Humans and the microbial World
Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as _______.
probiotics
Algae and protozoa are also referred to as , ----a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.
protists
Which of the following are eukaryotes?
protozoa helminths algae fungi
Coccus
round cell that may be flattened on one end or slightly oval.
Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would ______.
run out
Survivors of small pox were left with disfiguring
scars
Bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
Although laboratory stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eliminated which of the following diseases?
smallpox
Spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
Bioremediation refers to
using bacteria to clean up environmental pollutants.
Bioremediation refers to
using bacteria to clean up pollutants
The scientist usually credited with seeing the first microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was ______.
van Leeuwenhoek
Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes ______.
viruses
Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents?
viruses viroids prions
Which describes a prokaryote cells?
Always single-celled No membrane- bound nucleus smaller than eukaryotes
Viroid
An infectious agent consisting of only RNA
Prion
An infectious agent consisting of only protein
Virus
An infectious agent containing protein, nucleic, acids, and sometimes a lipid membrane.
Prokaryote
An organisms characterized by having a cell lacking a membrane- bound nucleus.
Eukaryote
An organisms characterized by having cells containing membrane- bound DNA.
Who discovered Microbiology?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Which pair has members that are most similar in appearance?
Archaea and Bacteria
Members of which pairing are most similar in appearnce to each other?
Archaea and bacteria
The prokaryotic domain includes
Bacteria and Archaea
Identify all of the statements that describes positive applications of microbiology
Biodegradation Commercial products
Which of the following involves genetically modifying bacteria to produce compounds useful to humans?
Biotechnology
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell type characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus
True or False Bacteria that looks alike are probably members of the same species
False
True or False Thiomargarita namibiensis can not be a eukaryote because it is only 1mm in width
False
true or false Viruses similar contain DNA, RNA and protein
False
Which of the following scientists first challenged spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
Myxobacteria
Gram-negative bacteria that group together to form complex multicellular structures called fruiting bodies
_______ showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork.
John Needham
Published the first work on antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?
Lack a nucleus
Development a microbial control technique for preserving food and liquid
Louis Pasteur
____ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks.
Louis Pasteur
A microbiologist obtained two pure isolated biological samples: one is a virus, and one is a viroid. The labels came off the samples during a move from one lab to the next, however. The scientist felt she could distinguish between the two samples by analyzing for the presence of a single type of molecule. What would she be looking for to differentiate between the two?
Protein
A scientist has two samples- the first is a prion, while the second is a viroid. However, the samples are in unlabeled tubes. The scientist wants to run a simple analysis to determine which tube contains the prion and which one contains the viroid. What type of molecule would she look for to do this?
Protein
A scientist has two samples—the first is a prion, while the second is a viroid. However, the samples are in unlabeled tubes. The scientist wants to run a simple analysis to determine which tube contains the prion and which one contains the viroid. What type of molecule would she look for to do this?
Protein
Which if the following IS a group of living organisms but IS NOT a biological domain?
Protozoa
Which of these scientist were involved in investigating the idea of spontaneous generation?
Redi and Pasteur
Devised postulates for establishing causative relationship between a microbe and a disease
Robert Koch
All of the following statements about smallpox are true except one. Which?
Smallpox was carried to the Americas by Europeans Smallpox is caused by bacteria Reason: It is a viral disease Smallpox killed about one-third of those infected Smallpox has been eliminated from nature correct answear Smallpox is caused by bacteria
Spirillum
Spiral-shaped bacterial cell
Which are the correctly written scientific name?
Staphylococcus aureus
Choose which of the following pairs of organisms are most closely related AND have correctly written names.
Staphylococcus aureus AND Staphylococcus epidermidis
The scientist usually credited with seeing the first microorganisms , whcih he called " animalcules" was----
Van leeuwenhoek
Introduced agar-agar as a solidifying gel in culture media.
Walter and Fanny Hesse
Which of the following about microorganisms is true?
We could not survive without them.
Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?
Yogurt Cheese Beer
vibro
a short, curved rod
A scientist discovers a new species near coral reefs in Australia. He finds that this single-celled species is photosynthetic (using sunlight for energy), has a rigid cell wall structure with no peptidoglycan, uses a flagellum for motion , and contains a variety of internal structures that are membrane-bound. Given this information , this new species is most likely an------- cell in the -----domain
algal;Eukarya
Archaea
are singled celled prokaryotes multiply by binary fussion
Binary fission
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies.
Bacteria are present on the body
at all times.
The cell types that lacks a membrane bound nucleus and have rigid cell walls of peptidoglycan are
bacteria
Which of the following statements about bacteria is FALSE?
bacteria are a source of fixed nitrogen
Plague is a ______
bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas
Plague is a _______.
bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas
An extreme environment in which archaea have been found is
boiling hot springs
An extreme environment in which archaea have been found is
boiling hot springs.
Microorganisms are useful for all of the following EXCEPT
causing disease.
Eukaryote cell
cell type characterized by a membrane-bound nucleus
An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as a(n) ---------infectious disease.
emerging
An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as a(n) ------infectious disease.
emerging
The structures present in the hay infusions used in experiments on spontaneous generation that made them difficult to sterilize are _____.
endospores
The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ______.
explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur
An organisms is categorized in a domain according to its cell size
false
Bacteria and eukarya both contain membrane-bound organelles. Group starts True or False
false
The scientific name of an organism indicates its domain. True or False
false
Thiomargarita namibiensis can not be a eukaryote because it is only 1 mm in width.
false
Viruses and bacteria are both unicellular.
false
Viruses simultaneously contain DNA, RNA, and protein. true or false
false
What does the scientific name of an organism include?
genus and species
The property of endospores that led to confusion in the experiments on spontaneous generation is their
heat resistance
A testable explanation for an observation is called a(n
hypothesis
If you wanted to increase your chance of obtaining a member of the Archea( rather than a member of another domain) which would be the best site to obtain a sample?
intestine of an elephant skin of an elephant a 95C hot spring in Yellowstone a 45C hot spring in Hawaii a raw hamburger [atty correct answear a 95 C hot spring in Hawaii
Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiments resolved the criticism that without "vital force" microorganisms cannot grow, by Multiple Choice
leaving the flasks open to the air so that "vital force" was present.
Spontaneous generation can be explained
life arising from dead matter
Spontaneous generation can be explained as
life arising from dead matter.
The idea of spontaneous generation postulated that
living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.
All living organisms
may be classified in three domains.
In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria?
method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes
Cellulose is a major component of plants and is only directly digested by
microorganisms.
Which of the following are microscopic fungi?
molds yeasts
Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are ______.
more diverse
The golden age of microbiology was the time when
most pathogentic bacteria were identified
The system by which organisms are named is referred to as
nomenclature.
A new organism was found that was unicellular and 1 cm long. The "large" size of this organism alone would
not be useful for identifying it.
Viruses and viroids are
obligate intracellular parasites.
Which of the following can cause an infectious disease to reemerge?
parents refusing to vaccinate their children pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications
A(n) ---- is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.
pathogen
Bacteria are never
photosynthetic
In addition to chlorophyll, some algae have other ,-------- which give them their characteristic colors.
pigments or compounds
Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of Europe in a four-year span (1347-1351)?
plague
Microbiology was born in
1674
are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes the multicellular seaweeds and many single-celled forms.
Algae
Viroid
An acellular infectious agent consisting of RNA.
Virus
An acellular infectious agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Prion
An acellular infectious agent consisting only of protein
All of the following are biological domains except
Bacteria Archaea Prokaryota Eukarya Correct answear C- Prokaryota
Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled ----that divide via the process of---- ------
Blank 1: prokaryotes or organisms Blank 2: binary Blank 3: fission
Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled------ that divide via the process of------- --------
Blank 1: prokaryotes or organisms Blank 2: binary Blank 3: fission
Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled------ that divide via the process of--------- ---------
Blank 1: prokaryotes or organisms Blank 2: binary Blank 3: fission
The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the----------- ,-------- , and .--------
Blank 1: viruses or virus Blank 2: viroids or viroid Blank 3: prions or prion
Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 is true?
More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.
Small pox killed
One third of those infected
Microorganism
Organisms to small for the naked eye.
Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called cells.
Prokaryotic
What is the only shared feature of all microbes?
Small size
All of the following statements about smallpox are true except one. Which?
Smallpox is caused by bacteria
The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following?
Spontaneous generation
True or false: Vaccinations have helped reduce the spread of mumps, measles and whooping cough in developed countries.
True
True or false: We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.
True
Peptidoglycan is found in the ______.
cell walls of bacteria
Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.
composed of cells
For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the and gives information about the shape of the organism.
genus
Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal .
microbiotic
In eukaryotes, the genetic material is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the
nucleus
Which defines spontaneous generation?
Life arose from non-living matter.
Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?
Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms are cheaper to study. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.
Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?
Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.
Prokaryote
Singled cell organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell; members of the domain Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryote.
Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?
They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?
pathogens
Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called---- cells.
prokaryotic
All of the follwoilng are emrging infectious disease exepct
smallpox hepatitis C Lyme disease COVID-19 Mad cow disease Correct answear A- Small pox
In 1749, John Needham produced results that _______ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork _______.
support; could still give rise to microorganisms
Ribosomal RNA
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Which of the following can be characteristics of algae?
unicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic multicellular
Microbiology provides information needed to create
vaccines and treatments for diseases
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular -----and the multicellular filamentous ------
yeasts Blank 2: molds
Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called a(n)
endospore
Domain
The highest level in biological classification. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
Biotechnology
the use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problems—depends on members of the microbial world.
Emerging infectious diseases are those ______.
whose incidence has rapidly increased in the last several decades
Rod or bacillus
cylindrical cell
Microscopic fungi that are single-celled are called ______, and that that are multicellular and filamentous are termed _______.
yeasts; molds
Rank the steps in the scientific process in order. Start with the earliest at the top.
1. Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. 2. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation. 3. Collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion. 4. Communicate the methods, result, and conclusion.
True or false: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients. true or false
true
Viroids are nacked( lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA that infect plants true or false
true
Viruses, viroids, and prions are obligate intracellular agents. Group starts True or False
true
spontaneous generation
A hypothesis concerning life arising from dead organic compounds
Developed staining method for differentiating between groups of bacteria.
Christian Gram
Viruses
Contain both protein and nucleic ac8id
Select the TRUE statement(s) regarding eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a more complex internal structure than archaea or bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA.
Domain
Highest level of classification
Select the TRUE statement regarding viruses.
Most viruses are smaller than bacteria but bigger than mitochondria.
Which of the following describes Prokaryote cells?
No membrane- bound nucleus smaller than eukaryote always single- called
Which of the following describe prokaryote cells?
No membrane- bound nucleus Always single celled Smaller than eukaryotes
Which of the following regarding normal microbiota is TRUE?
Normal microbiota protect us from disease by competing with pathogenic bacteria.
Developed the first chemotherapeutic agent, for treating syphillis
Paul Erlich
Why are we concerned at all with monitoring emerging/reemerging diseases?
These represent growing threats to human health that will require new scientific research and resources to effectively combat Because globalization leads to more chances for spread of illnesses into new areas and populations. Monitoring these illnesses will help us to protect people Because the speed of travel has increased so it is far more likely that a serious pathogen can spread rapidly across the globe. Monitoring these illnesses will help us protect populations.
What do viruses, viroids, and prions all have in common?
They are acellular agents of disease
select the statement that is TRUE regarding viroids.
They are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA.
Which is true about prions?
They are only composed of protein
Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following?
They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes
Which is usually NOT true of archaea?
They reproduce by mitosis.
pleomorphic
This is not an actual shape, but refers to bacteris that characteristically vary in thies shape.
Plants are dependent on microorganisms for
changing atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form
In algae, photosynthesis takes place in ______, which have chlorophyll, a green pigment.
chloroplasts
Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.
composed of cells big enough for life carbon-based correct answear composed of cells
If Pasteur had done his experiments investigating spontaneous generation in a horse stable,
the results would probably have supported the idea of spontaneous generation.
Microbes are useful research tools because
they are cheap and easy to grow in the laboratory. they use the same metabolic pathways as eukaryotic cells. they can be grown in large numbers very easily. they are cheap and easy to grow in the laboratory AND they use the same metabolic pathways as eukaryotic cells. they are cheap and easy to grow in the laboratory AND they use the same metabolic pathways as eukaryotic cells.
All of the statements regarding archaea are true EXCEPT
they contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Bacteria are useful to study because
they have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as higher organisms.
HIV/AIDS can be categorized as a new or emerging infectious disease. By putting it into this category, we are effectively saying that
this infectious hasn't been observed in human population prior to recent ( within the last 50 years) outbreak
identify all the statements that describe the benefits of microbes from a human perspective.
today's environmental oxygen levels may be a direct result of photosynthetic microbes. Microbes degrade/recycle metabolic wastes from other living organisms. Microbes degrade/recycle metabolic wastes from other living organisms. Correct Microbes can cause food decay and spoilage, leading to wastage.
The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called
Germ theory of disease
_______ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in World Wars I and II and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.
Influenza
Membrane-bound organelles are only found in the cell type called a(n)---- cell.
eukaryotic
Fungi
A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
If all prokaryotes were eliminated from the planet
all animals would die
Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called
peptidoglycan
