Intelligence
Familial retardation>>intellectual disability
- no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family - no biological defect except there is a history in the family
Causes different ways of labeling mental disability
-1% to 3% have intellectual disability (mental retardation) -Inclusive definition of mental disability makes it hard to classify and label (many criteria) -Below average functioning can be easily measures using standard IQ tests -Measuring the limits of adaptive behavior is very difficult
Francis Galton (1822- 1911) was the first to try to measure intelligence.
-He based intelligence according to the shape of the skull. -To him, physique and intelligence are inherited.
Being intellectually gifted
-IQ greater than 130 -2% to 4% of the population -often wrongly stereotyped >>physically, academically, socially capable >>more awards and contribution >>greater life satisfaction
factors that explains the difference in people's career success
-Observation of others' behavior -Ability to learn and apply norms and principles -HIGH PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE
Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from...
-Prior learning and past experiences -Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams.
artificial intelligence
-Type of software that can process information on its own without human intervention. -a subdiscipline of computer science that attempts to simulate human thinking
naturalist intelligence
-ability to identify and classify patterns in nature -people who are adept at distinguishing nuances btw. large numbers of similar objects may be expressing naturalist intelligence abilities
profound (IQs of below 25)
-cannot function independently -requires lifelong care
severe (IQs of 25 to 39)
-cannot function independently -requires lifelong care
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences-Quote
-each person has the same eight kinds of intelligence- in varying degrees -they do not operate alone -there might be even more types like existential intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
-encompasses abilities like getting along with others -explains why people with modest traditional intelligence can be quite successful -no test that quantifies emotional intelligence -important skill that people push it to be taught at schools. -Nurturing emotional intelligence is best done in the family as there is no set specific set or standard.
Comparing IQ between different races in...
-imprecise, misleading, and fruitless -there are greater discrepancies* btw. individuals than by comparing average IQ of a group *discrepancy=a difference between two things that should be the same .... There are other underlining factors that prevent/favor one group over the others like... -family's financial status -cultural upbringing
Binet and the development of IQ tests
-performance improves with chronological age -performance could be used to distinguish intelligence within a group
Drawbacks of the Standford-Binet, WAIS-IV, and WISC-IV Tests
-requires one-on-one administration -Difficult to administer and score on a large-scale basis (big group of students)
mild (IQs of 55 to 69)
-slower development -can function quite well -can hold jobs and have families
moderate (IQs of 40 to 54 )
-slower language and motor skills detectible even during the early years, -can hold jobs, -needs lifelong moderate supervision
Criteria of intellectual disability
1. intellectual skill 2. conceptual skills 3. social skills 4. adaptive skills
Heritability
A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors
intelligence--Western idea
Ability to establish categories and debate rationally.
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason and think flexibly. -reason abstractly -raw mental ability, pattern recognition, abstract reasoning -how fast you learn new things -not influenced by culture or the size of your vocabulary
When reading a classic novel for literature class, for example, it is usually necessary to compare the motives of the main characters of the book or analyze the historical context of the story.
Analytical intelligence--an example of comparing and contrasting things
In a science course such as anatomy, you must study the processes by which the body uses various minerals in different human systems. In developing an understanding of this topic, you are using analytical intelligence. When solving a challenging math problem, you would apply analytical intelligence to analyze different aspects of the problem and then solve it section by section.
Analytical intelligence--an example of understanding the process of how things work--analyzing different aspects of the problem and then solve it section by section
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS- IV)
Analyze and interpret the IQ of a older adolescent to adult in identifying their strengths and weaknesses. Similar areas as WISC
Practical Intelligence (Sternberg)
Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences. This type of intelligence appears to be separate from traditional understanding of IQ; individuals who score high in practical intelligence may or may not have comparable scores in creative and analytical intelligence (Sternberg, 1988)
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Eight distinct spheres of intelligence musical 1. bodily kinesthetic 2. logical-mathematical 3. linguistic 4. spatial 5. interpersonal 6. intrapersonal 7. naturalist
Gardner's multiple intelligences--Approach
Eight forms of intelligence
Sternberg's practical intelligence--Approach
Intelligence in terms of nonacademic, career, and personal success 1. analitical 2. creative 3. practical
Spearman's general intelligence--Approach
Intelligence is a single, general capacity--g factor--a general mental ability that underlies multiple specific skills, including 1. verbal, 2. spatial, 3. numerical and mechanical.
Sternberg's Practical Intelligence
Intelligence that is related to overall success in living.
Emotional intelligence--Approach
Intelligence that provides an understanding of what other people are feeling and experiencing and lets us respond appropriately to other's need
if you were to administer a test with high reliability to an examinee on two occasions, you would be very likely to reach the same conclusions about the examinee's performance both times. This shows...
Reliability
Requirements of a meaningful test
Reliability>>The tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure validity>>The tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure.
People who are strong in logical-mathematical intelligence are good at reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing problems. These individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers, relationships, and patterns.
Strengths--Analyzing problems and mathematical operations -Have excellent problem-solving skills -Enjoy thinking about abstract ideas -Like conducting scientific experiments -Can solve complex computations Good career choices: Scientist Mathematician Computer programmer Engineer Accountant
Naturalistic Intelligence individuals are more in tune with nature and are often interested in nurturing, exploring the environment, and learning about other species. These individuals are said to be highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments.
Strengths--Finding patterns and relationships to nature -Are interested in subjects such as botany, biology, and zoology -Categorize and catalog information easily -Enjoy camping, gardening, hiking, and exploring the outdoors -Dislikes learning unfamiliar topics that have no connection to nature Good career choices: Biologist Conservationist Gardener Farmer
Individuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at being aware of their own emotional states, feelings, and motivations. They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal strengths.
Strengths--Introspection and self-reflection -Analyze their strengths and weaknesses well -Enjoy analyzing theories and ideas -Have excellent self-awareness -Understand the basis for his or her own motivations and feelings Good career choices: Philosopher Writer Theorist Scientist
Those who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are said to be good at body movement, performing actions, and physical control. People who are strong in this area tend to have excellent hand-eye coordination and dexterity.
Strengths--Physical movement, motor control -Are skilled at dancing and sports -Enjoy creating things with his or her hands -Have excellent physical coordination -Remember by doing, rather than hearing or seeing Good career choices: Dancer Builder Sculptor Actor
People who have strong musical intelligence are good at thinking in patterns, rhythms, and sounds. They have a strong appreciation for music and are often good at musical composition and performance.
Strengths--Rhythm and music -Enjoy singing and playing musical instruments -Recognize musical patterns and tones easily -Remember songs and melodies -Have a rich understanding of musical structure, rhythm, and notes Good career choices: Musician Composer Singer Music teacher Conductor
Those who have strong interpersonal intelligence are good at understanding and interacting with other people. These individuals are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them.
Strengths--Understanding and relating to other people -Communicate well verbally -Are skilled at nonverbal communication -See situations from different perspectives -Create positive relationships with others -Resolve conflicts in group settings Good career choices: Psychologist Philosopher Counselor Salesperson Politician
People who are strong in visual-spatial intelligence are good at visualizing things. These individuals are often good with directions as well as maps, charts, videos, and pictures.
Strengths--Visual and spatial judgment -Read and write for enjoyment -Are good at putting puzzles together -Interpret pictures, graphs, and charts well -Enjoy drawing, painting, and the visual arts -Recognize patterns easily Good career choices: Architect Artist Engineer
People who are strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence are able to use words well, both when writing and speaking. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information, and reading.
Strengths: Words, language, and writing -Remember written and spoken information -Enjoy reading and writing -Debate or give persuasive speeches -Are able to explain things well -Use humor when telling stories Good career choices: Writer/journalist Lawyer Teacher
IBM's Watson
Supercomputer that knows almost anything, but struggles with real world messy data Supercomputer designed to win the game show Jeopardy! Now being used to investigate medical problems.
Culturally biased test
Test that favors one culture over the other in the way the questions were made >>White questions on SAT _______:rowers; host: audience a. coxswain b. lifeguard c. columnist d. pay
mental age (Binet & the Development of IQ Tests)
The age for which a given performance is average or typical ...if the average 8-year-old children answered 45 on a test correctly, then anyone who got 45 will be assigned the mental age of 8 years Drawback in using mental age: -cannot adequately compare among people of different chronological ages OLD IQ Formula: IQ=( mental age/chronological age) x 100
intelligence--defined by psychologists
The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges. the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
fetal alcohol syndrome>>intellectual disability
The most common cause happens when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
Stanford-Binet Test
The test consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested children--asked to copy figures, answer questions about everyday life activities older people-- solve analogies, explain proverbs, and describe underlying lexical similarities The test is administered orally and includes verbal and nonverbal assessments. IQ is computed based on the pattern of correct and incorrect answers. Subtests have subscores to tell the student's strengths and weaknesses.
intelligence--Eastern and African idea
Understanding and relating to one another.
Whether or not the test measures what it claims to measure. A test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. On a test with high validity, the items will be closely linked to the test's intended focus. This shows...
Validity
If it wants to measure your knowledge in numbers then it should not be...[validity]
a test on world knowledge.
Down syndrome>>intellectual disability
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. when a person is born with 47 chromosomes instead of 46 extra copy of the 21st chromosome
conceptual skills
ability to formulate ideas, create mental abstractions
Crystallized intelligence is characterized as
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. When you learn, remember, and recall information, you are using crystallized intelligence. You use crystallized intelligence all the time in your coursework by demonstrating that you have mastered the information covered in the course.
Gardner first outlined his theory in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, where he suggested that...
all people have different kinds of "intelligences."
Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence...
becomes stronger.
Analytical intelligence
closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations. demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.
Fluid intelligence encompasses the ability to see...
complex relationships and solve problems. Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your fluid intelligence.
Reliable test
consistency of the results If a person takes the test again, will he or she get a similar test score, or a much different score? A test that yields similar scores for a person who repeats the test is said to measure a characteristic reliably. >> test-retest reliability >> consistency over time >> internal reliability >>subtests correlate very highly
In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components:
crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963).
Fluid intelligence tends to decline...
during late adulthood. Certain cognitive skills associated with fluid intelligence tend to decline as people reach later adulthood.
Issues of group administration of test
easy to administer • limited to paper-pencil test • disadvantages far outweigh the advantages >>limited type of tasks >>people perform better in a one-on-one setting >>impossible to administer with young children
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
evaluations for identification of special education populations like learning disabled students and students with mild mental disabilities. -Verbal Comprehension -Perceptual Reasoning -Working Memory -Processing Speed
When you encounter an entirely new problem that cannot be solved with your existing knowledge, you must rely on....
fluid intelligence to solve it.
Robert Sternberg--Success Intelligence--triarchic theory of intelligence
intelligence comprised of three parts: 1. Practical intelligence 2. Creative intelligence 3. Analytical intelligence
intelligence--recent theories
intelligence=a multidimensional concept that has different types.
social skills
interaction and communication with others
If it is an intelligence test then... [validity]
it should measure intelligence and not something else.
intrapersonal intelligence
knowledge of the internal aspects of oneself; access to one's own feelings and emotions -display deep insight into one's own inner life
birth complications>>intellectual disability
lack of oxygen
intellectual skill
mental operations that enable us to acquire new knowledge, and apply knowledge in both familiar and new situations.
Fluid intelligence helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life, whereas crystallized intelligence helps you...
overcome concrete, straightforward problems
adaptive skills
practical, everyday skills needed to function
intellectual disability
significant limitations both in intellectual and conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
interpersonal intelligence
skills in interacting with others, such as sensitivity to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and intentions of others
logical-mathematical intelligence
skills in problem solving and scientific thinking
musical intelligence
skills in tasks involving music
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
skills in using the whole body or various portions of it in the solution of problems or in the construction of products or displays, exemplified by dancers, athletes, actors, and surgeons
linguistic intelligence
skills involved in the production and use of language
spatial intelligence
skills involving spatial configurations, such as those used by artists and architects
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome>>intellectual disability
small head circumference, low nasal bridge, thin upper lip, flat midface and short nose small mandible minor ear abnormalities
The student who crawled through the window (seeing the door she used to leave was now chained shut from the inside) demonstrated...
some creative intelligence but did not use common sense. She would have low practical intelligence.
Sternberg's Practical Intelligence
the ability that individuals use to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Crystallized intelligence
the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life. -accumulation of knowledge and skills that people have learned through experience and education -stems from size of your vocabulary and knowledge of your culture -Examples: paragraph comprehension, vocabulary tests.. -does not decline during adulthood
g factor (general intelligence)--early theory
the notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability -verbal competency -mathematical expertise -spatial visualization
Cognitive Psychology
the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem-solving, knowing, reasoning, and judging.
When results are inconsistent NOT because of the testing tool (question/task), they cause...
the test to be unreliable.
The student who encouraged his friend to run away from the sound of gunshots...
would have much higher practical intelligence.
