroblasts
which connective tissue cell is rich in roughER and golgi complex?
fibroblasts
(fibroblast/fibrocyte) is the inactive form
fibrocyte
collagen fibers are composed of what?
fibrous protein (collagen)
what is the function of pericytes?
have the potential to transform into other cells, mainly transform into fibroblasts and participate in wound healing
a substance that acts as an anticoagulant is called what?
heparin
what is an example of a vasodilator to increase permeability?
histamine
where are chondroitin sulphate GAGs located?
in cartilage, bone, and large blood vessels
where are collagen fibers found?
in tendon, ligament and organ capsule
where are hyaluronic acid GAGS found?
in vitreous body of eye and synovial fluid
elastic fibers usually occur as _______,_______ and ______ fibers ?
individual, branching and coiled fibers
how is the cytoplasm in plasma cells?
intensely basophilic
how is mesenchymal cell shape?
irregularly shaped with multiple processes
how is the shape and size of macrophages?
large, ovoid or spherical cells
what type of connective tissue cells are granulocytes?
leucocytes
what type of connective tissue cells are lymphocytes?
leucocytes
what type of connective tissue cells migrate through the wall of the capillaries to the connective tissue?
leucocytes
mast cells are common in what type of connective tissue?
loose
plasma cells are abundant in what?
lymphatic tissue and lamina propria of the GIT
what are some examples of leucocytes?
lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (blood cells)
these connective tissue cells contain cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous lysosomes?
macrophages
what cells derive from monocytes that migrate across the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue?
macrophages
what connective tissue cells are phagocytic cells?
macrophages
what cells produce heparin and histamine?
mast cells
what connective tissue cells are common in loose CT and are abundant around blood vessels?
mast cells
what connective tissue cells are large, polymorphic, spherical or ovoid cells, which contain numerous secretory granules in the cytoplasm?
mast cells
what connective tissue cells are stained with toluidine blue?
mast cells
what connective tissue cells have a metachromatic stain?
mast cells
collagen fibers are most abundant in what type of CT?
mature CT