HIST 102 Final Exam Study Cards

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

"Father of the Turks" the first president who's goal was to create a modern, secular state. He was the president of turkey until his death in 1938 and rapidly secularized and westernized his country. replaced sharia law w secular law codes and dissolved islamic courts in turkey

Japanese postwar recovery

-2nd largest economy in 1980 -Japanese economic boom characterized by Gov't involvement in directing and assisting the economy. Gov't set production and investment goals in most important economic/industrial sectors, allocated public funds to private enterprises, expanded educational system and pushed science and technological development. -Japan does not have to pay for defense b/c of US

European postwar recovery

-Divided into capitalist west and communist east -Marshall plan: tremendous monetary aid from US for western Europe. -European Economic Community on 1957, eliminated trade barriers between European countries, equalized wages among Euro countries -General financial assistance for the unemployed, retirement pensions, free education.

Origins of WWII

-Japanese expansion -poor terms of Treaty of Versailles exploited already bitter Germany and humiliated them -rise of fascism led to increased military aggression -Great depression

Reasons for the cold war

-soviet aggression, USSRs occupation of Eastern Europe was part of their plan to spread communism across the globe. -Also soviets were acting defensively to stop capitalist west. -US refused to share knowledge of atomic technology -Bitter Russia lost more soldiers in WW2 than any other country, thought US intentionally waited to join the fight to weaken Russia. -Truman doctrine allocated millions to fight communist rebellions in Greece.

Barack Obama

44th U.S. President 2009-2017 Democratic. born in 1961. Before president johnson signed the civil rights act of 1964 and the voting rights act of 1965. 2009 american recovery and investment act (787$ billion economic stimulus package)

Trump and pence

45th pres. and VP. june 2017 , trump announced US withdrawal from 2015 paris climate change agreement. trump signed an executive order shrinking the bears ears national monument in utah by 80%, opening the land up for mining, drilling, and fracking.

We recently learned in class that WHAT has happened to the Great Barrier Reef? Answer this question on Saturday's exam, not here.

50% of great barrier reef has died and theyre gone forever:( bc of high water temps., pollution, the habitats of a lot of animals is gone so some animals have died too.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country, it was a revolt against the European and United States and mostly against Christianity as well. Boxer Rebellion of 1898-1900: sparked by mounting pressure on china by the west. - the righteous and harmonious fists (boxers) attack christian converts and western missionaries. Also during this time japan is becoming more aggressive. Also by this time theres about 300,000 european missionaries, diplomats, traders living in china. Chinese tried to destroy anyhting western like telephone poles etc

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A British naturalist, renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

secularism

A REDUction of religious control or influence over major spheres of life. A growth in the separation of the state from religion. 19th century secularists believed a science would end the need to seek supernatural causes for natural phenomenon and material wellbeing would end the need for comforting religion In the muslim middle east and asia, secularism has often been associated w the west. 1st, as a western import forced by colonial masters; 2nd as a western import forced by local authoritarian rulers against the wishes of the ppl

Facism

A new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader, it's primarily a dictatorship in which commerce and industry are controlled by the government. They were a one party system, they also a had large and ready military.

ISIS/ISIL

A terrorist group trying to seize territory in Iraq and Syria through extreme acts of terrorism, violent extremist terrorist groups that are rooted in deep religious beliefs that are viewed as extreme and both extremely hate the west. Believe their way of life to be true and of god. ISIS controlled territory in iraq and syria in 2014. isis emerged against the backdrop of pre-existing islamic states (pakistan and saudi arabia) in Syria- a rebellion against the brutal al-Assad govt in syria sparked a civil war in 2011, which was then joined by isis.

WW1 nature and outcomes

A war between the Allies and Central powers, it was mainly fought in europe. 1914-1918

"Praise for those who have never invented anything those who never explored anything those who never tamed anything those who give themselves up to the essence of all things ignorant of surfaces but struck by the movement of all things free of the desire to tame but familiar with the play of the world"

Aime Cesaire 20th century This quote illustrates Aime Cesaire's mockery of Europeans and their constant need to create technology and dominate other cultures. o Aimé Césaire • Termed Negritude • From island of Martinique • (1913-2008) • Became assimilated to French culture and language • 1938: in the epic poem "Notebook of a return to my native land" Cesaire coined the term shows a sense of black pride

Aime Cesaire and Negritude

Aime cesaire was a founder of the negritude movement and a poet in francophone literature. Négritude refers to the quality of being black or African origin, and having pride in that regards and regards to history, literature and culture as a whole, as it also detests colonialism and followed Marxist political philosophy.

Rowlatt Act

Allowed government to jail protesters without trial for as long as two years

Neo-liberalism

Also known as social liberalism, the idea enjoined this political mindset was one that endorse a market economy and expands of civil rights of people. the belief that the key to economic growth and prosperity is the unfettered movement of capital = lowering tariffs, deregulating businesses, transferring state-owned enterprises to private hands. transnational corporations benefit from this. advocates of neo-liberalism: International Monetary Fund (IMF); General Agreeemtn on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); World Trade Organization (WTO)

Marjane Satrapi

Author of Persepolis; born in Iran; lived through the war between Iran and Iraq

Chinua Achebe

Author of education of a british protected child. tried to find "middle ground".experienced childhood in british controlled nigeria.

Adowa

Battle in which the Ethiopians defeated the Italian invaders

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

"All who know the minds of the subject race know that those who return to their native land, the men who know how to use the best of the white man's weapons, will tell their fellow-countrymen that they and their brothers saved great England from destruction, that England was forced to summon the black man to save her; that henceforth they must behave differently, make demands, remember that the future must belong to the colored man—Africa to the African, India to the Indians."

Bernhard Dernburg 20th century , 1916 This quote reflects upon Europe use of Indians and Afircans to help in WW2. Now the colonized people know that their colonizers need them forever changing the relationship between the two. dangerous.

Ta-Nehisi Coates

Between the World and Me. wrote a letter to his son about the black race and his struggle through childhood and his worry for his son.

Montage-Chelmsford Reforms Act

British reforms that were enforced in British controlled India and that controlled the controlling government to a dual government system or a dyarchy. Known as the Imperial Legislative and Council of States.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism

Transnational corporations

Business corporations located in two or more countries. economic integration in the 2nd ½ of the 20th century- also advanced by the rise of transnational corporations. They push economic globalization and benefit from neoliberalism and deregulation.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.

A Grain of Wheat

Concerning Kenya post-independence and the struggles it faces politically, economically, and psychologically because of the impact of European colonization. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

Atlantic Charter

Declaration of principles issued by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1941, that outlined the goals for the allied powers post WWII such as no more colonization, no more unnecessary aggression towards another state, a reduction of trade restriction, and free seas. Atlantic Charter- USA applied pressure to the british to get them to think about decolonization.

Doma

Defense of Marriage Act. In 1996, president clinton signed the DOMA. clinton made it so that gay married couples wouldn't receive benefits. USA ruled in obergefell v hodges in 2015 that gay marriage is A CONstitutional right.

Post colonial development

Different routes to post-colonial development- some states tried soviet-style marxist (angola, ethiopia, vietnam. Others tried african socialism. (tanzania and ghana) (india)

Sayyid Qutb

Father of Islamic radicalism, he was the leader of the Muslim brotherhood from 1950-60s and he hated the United States culture greatly which he viewed as materialistic and violent and dangerous. -egyptian intellectual. Milestone published in 1964. A leader of the muslim brotherhood in egypt. A desire to make islamic law = legal principles and guidelines found in the koran

". . . It would be folly to assume that an Indian Rockefeller would be better than the American Rockefeller. Railways, lawyers, and doctors have impoverished the country'—railways have spread plague and produced famines by encouraging the export of foodgrains, lawyers have stimulated disputes in their greed for briefs and helped to maintain British rule by manning the law courts, western medicine is expensive and ruins natural health measures. . . India's salvation consists in unlearning what she has learnt during the past 50 years or so. The railways, telegraphs, hospitals, lawyers, doctors and such like have all to go, and the so-called upper class have to learn to live consciously and religiously and deliberately the simple life of a peasant."

Gandhi 20th century , 1962 This quote illustrates the fact that in Gandhi's eyes the westernized industrialization of India will only bring more problems to their country rather than solving problems. • Says that Indians need to remove themselves from western way of life • A lot Indian nationalist liked the railroads and hospitals and didn't want to see these things leave

"The empty earth beneath him, the empty sky above and he, the solitary man, sailing between them! A feeling of power seizes him. He was flying through space to assert the indisputable superiority of the white race. Within his reach he had the proof, seven high-explosive bombs. To be able to sling them from the heavens themselves—that was convincing and irrefutable."

Gustaf Janson. book published in 1912. Tells the story of a recent war that actually took place b/w italy and the ottoman empire. In this war that happened in 1911, in n. Africa, the italians dropped the first bombs.

Bretton Woods

In 1944, a meeting took place at bretton woods of 44 nations to create an international financial system to facilitate international flow of capital which led to: international monetary fund and world bank (1940s), general agreement on tariffs and trade(gatt) 1947, and world trade organization (1995). All pushed reducing barriers to unfettered free trade!

Post colonial india

India and "democratic socialism" (Nehru)- another example of socialist style approach to post colonial development Socialist style approach- heavy govt ownership of the means of production and heavy govt direction of the economy. Often failed bc too expensive, not enough educated ppl to implement the plans, ethnic tension, population growth negated advances

Rabindranath Tagore

Indian writer and poet, focused on decolonization

Secularization

Indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration

Ayatollah Khomeini

Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989. Was part of the Shah Muslim group and led the Iranian Revolution and overthrew the Persian Monarchy. Ayatollah Khomeini- 1902-89. He thinks : Islamic govt is a form of anticolonialism. An islamic govt is a form of resistance to western culture. wrote

Robur the conqueror

It was a science fiction novel that was written by Jules Verne that entailed a a flying machine that was used to conquer other countries unintentionally and was originally designed to fly around the world but came across the natives and believed they were killing people when they were only performing a ceremony and the the people in the machine fired upon them. Jules Verne (Robur the Conqueror)- wrote that novel in 1886. Fascinated by possibilities of industrial revolution. The novel focuses on a french engineer who created a flying vessel that he used to explore the world, the capitals of europe and west africa. - this truly was a piece of science fiction. He first takes his flying ship to paris and hovers over the city. In paris, he shines spotlights onto the city streets. In w. Africa, he shoots down at them

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that required blacks to be segregated (separated) from whites in public facilities. Jim Crow Violence- over 2,000 african americans were lynched by white mobs between 1880 and 1930.

Global warming and climate change

Levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased dramatically since the Industrial Revolution. Problems with higher global temperature: drought, forest fires, rising sea levels. Oceans are acidifying at fastest rate in 300 million years.

Indirect rule

Local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting

Mussolini,Hitler and facism

Mussolini became prime minister of Italy in 1922 and gained right to rule by decree. Fascism combats the system of democracy, the majority cannot rule human society, the inequality of mankind is the natural order. Because of economic hard times due to worldwide depression from collapse of US stock markets, Hitler harnessed anti-semetic and nationalistic sentiments in order to seize power in Germany and began building a massive army to roll over the European continent to acquire new living space for the superior German race.

"'I am willing,' he said, 'to serve my country; but my worship I reserve for Right which is far greater than my country. To worship my country as a god is to bring a curse upon it."

Nikhil in Ways of the World written by Tagore 20th century This quote reflects upon the huge increase in Nationalism in India. Nikhil believes that his country is important but also realizes that there are things going on in the world greater than in India.

"We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths — that all of us are created equal — is the star that guides us still, just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall, just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone, to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth."

Obama- January 2013 Inauguration Speech—refers to past events and racisms "moving forward"

Siege of Rorkes Drift

On 22 January 1879, at Rorke's Drift on the Natal border with Zululand, in South Africa, a tiny British garrison of 140 men - many of them sick and wounded - fought for 12 hours to repel repeated attacks by up to 3,000 Zulu warriors. Showed just how much technological advancements meant in combat.

The negative legacies of colonialism

One problematic legacy of indirect rule: it reinforced and exaggerated authoritarian tendencies in local cultures. Another problem w indirect & divide and rule strategies is that they aggravated ethnic and cultural divisions The european colonial strategy of divide and rule also created problems in post-colonial countries after independence. Politics often dominated by parties representing a particular ethnic group and its interests. Led to ehtnic conflict after independence which led to military dictatorships. Europeans transformed colonial economies so they revolved around a few cash crops: this made postcolonial states very dependent on world market prices for only a few agricultural products.former colonies had little industry which meant few employment opportunities yet they had large and growing populations poverty, political instability, ethnic conflict, international wars, civil wars.

Pacific Rim countries post wwii

Pacific rim countries after wwii such as Japan and the Koreas changed rapidly, japan needing to rebuild and Korea now have a territory battle against northern neighbors. As well the beginning of the Cold War and the decolonization of many colonies in pacific countries.

"Here in this fishing village, on the island of Java, the surf teems with kaleidoscopic color. Each wave is littered with garish bibs and bobs. The water is speckled with synthetic hues: Coca-Cola red, day-glow green and every other color in the crayon box. There are monochromes as well: buoyant white blobs that, at a distance, look like 1,000 invading jellyfish."

Patrick Winn 21st century This quote illustrates the pollution in our oceans and the affect it is having on our world. Plastic, being one of the main contributors denigrates and leaks chemicals and other harmful effects into our worlds water sources, causing this kaleidoscope look.

Authoritarian Capitalism

People have economic freedom but stringent social regulations, such as that people give up freedoms and have trade and industry controlled by the private sectors and not by the state. AKA china. Authoritarian capitalism in china: china is politically repressive despite embracing capitalism since 1970s. State censorship of media and internet, a gigantic secret police force, no competing politcal parties allowed, political dissidents thrown in jail.

Breechloading rifle

Powerful rifle mass produced as a result of the Industrial Revolution, gave Europeans massive advantage over indigenous peoples of their colonies.

"Any system in which . . . the sources of all authority are human, deifies human beings by designating others than God as lords over men. . . In short, to proclaim the authority and sovereignty of God means to eliminate all human kingship and to announce the rule of the Sustainer of the universe over the entire earth. . . To establish God's rule means that His laws be enforced and that the final decision in all affairs be according to these laws.

Sayyid Qutd 20th century This quote reflects upon the idea that no human should have the power to control other men. That right is reserved for god himself, no man is god. Sayyid Qutb agreed with Mawdudi that God sovereignty was the key to understanding Islam in the political life of the Islamic nation. his argument would however lead to a different perspective of the implications of tawhid and produce revolutionary conclusions about Islam, the nature of the modern world and the mission of the believers. Qutb began by arguing that servitude to God meant true freedom for humanity

Stonewall, Seneca, Selma

Stonewall- gay male club in NYC. men confronting police during the stonewall riots of 1969. Police constantly raided the club and arrested the gay people. It was illegal in new york state to serve alcohol to gay men. Seneca Falls- TOWN in upstate new york. Here in 1848, 260 women and 40 men met to demand voting rights and other liberties for women. Women generally excluded from higher education and weren't allowed to join many professions. Selma- alabama state troops assaulting civil rights marchers in selma, alabama on march 7, 1965 (bloody sunday) "We want equal rights!"

"And for so long I have wanted to escape into the Dream, to hold my country over my head like a blanket. But this has never been an option because the Dream rests on our backs, the bedding made from our bodies. And knowing this, knowing that the Dream persists by warring with the know world, I was sad for the host, I was sad for all those families, I was sad for my country, but above all, in that moment, I was sad for you."

Ta nehisi Coates 21st century. it reflects the fact that africans still arent equal in todays society.

Mohandas Gandhi

The Indian leader who used nonviolent methods to seek independence from Great Britain, he led a nonviolent path and expressed nonviolence and helped lead India to independence from the British and would later be assassinated.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.

Decolonization*

The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory. After WWII, decolonization-increased. External pressure from outside the empires, internal pressure from inside the empires(europeans actions during WWII fueled nationalist movements by adding to the grievances of indigenous ppl), and reevaluation of colonies. Atlantic Charter- USA applied pressure to the british to get them to think about decolonization. Three major factors that led to decolonization 1) external pressure (from outside the empires) · USA and USSR's positions on colonialism o Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Atlantic Charter · the United Nations 2) internal pressure (from inside the empires) · Britain/France's treatment of colonies during WWII-defeat of france by the nazis fuels a fire and hurts the prestige of colonizers 3) a reevaluation by the colonizers themselves of the value of their colonies · development costs (i.e. Belgian Congo)- by the late 1950s, DEvelopment costs in the belgian congo pushed its colonial budget into a deficit. Decolonization: India · British treatment of India during WWII o "Quit India" resolution-passed in aug 1942 for british to leave the country bc they arrested gandhi. He wanted the protests to be nonviolent but indians were violent anyway. So many bombs in india and the british destroyed villages,shot,arrested,etc o Churchill replaced by Attlee-1945 clement atlee replaced churchill as prime minister. Lucky for india bc atlee was nonviolent Decolonization: Gold Goast (Ghana)- first to go. · Kwame Nkrumah- formed united gold coast convention in 1947. Later formed the more radical convention people's party. The british allowed a constitution and a legislative assembly in 1951. In 1957, britain withdrew from gold coast and it was renamed ghana. Decolonization: Kenya and Algeria- violent uprisings in french algeria and british kenya. Kenya: the mau mau rebellion 1952-56. Algeria: the national liberation front (composed of arabs and berbers, rebelled in 1950) fought for independence in 1950s&60s. Detention camps for kenyans and subjected them to torture abuse and starving disappointing results

Current refugee crisis

The current refuge crisis refers to the fleeing of people from the Middle East(syria) to the USA and Europeans states due to violent conflict in their home countries and the massive influx of these people and they are beginning to fill up these countries and some counties are unsure what to do with the massive influx of people.

Revival of religious based politics

The idea that politics were no longer secular and religion was both integrated and was an influence in politics. Such examples are those countries in the Middle East such as Iraq and Iran.

Qing China

The last Chinese dynasty

environmental degradation

The problems w higher global temps: drought, forest fire, rising sea levels due to melting icecaps and glaciers. Due to the emission of billions of tons of CO2, the oceans are acidifying at the fastest rate in 300 millin years. How worried should we be? 50% of great barrier reef has died and theyre gone forever:( bc of high water temps. China gets 70% of its energy from burning coal. 500,000 people die a year in china from air pollution.

Four rights that signify civic equiality

The right to an equal education. The right to vote The right to serve (equally) in the armed forces- there were segregated units. The right to marry whom u choose-1967, loving v. Virginia invalidated all interracial marriage bans.

"New imperialism"

The term means an increased expansion of colonial powers by Europeans, Japanese and the united states in the 19th and 20th centuries and was increase for foreign influence and a taste for new resources and markets overseas. What made the new imperialism possible Industrial Revolution- helped reverse long standing power inequities between non-europeans and europeans. advanced weaponry new travel technologies indigenous collaborators- helping europeans maintain their new empires.

Polygenism

The theory that the human race originated with many first humans, and that it originated from Africa and that humans migrated to the rest for he world from there. 1800s: the rise of the theory of polygenism: that human "races" were separate biological species that had descended from different original ancestors.

1,2,3 wave feminism

The three waves of feminism that are decades apart and span across generations, where the first was in 19 and 20th centuries and was focused on western women gaining the ability to vote. The second wave of feminism was a period in the 1960s and lasted roughly two decades, such as employment, domestic issues, politics and economics as well. Third wave feminism is from 1990's til about the 2010's or present and is focused primarily on individualism and diversity and all three of these included the LGBT movement mainly the second wave helped and it was began by the civil rights movement. 1st wave feminism: right to vote, to attend university, to keep one's wages 2nd wave: to change society's notions ab what women and men should do and to create more equality 3rd wave: individualism and diversity

Mau-Mau uprising

The uprising was from 1952-1960 and was a revolt against the British in Kenya by the Kenyans to push the British colonists out. They had gained their independence but the community in Kenya afterwards was spilt between its people.

Hutus and Tutsis

Tribes in Rwanda responsible for decades of warfare.

Betty Friedan

United States feminist who founded a national organization for women rights (born in 1921), she also wrote the book the feminine mystique which sparked the second wave of feminism in 1963. "women are people"

Civilizing mission

a rationale for intervention or colonization, purporting to contribute to the spread of civilization, and used mostly in relation to the Westernization of indigenous peoples in the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

Amritsar massacre

an incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians

Bernhard dernburg

author of "england traitor to white race". argued that europe needs certain guidelines in order to successfully colonize Africans

Scientific racism

biological proof/explanation that whites are superior, legitimized by science

Treaty of Nanjing

china lost war open ports repay britain. debt (indemnity), extraordinary, unequal treaty

Deng Xiaoping

communist govt instituted economic policy reforms in the 1970s and 80s. A period of economic reform initiated by deng xiaoping. Mao died and his successor deng xiaoping instituted market reforms that allowed for some private enter prise. He ruled 1978-1997. 1970s: created special economic zones giving foreign investors preferential tax rates; allowed more land to be farmed privately; allowed private businesses to keep more of profits. Growth in china's carbon emissions due to chinese economic development. These reforms have created a large middle class and a new class of the super rich. The super rich use political connections to the govt to accumulate fantastic wealth.

Recently in class, we watched a video about rich kids and their cars. What was this video about, more specifically? What important change in world events did this video describe (write the answer on the exam, not here).

economic reform initiated by deng xiaoping (special economic zones giving foreign investors preferential tax rates; allowed more land to be farmed privately; allowed private businesses to keep more of profits) created a large middle class and a new class of the super rich, the super rich use political connections to accumulate fantastic wealth.

Kwame Nkrumah

founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first president, he followed a policy of of following non constitutional means and was a well educated man and followed Marx's socialist ideals. Kwame Nkrumah- formed united gold coast convention in 1947. Later formed the more radical convention people's party. The british allowed a constitution and a legislative assembly in 1951. In 1957, britain withdrew from gold coast and it was renamed ghana. Kwame Nkrumah- african socialism. Many govt funded programs to spur the economy and uplift the ppl.cocoa prices fell in early 1960s. He banned opposing political parties in 1964. Allowed imprisonment without trial. National liberation council overthrew nkrumah in a military coup in 1966

"To primitive man, the forces of nature were something alien, mysterious, superior. . . . It is not till the forces of nature are really understood that the gods and God are expelled from their positions one by one."

friedrich engels 19th century science explains everything and religion isnt really necessary anymore. industrial revolution started a new technological age and engels and marx were confident that in the future religion would fade away and science would rule.

Java (plastic garbage crisis)

heavily polluted

Menelik II

helped create telephone line and other advancements etc. the ethiopian emperor was menelik II. battle at adowa- embarassment for italians.

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

loans money to govts on condition that they restructure their economies along neoliberal lines.

Divide and rule strategy

maintaining control over one's subordinates or subjects by encouraging dissent between them. (used in India by pitting Hindus and Muslims against each other).

". . . Fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology, and repudiates it. . . . Fascism denies that the majority, by the simple fact that it is a majority, can direct human society; it denies that numbers alone can govern by means of a periodic consultation, and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality of mankind."

mussolini 20th century . Mussolini from an Italian encyclopedia where he defines fascism 1932, he agrees w fascism and what fascism believes and it believes that democracy is a flawed political system .

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

published The Communist Manifesto, and Karl Marx had theories on communism in which communities shared wealth and ideas and that there were no social classes, he was also a German philosopher. Also his theory of Marxism. Friedrich Engels is best known for working with Karl Marx and furthering Marxism. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)- document that inspired socialist uprising. Marx and engels say that the repressed class of ppl rises up to overthrow and replace their repressors. Marx say that if u study human history u can see this natural law of history in action. Marx saw the french revolution of 1789 as this natural law in action; the middle classes overthrew the aristocracy. Workers in a socialist system would reap the fruit of their own labor, instead of giving that fruit to the owners of the capital. marx thought social classes would diminish

religion-based politics

resurgence of religion-based politics after WWII both in egypt and other parts of the world. So, the 20th century resurgence of religion-based politics and religious fundamentalism outside the west often had an anti-colonial basis. opposed secularism. The revival of religion based politics in the 20th century was not confined to islamic countries.

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

the Bolshevik leader, who succeeded Lenin as the leader of the Soviet Union in 1924.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s, occurred in the United States unemployment rates were shy high and many government programs were implemented by President Hoover. Great Depression- largely responsible for hitler. Happened in 1929. Causes of the great depression: Chronic overproduction of agricultural products in 1920s Unrestrained financial speculation due to easy credit in 1920s European debt to usa Growth of protectionism The great depression struck germany in 1929. By 1931, 6 million germans were unemployed. Votes for hitler skyrocketed during depression. Japanese economy hurt by great depression + heavily dependent on foreign imports for oil, copper, other raw materials.

Socialism

the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all, was adapted from Marxism, and advocates for seizing the means of production, distribution and exchange should be regulated by the community instead of the government. socialism- attacked conditions of the working poor. Over time it came a powerful ideology. Socialism grew out of the enlightenment's faith that critical reason could be used to solve social problems. All socialists believed in a future society where workers would live happy lives in cooperation w each other. Socialists believed that you could apply reason to society so that society would work for everyone. Socialists believed that it was possible for ppl to create a society w no class divisions, no poverty, with social justice, everyone happy and fulfilling potential. Socialists said that the capitalist industrial society kept this from happening. They say that capitalism creates wealth for a FEW... and misery for the many...

Biological determinism

the idea that all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes. This theory stands in contrast to the notion that human behavior is determined by culture or other social forces.

Communism

the idea that society should be based on public ownership and communal control of property, was used by Russians in the USSR and then later spread to japan, china, and Vietnam and North Korea. Communism mainly focuses on the idea the all industry and wealth shall be shared equally, and the community shall share all of it. It was derived from Karl Marx. Communism had an egalitarian and international ethos and focused on class issues. Communists did not privilege one "race" above another. worldwide phenomenon

Globalization

the integration of economies, cultures, govt policies around the world, characterized by rapid global movement of goods, money, people, and ideas. Economic globalization has produced winners and losers ex. China was poor and now they are a major player in the global economy.

Franz Fanon

urged violence as a weapons for colonial racism and wrote wretched of the earth, wrote about the psychological effects of colonization on on colonized people and the after effects it would have on them. As well as the future of the people of the colonized Algeria. Franz Fanon and the theory of cultural alienation (and psychological colonization) Colonialism is a "state of mind": it's a psychological oppression (1925-61). From the french caribbean island martinique. Became assimilated to french culture and went to french medical school.

Thomas Babington Macauley

wrote "On Empire and Education"; thinks it's beneficial for Britain to rule India

Caitlin moran

wrote how to be a woman.. and in that "why you shouldn't have children".