Immunity

Which blood component is a granular leukocyte that produces and releases histamine as part of the immune response? A. Basophil B. Eosinophil C. Monocyte D. Neutrophil

A. Basophil Basophils are granular leukocytes that participate in the immune response by releasing histamine. Eosinophils and neutrophils are granular cells that have other roles in the immune system. Monocytes are agranular cells that become macrophages as part of the immune response.

Which agranular leukocyte in the blood is responsible for immunoglobulin production? A. Basophil B. B lymphocyte C. Monocyte D. T lymphocyte

B. B lymphocyte The B lymphocyte is an agranular leukocyte blood component responsible for immunoglobulin production. Monocytes are also agranulocytes that go on to make macrophages. T lymphocytes are agranulocytes that participate in cell-mediated immunity. Basophils are a type of granular cell.

What biologic agent is used to treat the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis? A. Celecoxib B. Etanercept C. Methotrexate D. Prednisone

B. Etanercept Etanercept is a biological agent used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). Prednisone and celecoxib are anti-inflammatory medications used to manage the disease.

What autoimmune disease is treated mainly with thyroid replacement therapy? A. Graves' disease B. Hashimoto's disease C. Sjögren's syndrome D. Takayasu arteritis

B. Hashimoto's disease Hashimoto's disease is a disorder of autoimmune hypothyroidism treated with thyroid replacement therapy. Graves' disease involves overactivity of the thyroid gland. Neither Sjögren's syndrome nor Takayasu arteritis is related to the thyroid gland.

A scientist wants to develop a new drug to inhibit T-cell proliferation and antibody formation to aid in immunosuppression for patients receiving organ transplants. What molecular component should the drug target? A. Agglutinogens B. Cytotoxic T-cells C. Interleukin-2 D. Suppressor T-cells

C. Interleukin-2 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has an especially strong stimulatory effect for inducing the proliferation of T-cells and forming antibodies. A drug targeting IL-2 would inhibit the formation of other T-cells. Agglutinogens are the antigens associated with type A and type B red blood cells and would not be targets in immune therapy for transplant patients. Cytotoxic T-cells are responsible for direct-cell attacks on microorganisms or the body's cells. Suppressor T-cells prevent cytotoxic cells from causing excessive immune reactions that damage the body's tissue.

What cytokine is implicated in transplant rejection and can be measured in an individual suspected of having an autoimmune disorder? A. Erythropoietin B. Interferon C. Interleukin-6 D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

C. Interleukin-6 Interleukin-6 is a cytokine measured in blood that can be a marker of autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, infection, and some cancers. Erythropoietin is a cytokine that has been repurposed to treat anemia. Interferon is a cytokine used to treat hepatitis C and multiple sclerosis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is an acute phase reactant.

What disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis? A. Celecoxib B. Etanercept C. Methotrexate D. Prednisone

C. Methotrexate Methotrexate is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Etanercept is a biologic agent used to treat this disease. Prednisone and celecoxib are anti-inflammatory drugs.

What molecule secreted by cytotoxic T cells aids in the immune destruction of infected cells? A. Interferon-gamma B. Interleukin-4 C. Perforin D. TGF-beta

C. Perforin Perforin and other molecules are secreted by cytotoxic T cells. They aid in the destruction of infected cells. Interleukin-4 is made by Th2 cells Interferon-gamma is made by Th1 cells. TGF-beta is made by T regulatory cells.

Leukocytes develop antibodies and protect against pathogens and other foreign bodies. What type of leukocyte is phagocytic? A. Basophil B. Eosinophil C. Erythrocyte D. Neutrophil

D. Neutrophil Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic; they ingest bacteria. Eosinophils secrete chemicals to destroy parasites too large for phagocytosis. Basophils secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels and heparin to inhibit clotting and aid the movement of leukocytes to the affected area. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.

What autoimmune disease is treated with NSAIDs and Plaquenil or another antimalarial drug? A. Celiac disease B. Graves' disease C. Hashimoto's thyroiditis D. Systemic lupus erythematosus

D. Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus is treated mainly with NSAIDs and Plaquenil or another antimalarial drug. Celiac disease is treated with dietary modifications. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are generally treated with drugs to support the thyroid gland.

What type of immune cell participates in B cell differentiation and secretes cytokines necessary for the activation of B cells? A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Regulatory T cells C. Th1 cells D. Th2 cells

D. Th2 cells Th2 cells secrete multiple interleukins that activate B cells and participate in B cell differentiation. Th1 cells make cytokines that act on macrophages. Regulatory T cells secrete substances that suppress the immune system. Cytotoxic T cells act by secreting substances that act on infected cells.