DP Ch 13
According to Bandura, which of the following is key to moral development?
self-regulation
Improved grades, more goal setting, and increased self-esteem are some positive outcomes for adolescents taking part in ______ learning activities.
service
A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
service learning
During part of their school year, Dominique and her classmates visited low-income neighborhoods and mentored children. They participated in:
service learning
Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefit others and society.
spirituality
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was:
Kohlberg
A person with ______ does not want to go against their moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.
a moral identity
Although finances are tight, Jamal contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of:
altruism
An unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping another person.
altruism
Form of prosocial behavior: "One of the best things about doing charity work is that it looks good."
altruism
A mental disorder characterized by disregarding the difference between right and wrong, as well as ignoring the rights and feelings of others.
antisocial personality disorder
According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned.
are less egocentric
According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?
authoritarian
The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by children about 10 years of age and older. At this stage, children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action they should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.
autonomous morality
Means giving special consideration to individuals in a disadvantaged condition.
benevolence
Carol Gilligan's ______ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
The mora perspective of Carol Gilligan; views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care perspective
A direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior.
character education
Proponents of ______ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.
character education
According to Walter Mischel, self-control is strongly influenced by:
cognitive factors
The relationships between which three elements are highlighted in the social cognitive theorists' views on morality?
cognitive, behavior, and environment
Which elements do most developmentalists emphasize as the parent's role in moral development? (Choose every correct answer.)
communication with children and discipline techniques
Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?
concern and empathy for others
Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's norms, and the personal or property rights of others.
conduct disorder
According to psychoanalytics, self-control replaces parental control when children
conform to societal standards to avoid guilt
The component of the superego that punishes the child for behaviors disapproved of by parents by making the child feel guilty and worthless.
conscience
Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by:
considering its consequences
The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by the standards of such as parents or the laws of society.
conventional reasoning
Contemporary views of conscience stress that guilt is a motivator of young children's:
cooperation
The component of the superego that rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts according to ideal standards approved by the parents.
ego ideal
According to psychoanalytic theory, the ______ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts in approved ways, whereas the ______punishes the child for engaging in disapproved ways by making the child feel guilty and worthless.
ego ideal; conscience
Form of prosocial behavior: "I usually help others when they are very upset."
emotional
Which of the following is true about the relations between emotion and moral development in children?
emotions provide a base for the acquisition of moral values
Reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings.
empathy
What term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?
empathy
Means that everyone is treated the same.
equality
Moral ______ are people who have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.
exemplars
Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?
expectations about social roles
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation.
forgiveness
A young infant's empathic response in which clear boundaries between the feelings and needs of the self and those of another have yet to be established is referred to as:
global empathy
A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone's doing something kind or helpful.
gratitude
According to Freud, ______ is the foundation of moral behavior.
guilt
The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring at 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.
heteronomous morality
Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a(n) moral _______ curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.
hidden
The pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school.
hidden curriculum
Belief that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.
immanent justice
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in:
immanent justice
Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as:
inconsistent
Daria Narvaez emphasizes a(n) _______ approach to moral education that encompasses both the reflective and moral thinking and commitment to justice advocated in Kohlberg's approach, and developing virtues as advocated in the character education approach.
integrative
In the Child Development Project, students are given multiple opportunities to discuss other students' experiences, and they participate in exercises that encourage them to reflect on their own behaviors in terms of such values as fairness and social responsibility. This program is taking a(n) ______ approach to moral development.
integrative
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve
In contrast to Kohlberg, Haidt believes that moral thinking is more:
intuitive
A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions.
justice perspective
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's _______ perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) _______ perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
justice; care
Actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in illegal behavior.
juvenile delinquency
Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures?
level 3
Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of high levels of stress such as when a loved one dies.
meaning-making coping
Means giving extra rewards for hard work, a talented performance, or other laudatory behavior.
merit
Involves having strong convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles.
moral character
Includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.
moral competencies
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the standards of right and wrong.
moral development
According to Bandura, which of the following describes the use of worthwhile ends to justify inhumane means?
moral disengagement
People who have a moral personality, identity, character, and a set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.
moral exemplars
The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives.
moral identity
According to James Rest, which aspect of moral development, that prioritizes moral values over other personal values, has not been adequately emphasized?
moral motivation
Behavior that is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
moral performance
According to social domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of the focus of:
moral reasoning
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is _______ as peer relations.
not as important
Talking about values is a proactive parenting strategy recommended for which age group?
older children
What group provide(s) the most immediate stimulation for sharing?
peers
In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, ______ play the primary role, and _______ provide role-taking opportunities.
peers; parents
Moral ______ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
performance
Researchers have defined moral ______ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars.
personality
The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is referred to as:
perspective taking
Recent research indicates that emotion:
plays an important role in moral thinking
What type of parent--child relationship increases a child's willingness to embrace parental values, which in turn helps to develop conscience?
positive and close
According to Kohlberg, in ______ reasoning, individuals decide on a moral code.
postconventional
The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
postconventional reasoning
The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments.
preconventional reasoning
Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is sometimes described as "What's in it for me?"
preconventional reasoning
The parenting strategy of being ______ helps to avert potential misbehavior by children before it takes place.
proactive
_______ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy.
prosocial
Form of prosocial behavior: "Helping others while I am being watched is when I work best."
public
The obligation to return a favor with another favor.
reciprocity
An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or higher truth).
religion
The degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in prescribed rituals and practices, connections with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers.
religiousness
Some theorists suggest that positive feelings such as ______________ contribute to children's moral development.
self-esteem, empathy, and sympathy
__________ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and community assistance.
service learning
According to Daniel Hart, poor urban neighborhoods provide contexts that work against the formation of moral identity. Which of the following does he suggest as a way of improving youths' moral attitudes and identity?
service learning opportunities
What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and their moral performance?
social cognitive theory
The theory that distinguishes between moral competence -- the ability to produce moral behaviors -- and moral performance -- performing those behaviors in specific situations.
social cognitive theory of morality
Which of the following types of reasoning focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
social conventional
Focuses on conventional rules established by social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.
social conventional reasoning
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?
social domain
Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children's and adolescents' attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
social domain theory
______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.
social domain theory
The ego ideal and the conscience make up the:
superego
What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
superego
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing ______ emphasis on moral reasoning and ______ emphasis on moral behavior.
too much; not enough
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be.
values
