Human Development - Chapter 8

Eleven-year-old old Meagan has some doubts about lan's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to ..?

her increased skepticism regarding others' claims

Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood ?

industry versus inferiority

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as..?

kind

With regard to prosocial behavior, the biggest difference between males and females occurs for..?

kind and considerate behavior

Developmental psychologists have come to Melissa's classroom and are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class and whom they like least. This technique is..?

known as the sociometric status technique

Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as he . "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank expects fairness according to..?

merit

According to Kohlberg, development of _______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development

moral reasoning

In remarriages, divorces are ________ in first marriages .

more common than

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is..?

not as important as peer relations

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are..?

obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal

Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in..?

parent-child interaction

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school, ..?

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings ?

perspective taking

Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students?

positive personal contact

The study of __________ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development

prosocial

In Haidt's view, much of morality begins with..?

rapid evaluative judgments

A good strategy is for children to learn to ________ their thoughts, changing their perception of a stressful situation

reframe

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage _________ learning .

rote

Children with high self-esteem are more likely than other children to be..?

securely attached to their parents

Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high...?

self-efficacy

Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structures ?

stepfather, blended, and stepmother

Self-efficacy

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as..?

"What's in it for me?"

Regarding the relationship between self-esteem and school performance, which statements are TRUE?

- Efforts to increase self-esteem do not necessarily lead to improved school performance. - There are moderate correlations between self-esteem and school performance.

Which of the following are some of the gender differences that research has found in brain structure and activity between the genders?

- Female brains have more surface brain tissue than males - Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains - The area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males

Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory ?

- It is based on a male norm - It puts abstract principles above relationships - It sees the individual standing alone, independently making moral decisions

Which of the following is true about gender differences in math ?

- Parents have a more favorable expectation for boys' math competence - Girls have a more negative attitude about math - Teachers expect boys to perform better than girls in math

Select all of the following that are strategies for increasing self-esteem.

- Providing emotional support for social approval - Identifying the cause of low self-esteem - Developing coping strategies

When viewing gender differences , which of the following must be considered ?

- The differences are averages - There is considerable overlap between the sexes even when differences are reported - The source of the differences may be biological, sociocultural, or both

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true of the timing of the three levels of moral development?

- The levels occur in a sequence - Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence - Only a small number of individuals in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways

As compared to conventional rules, which of the following are true about moral rules?

- They involve concepts of justice - They focus on ethical issues - They are widely accepted

Research has shown that teachers can function as cultural mediators in which of the following ways?

- by displaying sensitivity to biased content - by learning more about different ethnic groups - by viewing students of color positively

According to John Cole, which three of the following cause aggressive peer-rejected boys to have problems in social relationships ?

- emotional reactiveness - Impulsivity and attention issues - fewer social skills making and maintaining friends

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

- increased recognition of social aspects of self - increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description - increasing social comparison

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

- whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic - the role of emotion - the importance of gender

CASEL

1. Self-awareness 2. Self-management 3. Social awareness 4. Relationship skills 5. Responsible decision making

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of..?

12

Preconventional Reasoning

Children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments

Cognitive Inhibition

Controlling one's own thoughts to consider the perspective of others

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

False

Social Conventional Reasoning

Focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Conventional Reasoning

Individuals develop expectations about social roles

In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term ________ summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work

Industry

________ in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts .

Intimacy/Affection

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true ?

Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders and Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders

Postconventional Reasoning

Morality invilves flexible thinking and is more internalized

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood ?

Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation

What are the 5 peer status groups that have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

Popular, neglected, rejected, average, and controversial

Self-Concept

Refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self

Self-Esteem

Refers to global evaluations of the self

Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of _________ aggression

Relational

Cognitive Flexibility

Seeing situations in different ways

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of..?

Self-understanding

Domain theory of moral development

States that are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal donains. Children's and adolescents' moral, social coventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

Dose-response effects

The more severe the disaster or trauma (dose), the worse the adaptation and adjustment (response) following the event

What is a current concern in the United States about many of today's children?

Too many grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance and thus have inflated self-esteem .

According to Carol Dweck , which of the following traits are affected by an individual's mindset ?

achievement, motivation, and optimism

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are..?

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus

Individuals have the highest self-esteem when they..?

are competent in domains that are important to them

Researchers have found that inflated praise may cause children with low self-esteem to..?

avoid important learning experiences like tackling challenging tasks

In class, girls are more likely than boys to do which of the following ?

be more attentive, put forth more effort, and participate more

In a _______ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

Dale Schunk has applied the concept of self-efficacy to many aspects of students' achievement; in his view, self-efficacy influences a student's..?

choice of activities

Friendships in childhood provide the function of..?

companionship, affection, comparison, and stimulation

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior ?

concern and empathy for others

What adult personality characteristic is linked to the early development of self-regulation ?

conscientiousness

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. This illustrates how older children..?

cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing

Which elements do most developmentalists emphasize as the parent's role in moral development ?

discipline techniques and communication with children