History Midterm 2022 Ms. McClintock class

What continent is Ancient Egyptian?

Africa

Arlie's t civilizations in Mesoamerica that we studied were _____

Aztecs, Mayas, Incas Olmecs

Emperors from china stated they were destined to rule through the blessings of the gods through the ______

Mandate of Heaven

______ is when Pharaoh's ruled with absolute power in which their power was giver to them by the gods

Divine right

When different people perform different jobs it is known as ________

Division of labor

when different perform different jobs it is known as ______

Division of labor

______ means to tame wild animals

Domestication

______ developed a harsh leagal code based on the idea that all Athenians were equal under the law. All punishments were the same regardless of the crime.

Draco

Draw the social pyramid of ancient china.

Emperor priests/nobles farmers merchants slaves

———- were landowners in ancient Chinese society and played a key role in the rise of ancient Chinese agriculture

Farmers

Why was farming such a revolutionary discovery in the Neolithic Age?

Farming let people stay in one place which led to cities growing. I also helped people have a stable food source which led to being able to have different jobs. Farming allowed for more food to be stored an saver and forced people to settle.

The ______ was the land that was enriched by the soil that the rivers deposited when they overflowed in ancient Mesopotamia

Fertile crescent

Egyptian Pharaoh's title translates to _____

Great house

Explain two ways the Neolithic age is different than the Paleolithic age

In the Neolithic age people lived in civilizations and people started farming. In the Paleolithic age people were hunter-gathers and wandered.

The Sumerians solved the farming problem of seasonal floods and droughts by _______

Irrigating the land

Through ______ systems the people of Mesopotamia learned to control the flow of water in order to grow crops

Irrigation

Why was Alexandria, Egypt, important during the Hellenistic period?

It became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic culture

What did the pyramids show about the Old Kingdom dynasties of Egypt?

The leadership, economy, and government were strong. They had access to a good supply of stone, both limestone and granite. they had well developed mathematical and engineering skills.

Label the natural barriers that surrounded ancient Egypt protecting them from invasion

Nile river going from north to south, desert to west and east, Red Sea to the east , and cataracts and rapids to the south.

In ancient Mesopotamia the richest citizens on top of the social hierarchy were the ________

Nobles

People from rich and powerful families

Nobles

What battle formation produced the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world?

Phalanx formation

A ruler of ancient Egypt

Pharaoh

The first female pharaoh was ________

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

Built in the time of the Old Kingdom, where Pharaoh's were buried in preparation for the afterlife

Pyramids

The -_____ was and ancient network of roads and trade routs through ancient china connecting it to the western world

Silk Road

Three items that would have been traded on the Silk Road

Silk, gunpowder, and animals

Although the pharaohs tried to maintain the Egyptian empires strength, they failed during the Middle Kingdom because they were unable to hold out against ______

The Hyksos

Which of the following was not a reason why Phillip II of Macedonia conquered Greece?

The Macedonian army was unusually well trained, maybe even better than Sparta

The development of Egyptian civilization was influenced most closely by _______

The Nile River

The main Olmec god was called _______, which has flame eyebrows, a bulbous e nose, and a fork tongue

The Olmec dragon

Why do historians call the time before the Paleolithic age "prehistory" ?

They call it prehistory because their was no written record of it.

The Nile river flows through two important regions in Egypt called ____

Upper and lower Egypt

Period where a number of small states fought each other for land and power in ancient china was called the _____

Warring states period

What was one way Egypt showed its power during the Old Kingdom?

The pharaohs constructed huge, magnificent temples and pyramids in their own honor

What caused the major difficulties in uniting ancient Greeks under a single government?

The size of the region, the geography of the region, the independent nature of the people.

What was an important feature of Athenian democracy under Pericles?

He wanted to make Athens more democratic. So he created more positions in government that paid a salary

Mesopotamia's first city/state was _______, which developed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where people learned to farm in the fertile crescent.

Sumer

The center of early Chinese society was ____

family

Explain the six of the eight features of civilization

1. Cities: they started farming and had a surplus of food which allowed to have a larger population. Cities grew into civilizations. 2. Religion: they believed in multiple gods based on the environment and blamed the gods for the destruction of crops. 3. Writing: they had to much information to remember so they started writing and documenting things. 4. Government: in civilizations there was a leader who made decisions and those who helped council him. 5. Art: civilizations used art as a way to impress visitors and show them that they re superior and how great their leader was. It helped define the different civilizations. 6. Job Specialization: not everyone needed to farm so there were more jobs needed such as building or pottery, each person got a job specific to them.

What was Confucius?

A legalist philosopher

The fortified area used to defend against attack on top of the polis was called a ________

Acropolis

Life after death, ancient Egyptian belief

Afterlife

______ was the space in Ancient Greece where people had festivals or other ceremonies

Agora

Pharaoh _____ drove the Hyksos out of Egypt and continued to expand the influence of Ancient Egypt

Ahmose

The ______ was the worlds's first empire

Akkad

______ built a greek empire that stretched to India before his army forced him to turn around and head back

Alex the great

Why is Alexander known as Alexander the Great? Give details about his background in order to explain his motives and legacy. What was his major goal? Do you think he deserves this title?

Alexander the Great is called the Great because of his great legacy, he was widely known for conquering large territories such as Asia Minor, Syria, and his father conquered all of Greece. His major goal was to conquer the known world. He made it all the way to India but his troops revolted and they started back home. Alex was known for his leadership which he was given the crown at a young age an lead his troops will to conquer all of those territories. He was also known for bravery, there is a story of him taming a wild horse. He was raised by a conquerer so it is in hi blood. I do think he deserves this title because of his attributes and his great legacy. he even had cities named after him.

What is the difference between anthropology adn archaeology?

Anthropology is the study of culture and life of ancient history. Archaeology is the finding and studying of artifacts.

Why is little known about the Xia dynasty?

Archeologists a have found little material evidence to prove its existence

_____ accurately estimated the value of pi

Archimedes

In greek mythology who is the god of war?

Ares

In the ____ city/state schooling began around the age of seven and prepared boys to be good citizens by studying reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music

Athens

Which of the following fought the Peloponnesian war?

Athens and Sparta

What brought on the collapse of the Sumerian Civilization?

Attacks by foreign invaders

The early Mesopotamian economy was one in which gods and services are exchanged without money being involved, what is this type of economy called?

Bartering

The ancient civilizations of china, Mesopotamia, and Egypt all developed ______

Because rivers deposited rich soil suitable for farming

It is thought at the earliest Americans were Abe to cross over from China through the _______ strait

Berinyia

Which of the following was part of Spartan life?

Boys were taken away from their mothers for military training, Young married women did not live with their husbands, The helots were servants of the Spartan state, Vigorous physical exercise for girls was encouraged, in hopes that they would bear strong children.

Explain the geographical barriers that surrounded ancient china that would have resulted in ancient china living in relative isolation

China was surrounded by the gobi dessert to the north, the Yellow Sea to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the south east, and the Himalayan mountains to the west. China was relatively isolated because other tribes were outside this barrier which led to china thriving.

________ was the greatest orator and writer of the Roman republic

Cicero

A _______ is an independent self governing city that incorporates the surrounding territory including smaller towns and villages

City/state

_____ is a belief that people should treat one another humanely and should express love and respect for others

Confucianism

Analyze the difference between Confucianism and Daoism

Confucianism is an action, you are supposed to do good and try to change the world to be good. Doaism is in action, you are supposed to let nature take its course and not mess with it, what is supposed to happen will happen.

The Silk Road was important to china because it provided _____

Contact with other cultures through trade

_____ was the leader of the Spanish who eventually arrived in the americas and conquered the Aztecs

Cortez

The physical geography around china affected Chinese civilization by _____

Creating barriers to the outside world

In greek mythology heaven's sun _____ wanted to be king so he chopped up his father and threw him in the pit of Tartarus

Cronus

In order to keep records of stored crop surpluses, they developed a kind o picture writing scratched on clay tablets called ________

Cuneiform

What was cuneiform and how did it charge the lives of ancient Mesopotamians? Explain the process of cuneiform. Who was able to use it — why?

Cuneiform helped change the lives of ancient Mesopotamians e cause it allowed for things to be recorded instead of passing stories down by memory. They made clay blocks, wrote cuneiform on them, and had the blocks cry in the sun to harden and become tablets. Scribes were able to use it to learn and teach, and also to be able to write stories and records.

_____ wrote the well known book Elements, which is the basis for modern geometry?

Elucid

The ___ League was the combination of al greek city/states with Athens as the leader

Delian

Triangle shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river

Delta

In which form of government is rule by the people?

Democracy

_____ is a form of government that is defined as rule by the people

Democracy

Which form form of government is the United States?

Democratic republic

The Neolithic revolution refers to a time when early humans _____

Developed agriculture

Why were Sumerian settlements known as city/states

Each settlement had its own ruler and farmland

Why were tombs filled with art, jewelry, and other treasures?

Egyptians believed the dead enjoyed such materials in the afterlife

The. _________ recounts the adventure of a Sumerian, King of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Uruk, in his quest for immortality

Epic of Gilgamesh

The Romans overthrew the _______ and created. Republic

Etruscan king

________ describe the process when a plant or animal changes over time to adapt to their environment through natural selection

Evolution

Why was fire such an important advancement in ancient history?

Fire cooked food which helped get better nutrients which led to a longer life span. It also kept people warm and protected them from predators. It was also a light source.

Aztec religion was based on a belief in a struggle between which of the following?

Good and evil

The Sumerian writing system was developed _______

From pictographs priest used to record goods brought to temple store houses

What natural barrier is found in Northern china?

Gobi desert

____ was created by ancient alchemists in china trying to find a path to immortal life, called it "flying fire"

Gunpowder

______ created a code that had harsh penalties for criminal offenses

Hammurabi

Analyze Hammurabi's code. Why was it important to early Mesopotamian civilizations? Suppose you lived in Babylon during Hammurabi's reign. Do you think his code or laws was fair?

Hammurabi's code was unfair because your punishment was based off your social class and builders were also punished if their building was knocked down even if if wasn't their fault. This was important to early civilizations because without laws their would be chaos, even though the laws were not just they were still needed to set a basis for al other laws and the uprise in the civilization.

The _____ dynasty brought back a revival in Confucianism and promoted the trade routed along the Silk Road

Han

_______ was the first female pharaoh in Ancient Egypt. One of her largest contributions was the construction of hr temple called Deir el-Bahri

Hatshepsut

The concept of the Mandate of Heaven suggests that ____

Heaven chose the emperors to rule ancient china

_____ culture was a blend of Egyptian, Greek, Persian and Indian cultures in which Alexandria was became the main city commerce

Hellenistic

Captured people in the Spartan civilization known as _____ were forced to stay on the land and work

Helots

Egyptian writing system, one of the world's first, which used symbols

Hieroglyphs

The ______ mountain range separated china leaving it in relative isolation

Himalayan

Pharaoh Tutankhamen (king tut) is well- known pharaoh because _______

His tomb was discovered intact

Explain the game historians think the Olmec civilization played?

Historians think that they played a game similar to doge ball used with rocks, maybe rubber, or something round. they think it may have been connected to religion.

______ was a blind poet who wrote the Iliad and the odyssey

Homer

Humans and other creatures that walk upright are called _________

Hominid

Having been conquered by the Hyksos was not all bad for the Egyptians because the Hyksos taught the Egyptians _______

How to make bronze weapons and showed them the advantages of horse drawn chariots.

The supreme Aztec god was _____. He made the sun rise every morning through human sacrifice

Huizilopchiti

A complex system of writing meaning "sacred writings" that is made up of pictures and forms _______

Hyrogliphs

Civis romanus sun

I am a Roman citizen

The hunter-gatherer way of life made it possible for people to live______

In groups

The ______ civilization built Machu Picchu in the mountains, which is one of the great wonders of the world

Incan

Besides providing a stable food diet, what other advantages did Egypt's location provide for early Egyptians?

It had natural barriers to protect against invaders

Describe the concept of the Mandate of Heaven

It stated tat if an emperor rose to power that it was his fate and it was gods will that allowed him to do so. If an emperor lost powder than the gods thought that he was corrupt. The gods would not make anyone the emperor they thought was unjust. this tells me that the Chinese religion was largely based on religion

The Aztec practiced human sacrifice in order to _____

Keep Huitzilopochtli strong enough to raise the sun

The region became known as, Mesopotamia, which translates to _______ in Ancient Greek

Land between rivers

______ is a philosophical belief during Qin dynasty that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right and therefore need legal laws to prevent chaos

Legalism

Early humans living during the old stone sage most likely ______

Lived n small groups and moved to new area as food became scarce.

The development of civilization in early china was aided by ______

Long rivers and fertile soil, temperature climates, and isolated valleys

Rectangle structures with flat roofs were for the pharaoh's officials

Mastabas

In the _____ civilization, the American of their supreme god was Itzama

Maya

What sea does the Nile river empty into?

Mediterranean Sea

In ancient Chinese civilization, society was divided into six main social groups, of the ones listed, which group is the lowest? Nobles peasants merchants govt officials

Merchants

Explain why are merchants towards the bottom of the social pyramid

Merchants were towards the bottom because they were believed to be immoral and greedy. They did not produce any goods but rather traded and moved other people s product

The Chinese said they lived in the __________ or the middle of the world

Middle Kingdom

_______ was crowned the Aztec Emperor, who called for even more tribute and sacrifice. This caused a number of people the rise up against Aztec oppression ultimately leading to the Aztec fall

Montezuma II

In greek mythology all of the greek gods lived on _____

Mount Olympus

What separated the different regions within Greece?

Mountains, rivers, and oceans

Specially treated bodes wrapped in cloth

Mummies

_______ was the first greek city/state, built an extensive trade network, and established the begging of greek culture

Mycenae

Advantages of the Fertile Crescent as a place to live included al of the following except ________

Natural defense

The ______ were giant sculpted heads that sho the head and face of a helmeted man discovered from the Olmec civilization

Olmecs heads

Through ______ the Shang dynasty asked ancestors for advice and to make prophesy's about the future interpreted by trained priests.

Oracle bones

_____ was the most important shrine in Ancient Greece and is said to answer questions about the future.

Oracle of Delaphi

the _______ was a myth in which one of the Egyptian gods was cut into pieces by his evil brother Seth (god of chaos) and then tossed in the Nile.

Osiris myth

The old Stone Age is also known as ______

Paleolithic Age

Name the world's earliest form of paper that was invented by the Egyptians.

Papyrus

If you went to school in ancient Egypt, your school work would be written on ______

Papyrus paper

________ are wealthy landowners who became the ruling class

Patricians

What is the sequence of events that shows how Mesopotamia developed?

People settled wher crops could grow. The population grew. Villages and cities formed.

With the belief in Daoism, Chinese practice that ______

People should treat one another humanely, focus on improving society, all things in nature are connected

During the greek golden age, Athens chose _____ as their leader in which he took many steps to make Athens better with three main goals

Percelies

The greatest danger, an invasion from the ____ Empire, united Sparta and Athens to fight for a common cause

Persian

Alex the greats dad named ___ was a Macedonian who captured Greece before getting killed by his own bodyguard

Phillip II

____________ are less wealthy landowners and artisans who could vote, but not be elected to office

Plebeians

A greek city/state is also called a _______

Polis

A belief in multiple gods

Polytheistic

Who served a roe between the Sumerians and the gods?

Priests

________ is a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders.

Republic

What most accurately describes how geography affected the growth of ancient Mesopotamia ?

River valleys provided fish soil to grow plentiful crops

Olmec were called the ______ because of the rubber trees that grew in the area

Rubber people

The civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia brought many important ethnological advances including the _______ and _______

Sail and wheel

______ was the leader of the Akkadians, he conquered Sumer, creating the world's first empire

Sargon

The only two ways in which someone was able to climb the social ladder in Ancient Egypt was through become a _____ or a ______

Scribe or a military leader

_______ were the individuals who wrote down the Sumerian language for trading purpose ect., creating our first known written records in history

Scribes

Confucius believed that people in authority should _____

Set a good example of the civil service

Greek Philosopher, _____ , believed in truth and justice but was convicted of treason and was forced to drink poison

Socrates

Explain the trial of socrates. What was he tried for? How did the trip process happen? What was his last statement about?

Socrates was accused of corrupting the children. He had 25+ journeys who dropped a real coin and a fake coin in two different jars one wooden the other bronze. He was voted guilty adn made to drink poison. His last statement was about repaying his chicken dept to his neighbors.

_____ was the first Greek Athenian ruler to outlaw slavery.

Solon

This greek city/state people emphasized duty, strength, and discipline _______

Sparta

The legal code of Hammurabi called for ______

Specific punishments for each type of violation

The _____ has a lions body and a pharaohs head and guards the Great Pyramid of Giza

Sphinx

Imaginary creatures with the bodies of lions and the heads of other animals or humans

Sphinxes

The first major city in Mesoamerica is called ______ which means "place of the gods"

Teotiuacon

The ______ were an entire army of life size soldiers and horses, interred for more than 2,000 years

Terra cotta soldiers

According to legend, why did the Aztecs decide to settle in the valley of Mexico?

The Aztec god told them to travel until they found a eagle sitting on a cactus with a snake in it's mouth. their leader found such a plane on an island in the valley of Mexico.

Analyze the Aztec god Huitzilopochtil

The Aztecs thought if they did not sacrifice a person everyday then the sun would not rise the next. Their god had to fight off the evil in the night and if he did not get blood nutrients he would not be able to make the sun rise the next day, so the Aztecs sacrificed a person everyday, but they did not sacrifice their own people, they took them from surrounding tribes. The surrounding tribes were not fond of this so they fought back and came together and wiped the Aztecs from existence

What were the major problems that led to the Aztec decline?

The Aztecs were not loved by the surrounding civilizations because they took their people and sacrificed them to their gods. they were always in war with those civilizations because of it and the other civilizations came together and rose up against the Aztecs. Also the spanish came with new weapons overpowering them and killing them with disease they carried.

How did the Sparta society differ from the Athenian? Contrast their values, their government, and lifestyles.

The Spartans believed in power, duty, and strength above all else while the Athenians were focused on politics, education, and the arts. The Spartans were a monarchy and oligarchy while Athens were democratic. The Spartans daily lives mostly included training and military was the most important, which gave women more roles in the society because the men were always busy. The Athenians were all about politics and going to school, their women did not have many rights. Social activities were mandatory and they lived lavishly, while Sparta frowned upon lavish living. Sparta and Athens were different in many different ways.

_______ is a book of spells and enchantments the Egyptians had buried with them for help in the after life..

The book of the dead

The development of ancient china's civilization was influenced most closely by _____

The hueng he and yangzi rivers

Analyze why the pyramids were built. Analyze one method in how the pyramids were built. Why do you think the pyramids were built through that method?

The pyramids were built to hold pharaohs who were in the after life. they were supposed to reflect the sun and funnel it in the pyramid, hence the shape. The pyramids were built using ramps. Workers would push the blocks of limestone up the ramp on a wooden sled and then put them in place. The other two ideas would not work because they would break and not be strong enough to lift or pull the blocks. The wooden crane idea was also not likely because they live in a desert and there re not many trees.

Explain the importance of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by analyzing at least three things the rivers gave the people of Mesopotamia

The rivers gave people a water source which they needed to use for drinking and watering crops which are both needed for survival. The rivers were also used as a trading route to make travel fasted. They were also a source of silt which helped with the production of crops. the rivers helped with the faster technology revolution because they needed to have new ideas to be able to survive the rivers flood.

What does the yin-yang symbolize?

The two basic forces that shape the universe

After the Old kingdom, Pharaoh's moved the capital of Egypt to ______ to make it more centralized during Egyptians expansion

Thebes

A _____ is a government or state ruled by a subject to religious authority

Theocracy

The battle of _______, or 300, was when a small group of Spartans stayed behind to fight against thousands of Persians

Thermopylae

Pick one reason you believe the Mayan civilization disappeared

They could have disappeared because of Rubin out of food and natural resources. the Mayans were self reliant e cause they did not have an easy trading system. Their soil was also not nutrient so they had to burn their old crops every year. they could not plant the same thing in the same spot each year. If the soil did not get enough nutrients they would not have crops or food and would die.

Which of the following did the Athens and Sparta have in common?

They were both city/states

_____ conquered neighboring Syria, and expanded the Egyptian empire after the death of his stepmother who was pharaoh

Thutmose III

What were the tow rivers that surrounded Ancient Mesopotamia?

Tigris and Euphrates

Why was trade important to Olmec civilization?

Trade helped boost its economy and spread its influence

Sumerians believed that gods and goddesses owned the cities, so they devoted a lot of wealth to building temples called _________

Ziggurates

The first dynasty to exist in ancient china was _____. Although this is controversial because there is no written evidence of the dynasty existing

Xia

The Hueng He and the _______ were two of the major rivers in ancient china

Yangzi River

The ruler of all the greek gods is _____. He led a war with his brothers and sisters against the titans.

Zeus

The ____ dynasty gained control of Northern china and built their first cities along with producing great structures, china's first money systems, and the Chinese calendar.

Zhou

river rapids

cataracts

Rulers of the maya city/states claimed to be _______

descended from the gods

A series of rulers from the same family

dynasty

This is a series of rulers from the same family

dynasty

The first civilizations developed in ______

river valleys