exam 2 bio112

How many monophyletic clades are seen here? How many pair(s) of sister taxa are seen here? (exam2)

3,1

The following question (question 1 only) refers to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents the process of meiosis? exam2/3?

4

In advanced/higher vertebrates, there are __________ main types of tissues (groups of cells with similar form and function) with tissues in combination making up organs and organ systems. Also noteworthy is the _________________ which is the largest human organ. exam2

4; skin or integument

Plant species A has a diploid number of 30. Plant species B has a diploid number of 38. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be _____. exam2

68

Look at the diagram below (question 3). What class of chemicals is associated with allowing the (+) and (-) fungal mating strands to have engaged in "fungal location" (as seen within the black circle below)? exam3

Pheromones

If I told you organism "X" was a plant, had a peristome and a protonemata, you could best classify this organism as a member of the: exam2

Phylum Bryophyta

Which of the following about scientific models is false?

The precisely predict what will happen given the available information and reasonable assumptions.

Amoebic dysentary often leads to ____________ which can in turn lead to _____________. exam2

dehydration; electrolyte imbalances

Obligate aerobes ___________ GSH peroxidase, catalase and SOD. When one pours H2O2 into a cut, the bubbles that are seen are ______________ and will kill any _____________ present in the cut. exam2

have; oxygen; obligate anaerobe

Using the diagram below (malarial life cycle), one could surmise that there are many medical indicators that one may have contracted malaria. The medical ailment or condition(s) associated with malarial infection is/are________________. exam2

hemolytic anemia

in general, misfolded proteins typically found in the cell membranes of neurological tissue are commonly and collectively referred to as _______________. exam2

prions

In general, most viruses have a _________________ exterior called a _________________ and internal genomic component composed of either __________________ or ___________________. exam1/2

protein; capsid; DNA; RNA

GSH or glutathione is a ________________ that protects cells by neutralizing or reducing reactive oxygen species - specifically by reducing the ______________ (an amino acid) residue with it's thiol side chain. exam2/3

tripeptide; cysteine

If a human has a serious bacterial infection, which bacterial target or targets could be useful targets when designing bacterial antibiotics? exam2

Gyrase

Delta class Gram (-) bacteria are phylogenetically sister taxa with the ______________. exam2

Epsilon class Gram (-) bacteria

Tuberculosis and leprosy are caused by: exam2

Gram-positive bacteria

If the disease malaria were to present in a particular region, individuals that exhibit sickle-cell trait, which would be the ____________ genotype, and have been infected with malaria may have the infected red blood cell removed by the __________ thus making for an example of ________________. Exam 1/2

HbA/HbS; spleen; heterozygotic advantage

Hox genes are part of a larger, more-inclusive gene family called ________ genes. Furthermore, Hox genes code for ________ that help to embryonic anatomical arrangement exam2/3?

Homeotic/"Homeobox"; proteins that affect anterio-posterior arrangement

A fern is/has: I - Sporophyte dominant II - Vascular (has xylem and phloem) III - Pollen bearing (produces pollen) IV - Seeds V - Flowers exam2

I and II

Antimycotics (classes I, II and III) can potentially inhibit _______________ biosynthesis. I - ergosterol II - chitin III - peptidoglycan IV - chiton V - lysozyme VI - cellulose exam2/3

I and II

Tenets of the Biological Species Concept include: I - A species can interbreed II - A species will interbreed III - A species will not produce viable offspring IV - A species will choose to interbreed with other groups V - A species always has many pre-zygotic barriers to speciation (thus keeping it a species) (exam1

I and II

Which of the following tenets, if any, are fundamental components of science as described in Biol. 112 this semester? I - Without data, one is just a "loudmouth" with an opinion. II - One time does a pattern make III - One must allow his or her peers in science to review and potentially replicate his or her findings. IV - If Metallica and/or Willie Nelson say it is true then IT IS TRUE!!! (exam1)

I and III only

The long-term evolutionarily significant result of primary and secondary endosymbiosis of primitive green algae forms has resulter in modern-day living organisms __________________. I). Chlorarachniophytes II). Stramenopiles III). Dinoflagellates IV). Euglenids V). Plastids exam2

I and IV

The long-term evolutionarily significant result of primary and secondary endosymbiosis of primitive green algae forms has resulted in modern-day, living organisms and/or organelles called __________________. I). Chlorarachniophytes II). Stramenopiles III). Dinoflagellates IV). Euglenids V). Plastids

I and IV (chlora&eug)

Algae differ from plants in that: I - Algae can be unicellular II - Algae have true roots with xylem and phloem III - Algae are photoautotrophs IV - Algae are eukaryotes V - Algae are able to engage in karyogamy exam2

I only

The wing of a bird, the wing of a grasshopper and the wing of a bat are ____________________ traits: I - analogous II - homologous III - vestigial IV - endosymbiotic V - horizontal gene transfer

I only

Which of the following plant groups are homosporous, gametophyte dominant plants withoutxylem and phloem and do not have seeds? I - Bryophyes II - Monilophytes III - Chytrids IV - Spirochaetes V - Anthocerophytes exam2

I only

Why are taxonomy and systematics constantly changing within the scientific community? I - In science, new informations leads to paradigms shifting. Science is NOT afraid to change it's collective mind based on new evidence. In this case, the new information comes from genome sequencing and computers comparing those sequenced genomes .II - Modern phylogenetic genomic sequencing and comparison of organismal genomes. III - All organisms have genome mutations and chromosome number changes within any given year that force the scientific community to rearrange the taxonomy and systematics approximately every 12 months. IV - IF The Food and Drug Administration decides to change the taxonomy then all women and men of science must comply. V - "Model organisms" like slime molds and N. crassa (the fungus) do not have their genomes sequences prior to scientists studying them. exam1/2/3

I only

The Theory of Natural Selection includes which of the following postulates or tenets :I - There is variation among individuals. II - At least some of the variation among individuals are hereditary variations (and can be passed from parent to offspring). III - In every generation, some of the individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing. IV - Survival is absolutely random ! Nature is teleological. V - Some individuals within a population have evolved favorable adaptations and tend to out-survive and out-reproduce others that lack certain adaptations.VI - The lack of mutation and the lack of genetic drift and gene flow tend to promote natural

I, II , III and V

A zoospore is a motile, asexual spore found in certain ______________. I - Bacteria II - Protists III - Fungi IV - Animals V - Plants exam2

I, II and III

African Sleeping Sickness is caused by a ____________. I - A member of the Supergroup Excavata II - A Euglanozoan III - A Trypanosome IV - A member of the S.A.R. clade exam2

I, II and III

Evolutionarily significant advantages or interesting aspects of spores is/are (potentially) ________________, I - Mass production of spores/high numbers II - Travel long distances III - Stay viable for "extended" periods of time prior to "activation" IV - Produced by eukaryotes only V - Produced by prokaryotes only exam2

I, II and III

In a certain randomly-mating population, there is also no mutation, no migration, no non-random mating, no natural selection and the population is infinitely large. In terms of Hardy-Weinberg population genetics, this population would allow for or contain: I - No microevolution II - No change in Hardy-Weinberg "p" and "q" values III - A population geneticist can interconvert between the two Hardy-Weinberg formulas and know that he or she had numbers that were 100% correct IV - An interconversion or exact analysis from microevolution of a gene to all macroevolution effects within a particular environment V - Allow for a population geneticist to conclude the population was currently out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at that time

I, II and III

Islands make for terrific "Biological Laboratories" because: I - Environments on different islands can be very different II - Researchers can often times move from island to island quickly III - Often the principles associated with Founder Effect are applicable to the studies IV - Convergent evolution is always a phenomenon seen on islands exam1

I, II and III

Which of the following can potentially divide asexually by a process called fission? I - bacteria II - certain protists III - mitochondria IV - certain viruses

I, II and III

The following question (question 6) refers to the evolutionary tree in the figure below.The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.How many species both extinct and extant are depicted in the last 50,000 years? exam1/2?

8

Histoplasmosis is a subclinical infection caused by Histoplasma sapsulatum. Clinically, the medical conditions result in calcifications typically within the ______________. Histoplasmosis is typically seen in patients that are _________________ and the the patient will often present with conditions that resemble _____________. exam2

lungs; immunocompromised; pneumonia

Quinine from the Cinchona tree helps to prevent ___________________. exam2

malaria

A pollen grain is technically the __________ that goes through biochemical and morphological differentiation. (ask which exam during review)

microgametophyte

SARS-CoV2 spreads via: exam2

respiratory droplets; aerosols or droplet nuclei; fomites (infected surfaces)

HIV is a human __________________ that uses a protein called ___________ to attach to the human __________________ receptor on _________________. As certain immune system cells are lysed, the patient may be unable to fight off infection. As such, the patient may develop the clinical manifectation of the disease referred to as clinical AIDS. exam1

retrovirus; GP120; CD4; "Helper T-cells"

Human _______________ contains _______________ that degrades ________________ in bacteria. Because of this phenomenon (defense), the American Dental Association - along with many sugar-free gum companies - are quick to point out that chewing sugar-free gum helps to reduce the incidence of _________. exam2

saliva; lysozyme; peptidoglycan; cavities

The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question (#10) below TraitSpecies ASpecies BSpecies CSpecies DSpecies EPlasmidR; HfRNone; HfRR; HfRFNoneGram Staining ResultsVariableVariableNegativeNegativeNegativeNutritional ModeChemohetero-trophChemoauto-trophChemohetero-trophChemohetero-trophPhotoautotrophSpecialized Metabolic PathwaysAerobic methanotroph(obtains carbon and energy from methane)Anaerobic methanogenAnaerobic butanolic fermentationAnaerobic lactic acid fermentationAnaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystemsI and IIOther FeaturesFimbriaeInternal membranesFlagellumPiliThylakoids Species D is pathogenic if it gains access to the human intestine. Which other species, if it coinhabited a human intestine along with species D, is most likely to result in a recombinant species that is motile, pathogenic and resistant to some antibiotics? exam2

species E

Applying the principle of parsimony to the trait "ability to fly," which of the two phylogenetic trees above is better?

tree 1

Only _____________ embryos have embryonic mesoderm as opposed to _____________ embryos which do not have embryonic mesoderm. Embryonic mesoderm is the germ layer that often times develops into adult tissues such as _________________. exam3

triploblastic; diploblastic; muscle and bone

A phage is a ________________ that infects _________________. Once the non-bacterial/foreign DNA is introduced, recombination/crossing-over ________________ possible and the entire process or version of horizontal gene transfer is known as _______________.

virus; bacteria; is; transduction

Which of the following characteristics DOES NOT describe the SARS-CoV2 virus? exam2

Its DNA is replicated in the host.

Phytophthora ramorum (and oomycete plant pathogen) causes what disease? exam 1/2

Sudden Oak Death

The biggest difference between an F(+) bacterium and an Hfr bacterium is that ___________. exam2

The F(+) bacterium has the genes to build the conjugation bridge in plasmid form whereas the Hfr bacterium has the conjugation bridge building genes as part of the genome

The "Goldilocks Zone Theory" in terms of planets can be aptly descibed as : exam1

The fact that certain planets are the "right" distance form burning stars (ours is called the sun ergo the planet is NOT too warm and NOT too cold!

Use the figure to answer the following question.If the figure above is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be an accurate statement?

The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the last common ancestor of species D and E.

Around 1814, a small group of British colonists founded the the settlement of _________________ - a smallgroup of islands in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 1/2 way between Africa and South America. One of the original colonists had a rare recessive allele for an eye condition referred to as __________. To this day, the genetic disorder is found on the island at a ration of 1 in 58 members of the island having the disease as opposed to the rest of the world where the disease has a prevalence of being found in 1 in every 4,000 individuals. This is an example of __________________. exam1

Tristan da Cunha; retinitis pigmentosa; founder effect

The question below refers to the following evolutionary tree, in which the horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and the vertical axis represents morphological change.Which of these is the extant (that is, living) species most closely related to species W? (exam2)

V

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question (#8) below. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of _____. exam2

a capsule

According to thebiofuel article I sent you __________ and ____________ engage in _________ to make ethanol (C2H5OH). exam2

bacteria; yeast; fermentation

Species-specific _____________ proteins on the heads of higher (advanced)-vertebrates bind to receptors of the _________________ of an oocyte (egg). This represents a ______________ barrier to speciation. NOTE - The zona pellucida is the membrane around an egg.exam1

bindin; zona pellucida; pre-zygotic

Yeasts reproduce asexually by _______________________. exam2

budding

Genetic drift produces variation for evolution when ________.

chance events/randomness causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably

Look at the diagram below and answer the following question (question 9). The genetic exchange just prior to the word "Syngamy" may be most aptly described as ___________________. exam2/3

conjugation

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____. (exam1)

convergent evolution

Use the following information and graph to answer the question (#9) below.The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).What is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content? exam2

degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's (F-) chromosome

Use the following description to answer question #4On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands and is also found on the African mainland, located about two hundred miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2 n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea ________.

descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event (potential founder effect) from elsewhere

Depending on the source, many women and men who study unicellular algae are quick to point out that 30-60% of all of the oxygen on Earth come from the _____________. - NOT plants exam2

diatoms

In male peacocks, the males with very small tail feathers often will attract females while the male peacocks with very large tail feathers are often predated upon by feline and canine predators. In this population there are no peacocks with medium-sized tail feathers. This would constitute __________________ selection. (exam1)

directional

Macroevolution is _____. exam1/2

evolution above the species level

As discussed in lecture, Dr. Richard Finnell conducted research here at Texas A&M University and concluded that ____________ helps to prevent ____________ defects in human fetuses. exam?

folic acid/folate; neural tube

The young leafy _______________ generation of a fern is referred to as a _____________. exam2

gametophyte; prothallus

Salmonella - responsible for some cases of food poisoning - is a member of: exam2

gamma proteobacteria

The embryonic blastopore of protostomes and deuterostomes develops during embryonic _______________. The blastopore leads to the primitive embryonic gut called the __________. exam2/3

gastrulation; archenteron

SOD and catalase along with _______________ break down H2O2 into water and ___________. Often times H2O2 is poured into a cut/wound so that _______________ will be killed given that they (the answer to the previous blank) ___________ have SOD and catalase. exam2

glutathione peroxidase; O2; obligate anaerobes; do not have

Species A and B have overlapping ranges and eventually interbreed to create hybrid C. If hybrid C is able to out-compete species A and B over the course of 1,000 years, this would be an example of ______________________. (exam1)

hybrid fusion

Dictyostelium discoideum is a cellular slime mold that has been studied due to mutations in a single gene that allows for study of "cheating" and "non-cheating" cells. Recent findings suggest that ____________________. exam2

"Cheating" cells never become part of the stalk.

Nature does NOT operate with a plan, purpose or motive - nature simply is. That is to say more succinctly, nature _________________________. Do all Homo sapiens act with a plan, purpose or motive (all the time)?? exam1

...is not teleological

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of the homoygous recessive population is .81, what percentage expresses the dominant allele?

.19

If a certain randomly mating population is IN Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and the pp genotype (homozygous recessive) within the population is .36, what percentage of the members of this population are genotypically heterozygous? (exam1)

.48

If a population is IN HWE, and the frequncy of the homozygous recessive individuals is .16, what is the frequency of the dominant allele? exam1

.6

If a population has 19 AA individuals, 3 Aa individuals, and 16 aa individuals, what is the percentage is genotypically homozygous individuals in this particular population at this time?

.94

The following figure (question 4) depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Location ____________ is nearest (best approximation) to emerging, non-subterranean basidiocarps after the ground is saturated with ____________? exam?

A; water

After the terrorism attacks of 9/11/01, Washington D.C. was hit by a bioterrorism attack of __________ which is caused by _________________ which is a ______________. The terrorist used ____________ on envelopes and sent the pathogenic agent to key governmental personnel is D.C. exam2!

Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; Gram + rod; endospores

Use the following description to answer the question (question 22 only) below.In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are thirty species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are fifteen species on the Pacific side and fifteen different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about ten million years ago. The oceans were completely separated by the isthmus about three million years ago.In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1-5), with 1 being the shallowest.In which habitat should one find snapping shrimp least closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A5? exam2?

B5

The following experiment is used for the corresponding question (question 38 only).A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers. But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs.How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below.In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets).Refer to the accompanying figure. In every case, caterpillars that feed on oak flowers look like oak flowers. In every case, caterpillars that were raised on oak leaves looked like twigs. These results support which of the following hypotheses?

Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

Why is the winter (colder air) often associated with what many refer to as "the human cold and flu season"? I - Humans tend to huddle indoors more often in the winter making transmisission of the virus a more common phenomenon (especially IF the virus aerosolizes) .II - Colder air is drier air and that can lead to cracks in our integument (skin) - especially the nasal epithelium. III - Cracks in the human integument (skin - largest organ of the human body) can make viral entry easier into certain tissues .IV - The phage's capsid stays external and does not enter the host V - Viruses can migrate long distances (from north to south) as viruses use meterological cold fronts to make their way south VI - Willie Nelson and Metallica are immune from all diseases because there is a corrolary between being a musical genius and a strengthened immune system! Everyone knows that!!

I, II and III

Model organisms for scientific studies by women and men of science are which of the following? I - Cheap to maintain II - Easy to cross (produce offspring) III - Long life spans IV - The genome is sequenced and easily manipulated (genes can be knocked out) V - The organism must be under the influence of artificial selection exam1/2/3?

I, II and IV

Fundamental elements of science include: I - "Without data, one is just a loudmouth with an opinion". II - One time does not a pattern make (to wit, a sample size of one is NOT good for statistical analysis III - Science engages in paradigm shifts (new techniques; new analyses; etc.). Science is NOT afraid to change it's mind based on new evidence! IV - Science is "silent" on issues /questions when data cannot be collected. V - In science, we collect data/evidence, think critically to answer questions and solve problems. ms That who we are! That is what we do! exam 1

I, II, III, IV and V

When normal hemoglobin (denoted HbA) mutated (denoted HbS) some time ago, the following terms or descriptions apply: I - Point mutation II - Missense mutation III - Valine for glutamate at amino acid spot 6 IV - If the form is changed, the function is changed V - Molecular interaction facilitates conformational change not only in this case, but most case in t the natural world! exam2

I, II, III, IV and V

Put the following events in sequential order in terms of the interaction of living organism with the natural world and the evolution of living organisms: I. Genetic variation/individuals vary/environmental stressors II. There are too many individuals in a population for all members to survive III. Certain individuals have greater reproductive success based on environmental stimuli IV. Natural selection V. Descent with modificationVI. Evolution of the organism exam 1

I, II, III, IV, V, VI (1,2,3,4,5)

Which of the followig is/are true of protocells: I. Earth was probably an RNA planet (present prior to) before it was a DNA planet. II. Lipid bilayers will stay linear as they elongate regardless of length. III. Lipid bilayers could have potentially formed in a circular shape and then given rise to primitive vesicles vesicles as the membranes "pinched" off .IV. RNA can have catalytic properties thus lowering the energy of activation for certain reactions. V. If primitive lysosome and/or peroxisome were present, mRNA could be translated into proteins. exam2

I, III and IV

Which of the following organisms or structures can divide asexually via fission? I - Mitochondria II - Algae III - Plants IV - Bacteria V - Some protists VI - Some fungi exam2

I, IV and V

Differences between both molds and mildews include: I - Production of spores asexually via mitosis II - Production of distinctive odors III - Coloration IV - Produce visible mycelia while growing on substrate surface V - Cause of certain human ailments and medical conditions - especially respiratory ailments VI - Form hyphae exam?

II and III

Regarding viruses in general, which of the following is/are false? I - Viruses are acellular (not cellular) II - Viruses have a metabolism III - Viruses are not "living" IV - Viruses can infect nearly all forms of life V - Viruses are typically classified based on their genomes, their size, capsid geometry and/or their host VI - Viruses need a host to replicate and assemble progeny virus exam1

II only

The "Dikaryotic stage" is evolutionarily significant because _________. exam2/3?

If one of the nuclei is lost, the other nuclei is still present and could still be viable given that mature fungal cells are haploid.

The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase is categorically a(n) ____________________. This essentially means that the enzyme reads (initially on the template of the viral genome) _________________ yet synthesizes ______________. exam1

RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase; RNA; DNA

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium put forth by Dr. Stephen Gould____________ _____. exam 1

a new species accumulates most of its unique features abruptly and suddenly as it comes into existence

When a donkey and horse breed, the result is a sterile mule. This is an example of: (exam1)

a post-zygotic barrier

What does the circled part of the phylogenetic tree above potentially indicate in terms of a cause and effect of organisms found in a small lake without barriers?

an adaptive radiation and rapid speciation

"Diatom sinks" represnt a term that is associated with the scientific community trying to __________ diatom numbers in the ocean to _______ CO2 levels in the ocean thus _____________ ocean pH. exam2

increase; lower; raising

Use the following information to answer question #23.Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms ( G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals, thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics.In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis, et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. By examining the phylogenetic tree diagrammed in the figure above, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti if A, B, C and D and their last common ancestor were included in the grouping but G. microti was not included? exam2

it is paraphyletic

If there are 5 islands as part of an island chain, and Island "B" has the least rainfall and the warmest climate, the seeds on island "B" would be ____________ due to ________________ ratios. Ergo, the birds that eat those seeds evolve beaks that are ______________ so that the seeds can be cracked (generate more power) open and ultimately the internal contents of the seeds can be consumed for the bird's nutrition. exam1

larger; surface area/volume; shorter, wider and deeper;

Most women and men of science that study endosymbiotic theory conclude based on fossil and molecular evidence that a primitive aerobic, alpha proteo, Gram (-) bacteria was probably engulfed by a newly formed eukaryiotic cell first. That free-living alpha proteobacteria later evolved into the organelle that we now call _______________. Moreover, the women and men of the scientific community also maintain that a primitive photosynthetic , cyanobacteria - also potentially engulfed by the newly formed eukaryotic cell - later evolved into an organelle we now refer to an a ______________. (exam1)

mitochondia; chloroplast

Gram (+) bacteria have ______________ peptidoglycan in their cell walls than Gram (-) bacteria do and thus hold the first of four Gram stains and appear as the color __________ under a microscope. exam2

more; purple

Fungal haustoria and cortical cells of plant roots often live a _____________ symbiotic relationship. exam2

mutualistic

The diplomonads and the _______________ are phylogenetically sister taxa exam2

parabasalids

The green algae - made of the Chlorophytes and the Charophytes - are collectively a ______________ group in terms of their systematics exam2

paraphyletic

Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree? (exam2)

z x y

The correct oder in terms of embryological development is ____________ (immediately after fertilzation; prior to implantation), the _________________ (implantation) and finally ____________ which implies organogenesis is complete. exam2

zygote; embryo; fetus