Digestive System Study Guide
What is chyme?
A vicious (thick), highly acidic soupy mixture
What causes the hormone CCK to increase in the duodenum?
Bile
What enzyme of the pancreas breaks down sugars and starches?
Carbohydrases
List four organic nutrients from easiest to break down and absorb in the small intestine to the hardest?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
List the sections of the large intestine from where it begins at the end of the ileum to the anus?
Cecum, colon, rectum, anus
This the sections of the large intestine from where it begins at the end of the ileum to the anus?
Cecum, colon, rectum, anus
What digestive fees can be induced simply by the sight, smell, or thought of food
Cephalic phase
What digestive phase can be induced simply by the sight, smell, or thought of food
Cephalic phase
What hormone secreted in the duodenum when chyme that has entered it has lipids and partially digested proteins?
Cholecystokinin
What duct transports bile from the liver?
Common bile duct
What two ducts share a passageway into the duodenum?
Common bile duct and pancreatic duct
Which two ducks joining to become the common bile duct?
Common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
Which two ducts joining to become the common bile duct?
Common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
What causes diarrhea?
Diarrhea is caused by an infection or chemical irritation, diarrhea protects by flushing toxins out of the body.
What are the three functions of the liver?
First: regulates the composition of circulating blood. Second: it removes age or damaged his red blood cells, debris, and pathogens from circulation. Third: it synthesizes bile and excretes it into the duodenum
How many lobes does the liver have?
Four unequal lobes
What do we call the bulge at the top of the stomach?
Fundus
What hormone is released one fats and carbohydrates (specifically glucose) enter the small intestine?
Gastric inhibitory peptide
What hormone is released in both the duodenum and the stomach?
Gastrin
What hormone causes the release of insulin in the pancreas?
Glucagon
What is the name for external pouches that run along the large intestine?
Haustra
What sphincter opens into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
What sphincter opens into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (pyloric sphincter)
What is the last segment of the small intestine?
Ileocecal valve
What sphincter regulates the flow of material into the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
What is the last segment of the small intestine?
Ileum
What is the longest segment of the small intestine?
Ileum
What sphincter is made of smooth muscle and is not under voluntary control?
Internal anal sphincter
List all the things that occur during The intestinal phase?
It begins when chyme enters the small intestine. Most of the regulatory controls in this phase are inhibitory (slowing gastrin product and gastric motility) to ensure absorption in small intestine can proceed efficiently. Meanwhile, hormones are released in the small intestine to increase absorption
List all the things that occur during the gastric phase?
It begins with the arrival of food in the stomach. Stretch receptors are stimulated to release the hormone gastrin into the circulatory system. Gastrin stimulate stomach contractions, which churn the gastric contents mixing it with gastric secretions the form chyme. Each time the pylorus contracts, a small amount of chyme squirts through the pyloric sphincter
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
It regulates the flow of chyme between the stomach and the small intestine
What enzyme of the pancreas breaks down fats?
Lipases
What are the three functions of the large intestine?
One: the reabsorption of water and compaction of the intestinal contents into feces. Two: the absorption of important vitamins freed by bacterial action. Three: the storage of fecal material prior to defecation.
What two enzymes in the stomach preliminarily digest proteins and carbohydrates?
Pepsin (Proteins) and salivary amylase (carbohydrates)
What do we call phagocytic cells that remove debris and toxins from the circulatory system in the liver?
Phagocytic kuffer cells
What is the difference between plicae and villi?
Plicae are many transverse folds while villi small, fingerlike projections.
What connects the stomach to the small intestine?
Pylorus
What hormone is released when the pH falls in the duodenum (meaning capital HCL content is high)?
Secretin
Approximately where is the ascending and descending colon located in the abdominal pelvic cavity respectively?
The ascending colon is located along The right side of our abdominal pelvic cavity while the descending colon is located to the left side of the abdominopelvic cavity
Approximately where is the ascending and descending colon located in the abdominal pelvic cavity respectively?
The ascending colon is located along The right side of our upcoming a pelvic cavity while the descending colon is located to the left side of the abdominopelvic cavity
What segment of the small intestine releases for hormones critical to coordinating secretory activities of the digestive system?
The duodenum
What segment of the small intestine releases four hormones critical to coordinating secretory activities of the digestive system?
The duodenum
What segment of the small intestine carries out the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?
The jejunum
Approximately where is the stomach located in the abdominal pelvic cavity?
The stomach is located within the left upper quadrant of the abdominal pelvic cavity
What do pancreatic islets secrete?
They secrete the hormones insulin and Glucagon
What are three common proteases?
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
What are the 5 components of bile?
Water, Ions, bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts
