HIST1302-Exam 1

William McKinley championed a government that would help ordinary Americans. T/F

False

Both Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller amassed huge fortunes through vertical integration. T/F

True

By 1880, a majority of Americans worked in non-farm activities. T/F

True

During the Progressive era, the working woman became a symbol of female emancipation. T/F

True

In 1896, in the landmark decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court gave its approval of state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites. T/F

True

Lochner v. New York voided a state law establishing ten hours per day, or sixty per week, as the maximum hours of work for bakers, claiming that it infringed on individual freedom. T/F

True

Racial and ethnic groups added their own elements to the western myth, including celebrating the Mexican-American outlaw, Gregorio Cortez. T/F

True

Republican economic policies strongly favored the interests of northern industrialists. T/F

True

The Knights of Labor raised the question of whether meaningful freedom could exist in a situation of extreme economic inequality. T/F

True

The events of 1886 suggested that labor might be on the verge of establishing itself as a permanent political force. T/F

True

The idea for the Statue of Liberty originated as a response to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. T/F

True

The Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York: a. voided a state law that limited child labor. b. voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week. c. limited the number of hours coal miners worked. d. ruled that "liberty of contract" undermined workers' rights. e. voided a state law that limited the number of hours women could work.

b. voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week.

The Philippine War: a. was part of the American effort to liberate the Philippines. b. was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War. c. resulted in Filipino independence. d. is well remembered today. e. was little debated at the time.

b. was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War.

Republican presidential candidate William McKinley: a. was especially popular in the South. b. was a stage actor of some renown. c. argued in favor of the gold standard. d. lost to Bryan in 1896. e. ran for president in 1896 on the free silver platform.

c. argued in favor of the gold standard.

The Social Gospel: a. was part of the Catholic Church. b. was financed by corporate donations. c. called for an equalization of wealth and power. d. did not support aid to the poor. e. was another term for Social Darwinism.

c. called for an equalization of wealth and power.

In the late nineteenth century, social thinkers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Laurence Gronlund offered numerous plans for change, primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of: a. the increased numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who brought dangerous socialist ideas to the masses. b. increasing power of the executive branch of government and lack of checks and balances. c. class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital. d. the momentum gained by women in their efforts to win suffrage and other rights in the public realm. e. the rapid migration of African-Americans from the South to the industrial North, and their increased voting power.

c. class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.

Asian and Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century: a. outnumbered southern and eastern European immigrants. b. were much more welcome than European immigrants. c. were prohibited from entering the United States. d. clustered in the West as agricultural workers. e. clustered in the South as agricultural workers.

d. clustered in the West as agricultural workers.

Americans have referred to the 1890s as the women's era because: a. most men supported equal rights for women. b. growing numbers of women held political office. c. few women had to work outside the home. d. women could vote. e. women's economic opportunities and roles in public life expanded.

e. women's economic opportunities and roles in public life expanded.

Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT: a. excessive interest rates for loans from bankers. b. the free and unlimited coinage of silver. c. the high tariff policies of the federal government. d. the fiscal policy that reduced the supply of money in the economy. e. high freight rates charged by railroads.

b. the free and unlimited coinage of silver.

Henry Ford paid his employees five dollars a day because he wished to avoid strikes at his factory. T/F

False

In 1880, the United States was a first-rate power. T/F

False

Once in office, Woodrow Wilson began to aggressively pursue his goal of dismantling as many trusts as possible. T/F

False

The American Federation of Labor was very much like the Knights of Labor. T/F

False

American interest in its new possessions had to do with wanting wealth from natural resources and large-scale American settlement. T/F

False

As president, Theodore Roosevelt was persuaded by Gifford Pinchot to refrain from setting aside millions of acres of federal land as wildlife preserves. T/F

False

Why did Samuel Gompers seek to forge closer ties with forward-looking corporate leaders? a. He wanted to stabilize employer-employee relations. b. He wanted to work his way into circles of political influence. c. He wanted to explore his own new personal business opportunities. d. He hoped to win their support for the nationalization of large industries. e. He wanted to establish employer-financed health care.

a. He wanted to stabilize employer-employee relations.

Why did workers experience the introduction of scientific management as a loss of freedom? a. Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions. b. Safety conditions worsened when companies introduced scientific management. c. Scientific management typically lowered wages. d. Workers had to work longer hours under scientific management. e. Foremen tended to drive workers with more brute force under scientific management.

a. Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions.

The Civil Service Act of 1883: a. created a merit system for government workers. b. applied only to women. c. applied only to elected officeholders. d. favored candidates with political influence. e. was passed in response to the assassination of President Lincoln.

a. created a merit system for government workers.

Bonanza farms: a. typically had thousands of acres of land or more. b. were small, self-sufficient farms. c. were settled along the railroad lines of the Union Pacific. d. were free homesteads in California. e. were the sharecropping farms found in the South.

a. typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

The "living wage" and the "American standard of living" were an outgrowth of what? a. The power of monopolistic corporations. b. A mature consumer economy. c. An effective nationwide advertising campaign. d. An increasingly diverse society. e. The powerful influence of labor unions.

b. A mature consumer economy.

An example of what the economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen meant by "conspicuous consumption" is: a. the social welfare services of European nations like Germany. b. Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball. c. an immigrant's purchase of bread. d. the free services handed out by social reformers. e. John D. Rockefeller's purchase of a competing company.

b. Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball.

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the government and the economy in the Gilded Age? a. The rise of the Republican Party in national politics signaled new growth in the national government and a new commitment to breaking up monopolies. b. Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard. c. State and local government increased in scale while the federal government decreased. d. State and local governments diminished in scope and purpose, as the federal government extended its control of business and banking regulation. e. Western state governments lobbied to block new tariffs that would raise the price of manufactured goods and bankrupt farmers.

b. Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard.

Why did the Wilson administration impose a graduated income tax in 1913? a. Having imposed a ban on liquor sales, Wilson had to find a way to compensate for the lost excise tax. b. The substantial reduction of duties on imports required Wilson to make up for lost revenue. c. Correctly predicting the coming of World War I, Wilson hoped to bolster the federal budget for defense. d. Wilson had promised Republicans a graduated income tax only, if in return, they supported his declaration of war. e. Wilson was trying to fulfill his campaign promise of "soaking the rich."

b. The substantial reduction of duties on imports required Wilson to make up for lost revenue.

Which of the following statements about urban Progressives is NOT true? a. They worked to reform the structure of government. b. They worked with political machines. c. They sought to establish public control of gasworks and waterworks. d. They raised taxes to increase spending on schools and parks. e. They sought to improve public transportation.

b. They worked with political machines.

The Industrial Workers of the World: a. organized only women workers. b. advocated a workers' revolution. c. was a union within the American Federation of Labor. d. was led by Eugene Debs. e. represented skilled workers only.

b. advocated a workers' revolution.

The American Federation of Labor's founder Samuel Gompers used the idea of "freedom of contract" to: a. argue for the right of workers to form political parties to shape government. b. argue against interference by judges with workers' right to organize unions. c. justify the exclusion of women and blacks from the American Federation of Labor. d. argue for direct confrontation between unions and corporations. e. explain the American Federation of Labor's policy of admitting unskilled workers to its union.

b. argue against interference by judges with workers' right to organize unions.

"New immigrants": a. in Boston helped form an "Immigration Restriction League" as a response to Mexican immigrants. b. arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires. c. in contrast to "old immigrants," did not arouse the ire of nativists, who saw these newcomers as more willing to work. d. were welcomed by older immigrants. e. defined mostly those from China and Japan.

b. arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires.

Why was "the city" the focus of Progressive politics? a. Populists had largely solved the problems that had plagued rural Americans. b. The overwhelming majority of Americans lived in cities. c. Urban populations experienced the most dramatic growth and the most significant changes. d. Progressives were particularly fond of new urban entertainments like dance halls and nickelodeons. e. The mostly urban immigrant populations wielded significant political clout there.

c. Urban populations experienced the most dramatic growth and the most significant changes.

How did mass consumption in the Progressive era result in new consumer freedoms? a. Farmers in the heartland had more time and money to attend nickelodeon shows. b. Department stores provided city residents with access to electric washing machines and vacuum cleaners. c. Mass-produced radios were able to advertise the availability of new factory products. d. A and B only e. None of the above

d. A and B only

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities? a. New production methods that were at the heart of growing farm productivity alienated many rural folks familiar with traditional farming practices. b. Peasants made such tidy profits in agriculture that they could afford to move to cities. c. Increasing output in the countryside created a new prosperity that allowed rural populations to travel. d. Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet. e. Since the growing agricultural output attracted ever-larger numbers of immigrants to the countryside, the older generations of rural settlers left for the cities.

d. Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.

Why did the South fail to attract significant economic development in the wake of Reconstruction? a. Northerners considered a South without African-Americans in chains too risky for investment. b. Southern white supremacists tended to scare off northern capital industries. c. Northern investors stayed away, appalled by southern race relations. d. Investors came to the South for cheap labor and low taxes, so they made few capital investments in the region. e. Southern Klansmen scared away many interested investors.

d. Investors came to the South for cheap labor and low taxes, so they made few capital investments in the region.

Which of the following properly assesses the direction of the "Christian lobby" in the Gilded Age? a. Activists from the Bible Belt steered clear of hot-button issues like sexual violence or birth control. b. Protestant reformers of the Gilded Age typically made common cause with labor unions. c. These Christian political organizations focused primarily on civil rights issues. d. The "Christian lobby" sought more to legislate individual morality rather than to improve society. e. These mainstream Protestant reformers looked for structural change.

d. The "Christian lobby" sought more to legislate individual morality rather than to improve society.

The battle for free speech among workers in the early twentieth century: a. was never successful on the local level. b. was not an issue of concern to most workers. c. was insignificant because the courts consistently supported workers' rights to assemble, organize, and spread their views. d. was led by the Industrial Workers of the World. e. was led by the American Federation of Labor.

d. was led by the Industrial Workers of the World.

Journalists who worked for newspapers like William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, which sensationalized events to sell papers, were called: a. muckrakers. b. social reformers. c. trustees. d. yellow journalists. e. freelancers.

d. yellow journalists.

Which of the following does NOT describe an effect of U.S. Chinese exclusion policies of the late nineteenth century? a. The Chinese Exclusion Act was made permanent in 1902. b. Chinese discrimination victims sought redress of rights violations through the courts. c. A 2012 Congressional resolution apologized for their exacerbation of racial discrimination. d. In protest, some Chinese refused to carry required identification papers. e. Eastern cities experienced a dramatic increase in Chinese immigration.

e. Eastern cities experienced a dramatic increase in Chinese immigration.

Which statement about the People's Party is FALSE? a. It sought to rethink the relationship between freedom and government in order to address the crisis of the 1890s. b. It emerged from the Farmers' Alliance in the 1890s and claimed to speak for all the "producing classes." c. Its platform of 1892 remains a classic document of American reform, advocating radical ideas of the day such as graduated income tax and increased democracy. d. It embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and education. e. It emerged as an urban, middle-class vehicle for social, economic, and political reform.

e. It emerged as an urban, middle-class vehicle for social, economic, and political reform.

Apart from the racial identity of victims, what typically triggered the lynch violence of southern white mobs? a. The victim's parenting style. b. The victim's lack of education. c. The victim's lack of employment. d. The victim's northern accent. e. The victim's alleged sexual conduct.

e. The victim's alleged sexual conduct.

In the 1890s, the National American Woman Suffrage Association: a. supported the right of African-American women to vote. b. was dominated by working-class women. c. argued that all women, regardless of race or ethnicity, should vote. d. supported the right of immigrant women to vote. e. argued that native-born white women's votes would counteract the "ignorant foreign vote."

e. argued that native-born white women's votes would counteract the "ignorant foreign vote."

The term "Fordism": a. refers to Henry Ford's effort to organize workers into a union. b. describes an economic system based on limited production of high-end goods. c. refers to Henry Ford's invention of the automobile. d. was used by labor unions, who hailed Ford's innovative approach. e. describes an economic system based on mass production and mass consumption.

e. describes an economic system based on mass production and mass consumption.

Most new immigrants who arrived during the early years of the twentieth century: a. dominated skilled and supervisory jobs. b. learned English immediately. c. generally earned lower wages in America than in their former homelands. d. planned to remain in the United States temporarily. e. lived in close-knit communities.

e. lived in close-knit communities.