Geo Ch 10
The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called
weathering
Which of the following is a type of chemical weathering process?
hydrolysis
All unit movement of materials propelled and controlled by gravity are referred to as
mass movements or mass wasting.
Physical weathering is greatest under conditions of
temperatures that reach below freezing.
The rate at which rocks weather depends upon
the climate of an area, the type of rock, the amount of vegetation in an area.
One side of a sand dune is typically steeper than the other side. The slope of the steepest is controlled by the angle of repose for sand—which has a value that is typical for most materials. This angle is about ________.
34 degrees
Which of the following countries is noted for its spectacular tower karst?
China
The steepness of a slope of loose material at rest is the
angle of repose.
If you have ever played on a beach and made a sand castle, you used wet sand rather than dry sand. You did this because the ________ of wet sand is greater than that of dry sand.
angle of repose and cohesiveness
Exfoliation occurs because
overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand.
The yellow-red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of ________, which is a form of ________ weathering.
oxidation; chemical
When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is
physical weathering.
Uplift of the landscape creates ________ energy which is converted to ________ energy when materials begin to move downslope.
potential; kinetic
The dramatic domes and arch-shaped features found in granitic mountain masses result from
pressure-release jointing, exfoliation, and sheeting.
A persistent mass movement of surface soil is called a
soil creep.
Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is
water
Hydrolysis involves
water chemically combining with minerals.
Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
Which type of weathering is limited to arid environments?
salt-crystal growth
In 1973, part of the flat ground on which a subdivision was located became saturated and began to flow toward the Saint Lawrence River at speeds of up to 26 kmph (16 mph). The ground that flowed consisted of silts and clays—not large, rocky regolith. What type of mass wasting event was this?
Earth flow
The dynamic equilibrium model refers to
a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of reduction in a given landscape.
Movement at the geomorphic threshold signals
a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy.
After a threshold is crossed, the landscape
adjusts to a new equilibrium condition.
Karst topography is formed primarily by
carbonic acid solution.
The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as
caverns
If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of
friction, the cohesion of particles to each other, inertial resistance of the material.
The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of
frost wedging.
The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is
geomorphology.
Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of
higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures.
In which of the following climates would the subsurface line of contact between weathered and unweathered materials be at the greatest depth?
hot and wet
A translational slide involves
movement of surface material along a planar surface.
In the Northern hemisphere mid-latitudes, slopes that face ________ have more trees on them because ________.
north; they are more moist