HUSR 411 Final Exam Chps 9-12

Do studies report discrimination against gay men and lesbian?

-15-43% of LGBT people have been discriminated against at work -8-17% have been fired or pressured to quit a job -90% of transgender employees experienced harassment at work

ESSAY: what negative ASSUMPTIONS are made about people with disabilities? MYTHS

-A disability is a biological problem that must be fixed, not a societal problem -Problems encountered by a person with a disability are a consequence of the disability -People who are "victims" of a disability will never have productive lives -Being disabled is the most significant factor in how people with disabilities view themselves and how they compare themselves with others -Every person with a disability will require assistance Disability is a biological problem of a particular individual. This assumption is related to the medical model of disability. Block (2014) discusses the stereotype of seeing a person with a disability as needing to be cured and lamenting "tragic" cases where there is no cure. This assumption overlooks the influence of prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination. People with disabilities react to their environmental circumstances. Putnam (2005) commented that the absence of disability accommodations by architects, urban planners, and public officials suggests to people with disabilities that they are not being recognized or included as part of a community. That is a problem not created by their disability but instead by their being omitted from the thoughts and decisions of others. Any problems for a person with a disability must stem from the disability. People with disabilities may have health problems like anyone else, but they are not "unhealthy," nor is a disability a cause of disease. If a man with a disability is upset because he feels he has been discriminated against, it is discrimination and not the disability that is the cause of his anger. Being in a wheelchair is not necessarily frustrating, but a woman in a wheelchair may be frustrated when confronted with no curb cuts, no ramps for her to enter a building, or inaccessible restrooms within the building. A person with a disability is a "victim." This assumption may suggest a humane and even compassionate attitude, but it is steeped in pity and lacks respect for the person with a disability. Such perceptions relegate people with a disability into something not fully human, which is alienating (Block, 2014). Studies of people with disabilities often report that the participants do not view themselves as victims but are more concerned about how to function effectively in their environment. People with a disability, like all human beings, want to live full, productive lives. Being disabled is central to self-concept and social comparisons for a person with a disability. Although having a disability is usually a factor in shaping a person's sense of identity, self-concept refers to how a person feels about himself or herself. A person with a disability will develop his or her self-concept in ways similar to others who tend to rely on factors such as academic achievement, awards, aesthetic interests, good relationships with others, demonstrating competence at work, and so on. People with a disability who have a job are likely to compare their job performance with that of all of their co-workers, not just others with disabilities. A paraplegic woman "may be as likely to compare herself with other women her age, others of her occupation, others of her family, class, race or a host of other people and groups who function as (her) reference group" (Fine & Ash, 2000, p. 334). Having a disability means a person will need assistance. This assumption comes from the historical notion of "handicapped people" as helpless and dependent. In the 1930s, people with a disability were classified as "unemployable," preventing them from being considered for jobs in federal and local work relief programs (Longmore, 2003). People with disabilities are not blamed for having a disability, but they are seen as an unending burden, needing the kindness of others to assist them (Block, 2014). Yet people with disabilities are only as dependent as the environment makes them. The blind man on the elevator may ask someone to push the button for the right floor unless the elevator panel has floor numbers in Braille. A wheelchair user will have to bring friends or ask strangers for help getting past a flight of steps if there is no ramp allowing wheelchair access. A woman with severe cerebral palsy may have trouble communicating with others if she is not given access to a computer or assistive device. Because of these assumptions, disability advocates have had to aggressively demand that people with disabilities be given opportunities to achieve their goals.

How were INSTITUTIONS for people with disabilities established in the U.S.?

-After the Civil War, communities looked to institutions to address various problems -People with disabilities were institutionalized in hospitals -Administered by individuals with a medical degree -Supposed to rehabilitate clients but merely took care of them

what kind of abuse do women encounter in the US?**************

-Almost two and a half million women are stalked each year -Almost 240,000 women are sexually assaulted each year (1 assault every 2 minutes) -Almost 84,000 women are raped each year (1 rape every 6 minutes) 1 of 6 American women have been sexual assault victim -Almost half of all date rapes occur among teenagers 73% of domestic violence incidents are not reported

What are some myths about homosexuality?***********

-Anyone who has ever engaged in homosexual act is homosexual -Homosexuals seduce adolescents to recruit them to gay lifestyle -Tend to be criminals especially child molesters -People become homo bc they had a bad sexual experience -In homo relationships the focus is on sex not love -Close personal relationships b/w people of the same sex might lead to homosexual relationship -People become homo bc of negative childhood experience such as sexual abuse or having not good parents being heterosexual

What are current controversies about labeling children?

-Children of color are over represented in special needs population -White children are more likely to have a label with less stigma (e.g. ADHD) -Students with a disability are twice as likely to be suspended from school

what examples of violence against LGBT people have been reported?

-Gay men were 3 times more likely to be victims of violence than straight men. -Transgender women were 3 times more likely to be victims of violence than straight women -In 1998 Matthew Shepard, a gay college student was brutally murdered -In 2007, 68% of Americans believed gay bashing was a hate crime -In 2009, Congress included gay bashing in the federal hate crimes law

How does the United States support people with disabilities who want to live INDEPENDENTLY?

-In 1973, the Supplemental Security income (SSI) program was created to assist people with disabilities -It was only available for those who could prove financial need -In 2014 Congress passed the ABLE act increasing recipient's allowable assets

Why do some LGBT people refer to themselves as "queer"?

-In encompasses all LGBT people -Only some are comfortable with the term -Queer studies departments exist at many universities

Why were people with disabilities placed in INSTITUTIONS?

-In medieval Europe, children with disabilities were placed in monasteries -Some communities confined "deviants" in available buildings (e.g., leprosaria) -These buildings became mental asylums or "lunatic hospitals" -This practice continued in the U.S. because people with physical, psychological or developmental problems were not wanted out in the community

How have States responded to CRITICISMS of INSTITUTIONS for people with disabilities?

-Many States have passed "DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION" laws to close institutions -Many States promote moving institutionalized people into community placements

What are some heterosexist cultural and religious beliefs?

-Many individuals still believe that heterosexuality is the "natural" condition of human beings (the heterosexual assumption) -Some Christian denominations interpret the Bible to justify condemnation of gay men and lesbians

What gender biases did women confront in the earliest years of the US?

-Married men were viewed as family provider, responsible for finances -married women could not own property or keep income they earned During war, women performed all domestic & economic tasks as men fought.

How have legitimate LABELS been misused?

-Mentally retarded people diagnosed as severe or profound were viewed as incapable of independent living and were institutionalized -Experts assumed that up to 75% of people with cerebral palsy were retarded (new tools and testing strategies refuted this)

What is the annual COST of CARE for people with disabilities?

-Minimal cost for institutional care = $6 billion each year -Moving people from institutions to community settings saved 5% to 25% -Maximum cost for community placement = $40,000 per person (Taxpayers fund over 60% of expenses for people with disabilities living in institutions or nursing homes)

How did women respond to the pressure to stay home & not have a career?

-More than 80% of employed women continued to work -Increased numbers of middle class women enrolled in college

What is the alternative to placing people with disabilities in institutions?

-Most people with disabilities prefer to live in communities: In family homes In group homes -Some communities resist allowing group homes in residential areas

What can federal and state governments do to assist families living in poverty?

-Subsidize child care for single parents enrolled in education for training programs -Establish childrens savings accounts to fund future enrollment in college or training programs -federal government should require businesses to pay a living wage to workers -State governments must increase funding for schools serving low-income children -Make it easier to apply for Earned Income Tax Credit and offer other tax relief -Offer tax incentives to corporations to locate in inner cities -Increase the availability of housing vouchers -Offer incentives for multinational corporations to keep jobs in the U.S. rather than outsourcing overseas

What evidence exists that negative attitudes prevailed in INSTITUTIONS and in SOCIETY?

-The EUGENICS movement singled out people with mental or physical disabilities for institutionalization -Many of these institutions were exposed for providing inadequate care for basic human needs -30 states enacted laws permitting the involuntary STERILIZATION of people labeled "feeble minded" or "mental defectives"

How does the United States GOVERNMENT provide support for people with disabilities?

-The federal government established the Social Security program in 1935 .Did not include people with disabilities until the 1950s -In 1990 Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to address discrimination against people with disabilities .Has been ineffective

Did women workers during WWII prove their competence?

-Women constituted the majority of the workforce -research could be manipulated to support the prevailing needs (women workers) studies concluded that menstruation reduced women's ability to be effective at work -many women lost their jobs after the war

Are all people negatively affected by attitudes toward ideal body image?

-Women of color tend to be more accepting of having a larger body image -Children seem to learn negative attitudes toward overweight people

what are the most common behaviors that women regard as sexual harassment?

-men make a nuisance of themselves by persistently asking women for dates -men making unwelcome sexually suggestive remarks to women like sexual jokes

are there gender equity issues for boys?

-receive 70% of all D and F grades -more likely to be suspended (61% vs 39% for girls) -are 80% of all dropouts

What was the response in England to people in poverty?

-termed outdoor relief: food, funds, and other assistance were distributed to people as needed creation of vagrancy laws that punished beggars and vagrants: public whippings, exile, forced labor, and, for some people who persisted in being poor, execution.

What are some myths about welfare recipients?

-welfare rolls are increasing -welfare families are large -people on welfare live confortablly bc they abuse the welfare system -welfare recipients are too lazy to get a job -the federal government only helps people on welfare -people can escape welfare by going to college

Who suffer the most from poverty?

75% CHILDREN living in poverty with single mothers & many elderly women worked in minimum wage jobs and now have low social security payments

Harvard-Yale Study (1986)

A 1986 Harvard-Yale study predicted that if women postponed marriage to get a college diploma, they would find few marriage partners available. studies appear to contradict the traditional American belief that women are the primary beneficiaries of marriage.

What did initial research on homosexuality conclude?

Acknowledged and defined homosexuality -regarded it as a perversion of natural

How does the cultures image of beauty adversely affect women?

Almost 50% of adult females express dissatisfaction w/ their body (normative discontent) "normative discontent"

How have attitudes of the American people changed concerning homosexuality?

American gays and lesbians became politically active -More celebrities came out -The HIV/AIDS crisis motivated more LGBT rights and respect as heterosexuals receive

How are children from low-income families disadvantaged in schools?

American schools are designed for middle- and upper-class children, and that's a major reason why they are failing to educate low-income students, a failure that has been exacerbated by the focus on standardized testing SAT For children from low-income families to achieve success in their adult lives, they must have access to: good nutrition, health care, high-quality preschool education, good K-12 public schools, early diagnosis of learning disabilities and other special needs

What was the response to the needs of poor people by the 20th century?

American society tended to regard poverty as proof of moral misconduct, so organizations denied aid to drunkards and would only help their families if the wife and children left the drunkard. Social reformers began to challenge Christians to demonstrate a more altruistic attitude by helping people in poverty, and reformers often identified capitalists as the true cause of suffering among the poor. Then studies reported people were primarily poor bc of circumstances they couldn't control rather than a deficiency & states stopped taking children away from poor parents and provided financial support, especially single mothers.

What historical evidence has described the existence of homosexuality?

Ancient Greeks writings describe same sex sexual activity b/w men as acceptable practice -The Band of Thebes was a successful and famous military unit consisting of 150 pairs of male lovers -Memoirs of life in British boarding schools: Boys engaged in sexual activity with each other & Called it "Greek Love" in reference to their reading of Greek authors -Many cultures in certain geographic regions historically accepted homosexuality: Polynesia, Caribbean, Mediterranean -Two thirds of the world's cultures accepted homosexual behavior at some point

How do businesses discriminate against low income families?

Blank price tags, bait & switch, rent to own, and pawn shops

What was the the response to poverty during the colonial period?

Brought English attitudes- In the colonies, outdoor relief included sharing food, providing common grazing land, building shelters for homeless families, and caring for sick persons when they had no family to help them English poorhouses providing food and shelter became an alternative to outdoor relief. People living in poorhouses were required to work to pay for their care, reducing the need for local revenue.

Why should problems outside of school affect a child's performance in school?

Children living in poverty: often don't receive appropriate nutrition which affects cognitive development & suffer from environmental deficiencies that may lead to health problems (asthma), 1/3 of Americans slip in and out of overt each year over 1 million high school students drop out each year

What happened to the "religious obligation" to help the poor?

Christian faith in America was a major contributor to increasingly harsh attitudes toward the poor. Many colonial Protestants believed that poverty was a consequence of sin and slothfulness, while the rich were rewarded for their thrift and virtue. Americans often expressed their belief that anyone who wanted to work could find a job

How can negative attitudes be changed?

Eliminate negative words like "crippled" and "handicapped" and replace with what is called "PEOPLE FIRST" language: People with epilepsy, People with cerebral palsy, People with disabilities

How did the federal government address unemployment in the 1930s?

FDR's New Deal FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Act Provided relief funds to states & initiated the CCC (civilian conservation corps) to employ single men & established the WPA (works progress administration) to employ adult workers The Wagner Act passed in 1935 created a National Labor Relations Board and granted unions legal status as collective bargaining agents.

Poorhouse Stigma

Filled with drunks or mentally ill

Why have LGBT been excluded from military service?

Gays have historically served in the military -Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT) failed -Americans overwhelmingly rejected DADT and supported gays openly serving in the military

"Warned Out"

Had to prove they could care for themselves or they would we "warned out" of the community.

What has current research reported with regard to homosexuality?

In 2008, the world's largest study of twins confirmed that homosexual behavior is influenced by genetics as well as by a mix of environmental factors animal studies report same-sex sexual activities

Why did people think poorhouses were the solution to poverty?

In the 19th century, INSTITUTIONS were regarded as the solution for many problems:hospitals for the mentally ill, orphanages, reform schools for juveniles, & prisons for convicts

How did the 1948 Kinsey report challenge the heterosexual assumption?

Kinsey found a continuum of human sexuality from exclusive heterosexual to homo -did not conclude that homo sexuality was "normal" -proposed a new reality of sexual variation

When was the heterosexual assumption challenged?

Kraftt-Ebing - cures -castration, sterilization, electric shock

How can LGBT be discriminated against if they don't reveal their identity?

Lack of exposure and opportunity; Closeted employees tend not to socialize as much as their heterosexual peers - may not be selected for promotions and other opportunities Closeted employees cannot claim health care and other benefits for their partners - Do not receive compensation equal to their heterosexual peers

What progress and what resistance to women's rights had occurred by the 20th century?

Many women worked outside the home including 10% of married women -Half of all college students were women -in 1920 women first voted for president (while men voted for the first Miss America) -Women could not persuade Congress to pass an Equal Rights Amendment

Why have gay couples demanded the right to marry?

Marriage is a secular and legal right that allows partners to be eligible for benefits that heterosexuals enjoy (heath care and insurance)

How has the federal government addressed the disadvantages for low-income children?

McKinney Vento Act requires: public schools identify homeless students, monitor them carefully for warning signs of a cognitive disability & if there is evidence of a disability, initiate the diagnostic process

Rape myth/reality

Myth: Rape is an act of sexual arousal caused by an attractive, sexy woman who stimulated such sexual tension and passion that the man could not control himself. Reality: Rape is an act of power and humiliation, and any woman of any age is a potential victim regardless of her physical appearance. Myth: Rapes usually occur in dark alleys or poorly lit parking lots where the woman is isolated and therefore vulnerable. Reality: More than 60% of rapes occur in the victim's home or in a place where the woman would normally feel safe—the home of a friend, relative, or neighbor. Myth: Rapes are usually committed by violent strangers concealed somewhere usually at night waiting for an unwitting and unknown victim. Reality: Almost 66% of rapes are committed by someone the victim knows, such as a lover, a friend, a relative, or an acquaintance; other potential rapists may be trusted authority figures such as a teacher, a minister, a counselor, or a therapist. Myth: Because many women read and enjoy romance novels that typically include rape scenes, these women must fantasize about rape and secretly want to be raped. Reality: Romance novels are fantasy adventures that portray sex in terms of seduction. Although women may fantasize about being seduced by a handsome man, such fantasies bear no relationship to the brutality, violence, and violation associated with rape. It is well documented that boys and men enjoy reading novels and watching movies and television shows filled with murder and violence. Does that mean they secretly want to be murdered or assaulted?

How has rape been misunderstood in the US? ***********

Myth: Rape occurs when an attractive woman sexually arouses a man Myth: rapes occur in dark alleys or public places when a woman is alone Myth: rapes are committed by violent strangers Myth: women read romance novels w/ rape scene suggesting that they fantasize about and desire to be raped

What are some economic consequences of ageism for both the elderly and youth?

Pension plans switched to 401(k)s, annuity will only cover private health insurance Social Security benefit only $14k annually discrimination by employers of older workers Gender gap for women Less funding for higher education = fewer young people in college Debt from college

What role did the media play in women being forced out of their jobs?

Polls & magazine and newspaper articles emphasized the role of women as wives & mothers

What was the impact of the Kinsey report?

Promoted more research: -Evelyn Hooker's case studies of gay and straight men .experts could not determine which men were gay or straight .concluded that 2/3 of the gay men were mentally stable -APA and AMA removed homosexuality from list of mental illness in 1973

ESSAY -

Rape is an underreported crime. According to the Justice Department, for every 100 rapes, only 40% are reported to the police, only 10% lead to an arrest, and only 8% are prosecuted (RAINN, 2014). Because of changes in police departments' processing of rape cases and new guidelines for rape trials, this crime is now more likely to be reported. Still, fear affects a woman's decision to report a rape. According to MacKinnon (1987, p. 82), victims have given one or more of the following four reasons for not reporting a rape: Threats: Rapists often threaten to return and to inflict even more violence if victims go to the police. Some rapists even threaten to kill their victims, and just by reading newspapers, women know this has happened to others. Reactions: Some victims fear the reactions of their significant others. Women have been verbally abused, beaten, and even abandoned by partners who would not believe that the woman did nothing to incite the rape. Disbelief: Some women fear that if they report the rape, the police might not believe them. Even if the police are convinced, some women fear they may not be able to persuade a jury. There is no guarantee of justice from the legal system. Publicity: Some women fear the loss of privacy, and the feeling of being exposed and vulnerable, as well as being subjected to embarrassing allegations about their personal lives in court. They are also reluctant to recall and relive (in front of an audience) a painful, humiliating incident they would rather forget. The concerns of rape victims are the reason law enforcement officials and other experts have generally agreed with feminists that the number of reported rapes is probably much less than the number of incidents. Rape and domestic violence are painful consequences of sexism played, principally by men, as a power game in our culture.

How do institutions exploit low income families?

Red lining in banking & require minimum checking & Poor people without checking accounts are exploited by check cashing stores & Private lenders charge higher interest rates than banks, then sell loan packages to banks for a quick profit while banks collect the high interest

*Ch. 11 Heterosexualism Cultural heterosexualism: What is heterosexual assumption?

Refers to a dominant culture defining HETEROSEXUALITY as the NORM and regarding other sexual behavior as DEVIANT -Assuming that every human being born is heterosexual is innate

Ch. 9 Classism: Misperceptions & Myths about income, wealth, & poverty *Cultural Classism:

Refers to a society promoting negative beliefs and practices that portray people having low incomes and few resources as responsible for their situation and as inferior to those having higher incomes and more resources

*Institutional Sexism What are some examples of institutional sexism?

Refers to established LAWS, CUSTOMS, and PRACTICES in a society allowing SYSTEMATIC DISCRIMINATION against people or groups based on GENDER (e.g. although women are now almost half of the workforce, women are still paid less than men -Women less likely to receive adequate health care -Less likely to be insured bc of divorce or working in low wage jobs -Clinics providing health care including legal abortions for low-income women have been targeted and eliminated by many state legislatures -Women in the workforce continue to earn less than men

Institutional heterosexualism: Is the demand for gay rights really a demand for special privileges

Refers to established LAWS, CUSTOMS, and PRACTICES that systematically DISCRIMINATE against people who are not heterosexual -Not at all; should not be deprived of their equal civil rights as American citizens

*Institutional ableism:

Refers to established laws, customs, and practices that SYSTEMATICALLY DISCRIMINATE against people with disabilities

*Institutional Classism: What is the disparity b/w the richest & poorest Americans increasing?

Refers to institutional policies and practices that EXPLOIT low-income people and BENEFIT middle or upper class individuals -Federal policies have played a major role to divert more resources to the richest americans through tax cuts & exemptions

Individual heterosexualism: What groups are included in LGBT community?

Refers to negative ATTITUDES and BEHAVIORS based on the belief that any sexual orientation other than heterosexual is UNNATURAL and UNACCEPTABLE .These negative attitudes contribute to "gay bashing" where individuals or groups of males physically assault men perceived to be gay -Lesbian Gay Bi Trans

Individual ableism: How are negative attitudes reflected in the way people w disabilities

Refers to negative attitudes and behaviors based on the assumption that someone's disability results in their level of ability being DEVIANT from the NORM -Negative words and phrases create negative attitudes: Crippled, Handicapped, Impaired, Afflicted with..., A victim of..., Confined to a wheelchair

*Ch. 12 Ableism Cultural ableism:

Refers to the determination of an individual's abilities based on his or her disabilities; any policy or practice promoting the belief that uses disability to justify discrimination against people with disabilities Refers to a society's portrayal of people with disabilities as DEVIANT and promoting negative beliefs and images that present people with disabilities as INFERIOR

How do Income levels determine social class?

Scholars define "middle class" as a set of attitudes and beliefs rather than based on income levels

Are LGBT couples good parents?

Shows that children receive good parenting Often exceed children of heterosexual parents in developing social skills, building self-confidence, & promoting tolerance of others

What was the outcome of the New Deal?

So many jobs after WWII, no need to continue ND 70% of Americans now expect the federal government to play a role in addressing poverty issues & youth programs (Peace Corps/Americorps) to continue the practice of involving young people in federal projects & anti-poverty programs such as social security, welfare, and unemployment insurance continue to be federally funded

How will addressing health issues for low income children improve their academic achievement?

Studies show that children's cognitive development and standardized test scores improved: When they receieve adequate nutrition & when their health is not adversely affected by environmental conditions

How does learning sexist language influence attitudes & behaviors?

Studies show that exclusive language (generic use of man) influences people to think in terms of men only -feminists have promoted opportunities for women (more girls today express interest in nontraditional careers)

What are the historical perceptions of people with disabilities?

Subhuman organism: not having the same level of intelligence and emotions Diseased organism: disability is a defect needing to be cured object of dread: viewed as a defective person, perhaps a punishment from God Object of pity: viewed as helpless, dependent, incapable Object of ridicule: subjected to name calling and humor Holy innocent/eternal child: can never become a capable adult Menace to society: perceived as violent portrayed as villains

Why do women choose not to report a rape or attempted rape?***********

THREATS - Rapists threaten to harm the victim if she reports the rape REACTIONS - Victims worry that family and friends may not be sympathetic DISBELIEF - Victims fear that a judge or jury may not believe her story PUBLICITY - Victims worry about losing their privacy by making a public accusation of rape

What does it mean to be androgynous?

The belief that men and women share a variety of human traits that should be encouraged in both rather than fostering traits based on gender -Androgynous people respond to situations as needed (i.e., aggression or nurturing behaviors as appropriate to the situation)

*Ch. 10 Sexism Cultural sexism:

The promotion of beliefs and practices in a society that reinforces RIGID GENDER ROLES for men and women

Why was it so difficult to find work?

The rapid development of machines throughout 2nd half of 19th century (hand threshing was eliminated by machines)

How large is the disparity of wealth in the US?

The top 10% own 92% of the wealth & the bottom 50% hold 2% of wealth. Since 1979 the wealth of the top 5% increased by 73% while remaining STAGNANT for 90% of Americans. American CEOs rank 1st among global corporations for the most highly paid making 331 times the average workers salary

What arguments justify men earning more than women in the workforce?

The wage gap b/w men and women is a historic problem & we are making progress on solving it & as young women enter the rock force the gap in entry level salaries is decreasing

Why should LGBT be encouraged to become teachers?

They could act as role models Promote tolerance of gay youth Can reduce violence bias

How have salaries in the US been affected by recent economic changes?

Wages for full time workers have stagnated or declined since the 1980s:From 2007-2009 three million new workers were ADDED, but the net job LOSS in the U.S. was 8.2 million jobs. Since 2007, 75% of the new jobs created have paid only $7.50 to $13.50 an hour

How do scholars describe a disability culture?

When people share a common disability share: A pattern of knowledge, skills, behaviors, attitudes and beliefs, common language, cultural identity, network of social organizations (deaf culture)

How and when did forms of discrimination change?

Women activists -lobbied for laws establishing the right of women to own property and control their earned income -defied gender roles by advocating publicly on political issues such as: conditions for working women, child labor, abolition of slavery Grimké sisters, were the first American female advocates of abolition and women's rights. They were writers, orators, and educators. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony

What effect did the civil war have on women's demands for gender equity?

Women were hired to work in occupations previously denied to them -women in certain occupations increased (teachers, social workers, nurses) -women were active in political causes -more women in college despite studies warning against it (health problems, less likely to marry)

Why were people who had jobs so close to poverty?

Workers were usually exploited by employers who kept low wages so that it was difficult for workers to support their families Poorhouse residents, mostly children, elderly disabled 1848 report of a Philadelphia poorhouse where only 12% of the residents were capable of working

Why were children removed from poorhouses?

hereditary pauperism, as if being poor was a genetic defect Believed that children of the poor would learn bad habits if they stayed w/ their parents & if placed in an orphanage they could learn good habits and could be adopted by middle-class couples

How can schools make a difference in the lives of low-income children?

implementing high-quality early childhood programs have significant impacts on low-income children & reorganizing schools to eliminate social class segregation benefits academic achievement for all students COMMON CORE

*Ageism: How do scholars define ageism?

is an alteration in feeling, belief or behavior in response to an individual's or group's chronological age ageism is a process of stripping someone of his or her identity and replacing it with a stereotypical image of an elderly person

what do studies say about who benefits from marriage?

marriage appears different of benefits for men and women: married men tend to be physically healthier than unmarried & women report lower levels of depression than unmarried women, both tend to live longer

What labels represent legitimate ways of identifying people?

mentally retarded = intellectual disability

are American employers following sexual harassment guidelines?

most Americans employers have demonstrated a willingness to take aggressive action against sexual harassment perhaps bc courts have ruled liability for what happens at their worksite

*Individual sexism: What does it mean to be a male chauvinist or a feminist?

prejudiced attitudes & behavior demeaning to women or to men based on cultural beliefs about gender and roles -Male chauvinist-a man or women who believes that men ought to be the leaders and decision makers & women should b subordinate to men -feminist-a man or woman who advocates for the personal, social, and economic equality of women and men

*Individual Classism:

refers to attitudes and discriminatory actions stemming from prejudice against poor people

Is there evidence to support claims of prejudiced attitudes toward youth?

stereotypes are reinforced by the correlation b/w youth and higher crime rates, unemployment (institutionalized discrimination against young people) Much of this correlation is a consequence of economic and cultural factors,

How has ageism manifested itself in American society?

the concept of mind gave way to an emphasis on the brain as the seat of mental activity increased use of the term senility stereotypical traits associated with elderly persons—moving slowly, thinking slowly, and not learning as well as younger adults

why are men earning more than women in the workforce?

the glass ceiling was coined to refer to an upper limit (usually upper middle management) beyond which women are not often promoted at the same rate as men nor to top leadership roles

How did unions ultimately help workers to gain higher salaries?

unions helped to persuade employers to pay a monthly wage giving workers a predictable rate of compensation worker's compensation laws

how is sexual harassment a significant problem for women in the workforce?

unwelcome deliberate and repeated behavior of a sexual harassment, even some men are victims

what are the workplace guidelines for sexual harassment?

victims must tell the harasser that they regard this behavior as offensive & if continued behavior that victim can tell supervisor to file a complaint

What did workers do to protest employer exploitation?

women were paid much less than men so they formed unions to initiate strikes demanding wage increases & better working conditions