Criminal justice
Contemporary criminal justice policies
are often developed based upon differing ideological differences of conservatives and liberals
According to a Justice Department survey, what is the most serious problem facing teenagers today?
crime
_______ is a specific act of commission or omission in violation of the law, for which a punishment is prescribed.
crime
A statistical summary of crimes reported to the police is known as the
UCR
Differential treatment based on race is called ____________________.
discrimination
The unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system compared with the treatment accorded other groups is called
disparity
The separate judicial structure for each state in addition to a national structure creates a(n) ____________________ court system.
dual
In which of Packer's models would the adversarial system most likely be used?
due process
The ____________________ model asserts that freedom is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that criminal justice decisions are based upon reliable information.
due process model
A person who was forced to commit a crime will likely use the defense of ____________________.
duress
If in a bank robbery, an armed robber forces one of the bank's managers at gunpoint to drive the getaway car, the manager would claim the defense of _____.
duress
Which stage of life is the most significant according to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?
early childhood
High-profile criminal cases are typical of the nature of crime in the United States.
false
Misdemeanors are serious crimes punishable by incarceration of more than one year in prison.
false
Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy.
false
Reduction in crime rates reduces the fear of crime.
false
The Bill of Rights has been completely incorporated and applied to the states.
false
The due process model is viewed as the "obstacle course model."
false
The intangible costs of crime are small.
false
What entity in our society is primarily responsible for crime and justice issues?
goverment
Although many white Americans are afraid of being victimized by African Americans, most violent crime is ________.
intraracial
According to your text, an example of a "visible crime" is
murder
A child who is not receiving proper care because of action or inaction by his or her parent is considered a(n) _____ child.
neglected child
A child who is receiving inadequate care is termed a _______.
neglected child
__________ criminology maintains that crimes result from rational choices
neoclassical
____________________ crime refers to a framework within which criminal acts are committed rather than referring to the acts themselves.
organized
Most defendants whose charges are not dropped ultimately
plead guilty
According to the text, deterrence and increasing use of technology are associated with which goal of the criminal justice system?
preventing crime
The processes followed by police, prosecutors, and judges as well as the rights possessed by suspects and defendants are defined by ________ criminal law.
procedural
In the United States, crime and justice are addressed as matters of ____ ____.
public ploicy
_______ refers to priorities and actions developed by the government to use public resources as a means to deal with issues affecting society.
public policy
Which of the following would not be considered a feature of the crime control model?
stresses individual freedom and law as values
The fear of crime is fed by
television. news media. personal communication in social networks.
Victimless crimes are often mala prohibita offenses and may include gambling, prostitution, and marijuana use.
true
The State of Michigan v. Christopher Jones illustrated
the prosecutor's use of multiple charges to pressure defendants into pleading guilty.
The ______ is better able than any state agency to pursue criminal investigations across state borders
FBI
What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?
The gender gap and the differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
The act of a crime (actus reus), its attendant circumstances, and the suspect's state of mind (mens rea) are together called the ______ of a crime.
elements
Fear is regarded as a(n) _______ cost of crime.
emotional
Which of the following bureaucracies has greatly expanded its federal reach since its origin in 2002?
homeland security departmnet
Freud said that the three parts of the personality are the superego, the ego, and the ___________.
id
The constitutional amendments that deal with criminal defendants' rights are the Fourth, ________, _________, and __________ Amendments.
ifth; Eighth; Sixth
How much greater is the incarceration rate for African Americans as compared to whites?
six times as great
The right to a fair trial is found in the ______ Amendment. Third
sixth
Of all juvenile arrests, the percentage of arrests for homicide is relatively small.
treu
Truancy is an example of a status offense.
treu
Congress has continued to expand the powers of the FBI.
true
In the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction ranges from ________ years of age.
16 to 18
In most states, the upper age limit for original juvenile court jurisdiction is the age of
18
In the _____, the U.S. Supreme Court extended due process rights to children in the cases of Kent v. United States and In re Gault.
1960s
Under common law, children were exempt from criminal responsibility until the age of
7
A true bill coming from a grand jury and charging a suspect with a specific crime is called a(n)
indicment
A(n) _________ is returned by a grand jury as a true bill charging an individual with a specific crime on the basis of a determination of probable cause.
indictment
Which term describes a document that charges an individual with a specific crime, is prepared by a prosecuting attorney, and is presented to a court at a preliminary hearing?
information
Misdemeanors are the characteristic of which layer of the criminal justice system?
layer 4
A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes efficiency, speed, and finality as well as the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of clients is called the ________ model.
crime control
The punitive era of juvenile justice (1980-2005) is known as the _____ period.
crime control
An arrest means that someone has been taken into ____________________.
custody
Juveniles who harass or intimidate other juveniles using cell phones, email, and the Internet are engaging in _____.
cyberbullying
The term referring to the idea that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is
dark figure of crime
A ________ either has no parent or guardian or is receiving inadequate care because of the physical or mental disability of the parent.
dependent child
__________ is the subjecting of a person to prosecution more than once in the same jurisdiction for the same offense, and is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment.
double jeopardy
An example of a political crime is
espionage
Policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful and cost-effective for advancing desired goals are known as _______________practices.
evidence-based practices
The Puritan period of juvenile justice viewed the offending child as ________.
evil
The Supreme Court ruled in 1993 that the forfeiture of property related to a criminal case can be analyzed for possible violation of the _______ clause.
excessive fines
A key concept in the criminal justice process involving the mutual transfer of resources among individual actors is called
exchange
The mutual transfer of resources is called ____________________.
exchange
Wealthy city dwellers are the victims of crime more often than low-income city dwellers because thieves target those with wealth.
falase
A juvenile cannot waive his or her right to counsel or protection against self-incrimination.
false
A state of anomie is one in which rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.
false
Because police usually observe the crimes that occur, they are at an advantage in being able to quickly arrest offenders.
false
Crime victims may not file lawsuits against the offenders who injured them.
false
Crimes referred to as mala prohibita are considered wrong in themselves.
false
Criminal justice researchers have a relatively easy time keeping track of the occurrence of crime because of the prevalence of accurate crime data.
false
Decisions made within the system of criminal justice should not have to reflect important public values.
false
Discretion is not a characteristic of the criminal justice system.
false
Emile Durkheim believed that crime was an unnatural part of social life.
false
Identity theft is a huge problem that typically affects young, lower-class females.
false
In a democracy, it is easy to maintain public order and protect individual freedom.
false
Juveniles have always retained due process rights in the United States.
false
Merrick Garland is a U.S. Supreme Court justice who was appointed by Barack Obama.
false
The Supreme Court ruled in Graham v. Florida (2010) that executions are unconstitutional for crimes committed by those younger than 18 years of age.
false
Theories of crime causation do not affect laws and crime policies.
false
Victimology has always been at the heart of criminology.
false
Victims are generally to blame for the crime that occurred against them.
false
A person could be punished for killing a pigeon if a state legislature passed a law against killing pigeons on the day after the pigeon was killed.
fasle
Aftercare can be very effective.
fasle
An act can be deemed criminal if the intent and the act occur at different times.
fasle
Civil proceedings sometimes end in incarceration
fasle
Entrapment cannot be used as a defense in a criminal trial.
fasle
It is dangerous for citizens to attempt to prevent crime.
fasle
The Bill of Rights has always protected the individual's rights at the state level.
fasle
The four amendments that deal with the criminal process are the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Ninth.
fasle
Youth gangs are less of problem today in American cities than they once were.
fasle
Serious crimes that usually carry a penalty of incarceration for more than one year or the death penalty are
felonies
Two-thirds of violent crimes against _______ in 2009 were committed by acquaintances.
females
The double jeopardy clause is found in the
fifth amendment
In relation to men, women commit _____ crime.
less
The _____________ model argues that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.
lifestyle-exposure
The juvenile function of police work is concerned largely with
maintaining order
Crimes that are wrong by nature are called ____________________.
mala in se
The phrase that distinguishes murder from nonnegligent manslaughter is
malice aforethought.
In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court deemed ______ unconstitutional for juvenile homicide offenders.
mandatory LWOP
____________________ refers to a guilty state of mind.
mens rea
_________ disproportionately suffer the effects of poverty.
minorities
Clients convicted of ____________________ may receive a penalty of up to one year in jail.
misdemanors
The _________ industry increases our fear of crime by sensationalizing crime news.
news media
Media attention is generally focused on Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice "wedding cake."
one
Under the doctrine of ______, which held the king to be the father of the realm, the chancery courts exercised protective jurisdiction over all children, particularly those involved in questions of dependency, neglect, and property.
parens patriae
In England, the doctrine that allowed the courts to hold protective jurisdiction over all children was called
parens patriae.
The system and philosophy of juvenile justice that began in the United States during the social reform period of the late 19th century was based on the idea that the state should act as a(n) ____ in advancing the interest of the child
parent
Aftercare is the juvenile equivalent of adult ________.
parole
Feminist _________ researchers focus on the impact of critical life events, such as victimization, to determine why some women engage in criminal behavior.
pathways
Laws made by federal, state, and local legislatures are called
penal codes
Criminal acts either by the government or against the government that are carried out for ideological purposes are called ______ crimes.
political
Which of the following is not a major duty of law enforcement agencies?
providing probation services
Today the test used by most states to determine insanity is called the _____ test.
right-from-wrong
Protection against _________ means that people cannot be forced to respond to questions whose answers may reveal that they have committed a crime.
self-incrimination
Graham v. Florida (2010) was a Supreme Court case that addressed
sentencing
The _________ Amendment does not refer to a jury of one's peers; instead the Supreme Court has held that the amendment requires a selection process from a cross-section of the community.
sixth
The right to a trial by jury is guaranteed by the
sixth amendment
Which theory contains the idea that any person, regardless of education, class, or upbringing, can become a criminal?
social process theory
A ________ explanation of criminal acts argues that behavior is shaped by social group.
sociological
Though the Constitution gives specific powers to the federal government, the vast majority of laws are written by____ legislatures.
state
Behaviors that are not criminal if committed by adults, such as smoking or truancy, are called _____ in the context of juvenile justice.
status offenses
Laws passed by legislatures and statutory definitions of criminal offenses are found in penal codes and
statutes.
The definitions of crimes and people eligible for punishment are spelled out in ________ criminal law.
substantive
People generally have the least fear of crime in
suburban areas.
A predominant goal within juvenile corrections is to avoid unnecessary incarceration.
true
According to the courts, accidents occur when there is no mens rea
true
American crime rates for many crimes have dropped since the early 1980s. Correct Answer
true
Cesare Lombroso proposed a biological explanation of crime when he postulated that physical traits distinguish criminals.
true
Crime and justice are policy issues.
true
Criminal justice in the United States is highly decentralized.
true
Federalism divides power between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments.
true
If crime is learned behavior, policies to promote stable families should exist.
true
In some cases, delinquent children have committed offenses that would be classified as criminal if they were committed by adults.
true
In the United States, the law may be interpreted differently in various states.
true
In theory, juvenile proceedings are designed to be nonadversarial.
true
Layer 2 of the criminal justice wedding cake model consists of violent crimes.
true
Minority groups are more likely to live in poverty than white people.
true
Most criminal laws are written by state legislatures and enforced by state agencies.
true
Offenders who do not have mens rea and have not committed a strict liability offense should not be found guilty.
true
Plea bargaining is an example of an exchange relationship in the criminal justice system.
true
Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.
true
Public order crimes include public drunkenness, vandalism, and disorderly conduct.
true
Consider the information presented in the following chart. How are African American youth most likely to be overrepresented in the juvenile justice system?
Cases judicially waived to criminal court
Relatively few offenders break federal criminal laws compared to the large numbers who break state criminal laws.
true
Smoking cigarettes is a status offense for a 13-year-old juvenile.
true
States can provide more protection than the U.S. Constitution for individual rights.
true
Street crime is one of the least profitable types of crime.
true
The idea that children should be treated differently than adults originated in the common law and courts of England.
true
The juvenile function of police work is concerned largely with order maintenance.
true
The public's attitudes towards drugs and budgetary concerns has led to a reconsideration of the drug policies by government officials.
true
The risk of lethal violence is much higher in the United States than in other industrial democracies.
true
A homicide that was committed as part of a convenience store robbery would most likely be in Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice "wedding cake."
two
Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from a(n)
undeveloped or overdeveloped superego
his theorist argued that a criminal could be identified by physical attributes.
Cesare Lombroso
When considering urban, suburban, and rural areas, fear of crime is greatest in _______ areas.
urban
The fear of crime is greatest in
urban areas
Offenses against morality involving a willing and private exchange of goods and services that are illegal but in strong demand are called ________ crimes.
victimless
Which of the following would not be considered a feature of the due process model?
viewed as the "assembly line model"
Which of the following types of crime includes homicide, assault, and rape?
visible crime
A court order issued by a judge authorizing police officers to make arrests or search premises is called a(n)
warrant
If a person is criminogenic, he or she
was born a criminal
Which of the following is true about crime in America?
Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
__________ traits are the factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual.
Criminogenic
The crime control model is viewed as the "obstacle course model."
False
Which U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that a child may waive his or her rights to an attorney and to protections against self-incrimination?
Fare v. Michael C. (1979)
The ____ Amendment, which deals with due process and equal protection, is not a part of the Bill of Rights.
Fourteenth
The right to counsel in felony cases was applied to the states in the landmark case of
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).
After his election, Donald Trump nominated Justice ____________________ to replace Justice Antonin Scalia after the Senate refused to vote on Judge Merrick Garlan
Gorsuch
Community-based options include ______, in which juvenile offenders live with families, usually for a short period, and group homes, often privately-run facilities for groups of twelve to twenty juvenile offenders.
foster homes
Which of the following is most closely linked to exposure to crime?
Living in a city
The organization _______ was formed because of a mother's heartbreak after the death of her daughter due to a drunk driver.
MADD
Which layer of the criminal justice "wedding cake" is the largest?
Misdemeanors
The _________________________ measures crime using interviews with victims.
NCVS
Which of the following reflects the way the FBI reports crime?
Neither the UCR or NCVS
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ______ that school officials may search a student if reasonable suspicion exists.
New Jersey v. T. L. O. (1985)
According to the textbook, which of the following is not an explanation for the racial and ethnic disparities that exist within the criminal justice system?
None of these are correct because any of these statements can explain the disparities.
Curfew violations and loitering are referred to as _____ crimes.
youthful
Which U.S. Supreme Court decision departed from the trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?
Schall v. Martin (1984)
According to your text, which of the following statements best reflects racial victim crime statistics?
African Americans and other minorities are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
Essays on Crimes and Punishments was written by Cesare ___________ in 1764.
Beccaria
The ____________________ was used as a defense if someone committed a criminal act as a result of mental illness.
Durham Rule
According to the lifestyle-exposure model, which groups are least likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?
Elderly white males and elderly white females
What was the focus of the U.S. Supreme Court case that marked the beginning of the "Kids Are Different" era?
Elimination of the death penalty for juveniles
Federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine about 100 times more harshly than users of powder cocaine. This fact reflects which of the textbook's explanations for racial disparities?
Racial insensitivity and unequal treatment in society can shape criminal justice policy.
Which ethnic group is three times more likely to be subjected to investigatory traffic stops involving prolonged questioning and vehicle searches?
african americans
Cesare Lombroso's medical training led him to believe that certain people are born criminals.
True
The juvenile court processing of delinquency cases typically begins with
a petition
For a crime to occur, there must be an act of commission or omission by the accused. Which term reflects this?
actus reus
An act can be deemed criminal if it eventually leads to harm that the law seeks to prevent. This is called
an inchoate offense.
Which term describes the causal relationship between an act and the harm suffered?
causation
____________________ law defines relationships among individuals in society.
civil
________ is the confiscation of property by the state because it was used in or acquired through a crime.
civil forfeiture
The Anglo-American system of uncodified law, in which judges follow precedents set by earlier decisions when they decide new but similar cases, is ______ law.
common
Which of the following is not a characteristic of practitioners in the criminal justice system?
complete independence of actors
________ are the basic laws of a country or state defining the structure of the government and the relationship of citizens to that government.
constitutions