Human Development Ch.1

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

Life expectancy in the United States is approximately ______ years of age.

79

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

Place the steps of the scientific method in order, with the first step at the top.

Conceptualize a problem or process that needs to be studied. Collect Data Analyze Data Draw Conclusions

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development?

It is lifelong. It is multidimensional. It is multidirectional.

Which of the following correctly describes life span in the study of human development?

It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change.

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory information-processing theory

Select the three areas of development.

Socioemotional Cognitive Biological

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE?

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of

a cross-sectional study.

A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to ______.

a person's capacity for change

Age has been conceptualized in which of the following ways?

chronologically psychologically biologically socially

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it

compares multiple cultures

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize

continuity in development.

-cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

cross

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

culture

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that

development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

The ______ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.

developmental

Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers?

early childhood

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

false

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

false

By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

how we came to be this way how we will age who we are

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language and symbolic thought. Waylon is in which developmental period?

infancy

What developmental period lasts from birth to approximately 18 to 24 months?

infancy

Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes

interact as people develop.

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?

interviews standardized testing observations

Melissa is intrigued by how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called - development.

life span

A ______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.

nonnormative

life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.

nonnormative

Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a

nonnormative life event.

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of a

normative age-graded influence.

In lifespan development, which term refers to the capacity for change?

plasticity

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs?

standardized research

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of

the unconscious.

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

When does the prenatal period of development begin?

at conception

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

Sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the ______ period of development.

early childhood

The roles that each of the following play in development are debated, EXCEPT

good-evil.

A ______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.

normative

The periods of development in the human life span are

produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

The consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific method

The period of development is a time of transition between infancy and early childhood.

toddler

The term toddler is often used to describe a child that is about ______ of age.

18 months to 3 years

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

Psychoanalytic

Development is the pattern of movement or change that:

begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Drawing conclusions about the abilities or behaviors of ethnic minority groups from a study in which all the participants came from the ethnic majority group is an example of cultural and ethnic

bias

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.

cross-sectional

Observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of collection.

data

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic theoretical orientation

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

microsystem exosystem macrosystem mesosystem chronosystem

Mike lost a friend in a car crash during his senior year in high school. This would be considered a(n) _______ life event, because it made a major impact on Mike, but not everyone.

nonnormative

Select the issues of development among the following.

stability and change nature and nurture continuity and discontinuity

True or false: As of 2019, in the United States, there are more people over 60 years of age than under 18 years of age.

true