Introduction to Psychology Chapter 9 and 10 Study guide (intelligence and consciousness)
The operational definition of consciousness is...
"if a cooperative person reports being aware of one stimulus but not another they were conscious of the first and not the second"
Sleep is important for
- Conservation of energy - Strengthening learning and memory
Possible explanations for G
- Many psychologists believe the g factor corresponds to an ability that underlies all kinds of intelligence, such as mental speed or working memory. - Another possibility is that different abilities correlate with one another because the same growth factors that promote any one of them also support the others.
Causes of insomnia include
- Noise - worries - indegestion - uncomfortable temperatures - alcohol or caffeine - medical or psychological disorders
Hypothesis for Flynn effect
- improved education - decreases in mental retardation - improved health and nutrition - increased cognitive stimulation - increase in marrying outside of neighborhood
The circadian Rhythm controls:
-Hunger and thirst -Urine production -Blood pressure -Alertness -Body temperature -Mood
What occurs when someone is conscious of a stimulus? Step 1?
1. The stimulus activates neurons more strongly
to determine validity, researchers look at what 5 types of evidence?
1. content 2. response process 3. internal structure 4. relation to other variables 5. consequences of testing (Can you RESPOND IN Time? REALly need bail money (consequense)
The mean IQ at each age is...
100
What occurs when someone is conscious of a stimulus? Step 2?
2. Their activity reverberates through other brain areas
What occurs when someone is conscious of a stimulus? Step 3?
3. That activity rebounds to magnify the original response
What occurs when someone is conscious of a stimulus? Step 4?
4. The process inhibits responses to competing stimuli.
Hypnosis
A condition of focused attention and increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels. (Accurate location of brain activity)
Latent content
According the Feud, hidden ideas that the dream experience represents symbolically
Who devised the first IQ tests?
Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon
Brain scans indicate that brain activity responsible for movement occurs.....
Before the reported time of the conscious decision
Coma
Caused by traumatic brain damage, the brain shows a steady but low level of activity and no response to any stimulus, including pain.
monarchic theory of intelligence
Charles spearman; intelligence consists of g or general intelligence, and s or specific abilities
Measuring validity of a test is _____
Difficult
neurocognitive theory
Dreaming is simply a kind of thinking, similar to daydreaming or mind wandering, that occurs under these conditions: - reduced sensory stimulation - reduces activity in prefrontal cortex - loss of voluntary control of thinking - enough activity in other brain areas
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
During this stage of sleep, the sleeper's eyes move rapidly back and forth under the closed eyelids.
Most young adults are ________people, while those over 65 are ______ people
Evening or intermediate; morning
People suffer serious jet lag when traveling....
From west to east
Hypnosis can not
Give people special strength of powers, or improve working memory
Gifted
IQ score of 130 or more approx
What part of the brain inhibits movement during sleep?
Medulla to the spinal cord
stage 2 sleep
NREM pulse and breathing slower, longer slower brain waves
Stage 1 sleep
NREM, just fallen asleep, neural activity is unsynchronized
vivid dreams are most common during
REM sleep
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control the rhythm?
Regulating the pineal gland's secretions of melatonin
what is "S"
Specific factors of intelligence includes mechanical, spatial, logical, and arithmetical
REM sleep resembles _______ except for rapid eye movement
Stage 1 sleep
Which are the most widely used IQ tests?
The Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests
Aptitude
The ability to learn, or fluid intelligence
Brain death
The brain shows no activity, often recovery does not occur
Reliability
The repeatability of a test's scores, determined by calculating correlation coefficient
consciousness is...
The subjective experience of perceiving oneself and one's surroundings.
Which area of the brain generates an approximate 24 hour rhythm?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus
Bias
The tendency for test scores to overstate or understate the true performance of one or more groups
activation-synthesis theory
Theory that dreams occur because the cortex takes the haphazard activity that occurs during REM sleep plus whatever stimuli strike the sense organs and does its best to make sense of this activity.
Why did early psychologists abandon the study of consciousness?
They thought that consciousness was an internal private experience that cannot be measured. They lacked methods to measure brain activity. They moved on to studying behavior.
Why was the stanford-binet iq test originally created?
To place children with intellectual deficiencies in special classes
IQ tests are reasonable stable over time for most individuals t/f
True
The brain processes stimuli even without consciousness. t/f
True
The activity in the brain after a unconscious stimulus is...
Weak and localized primarily to the visual cortex
What are ways to combat stereotype threat?
Writing interventions informing testers of stereotype threat and urge them to relax
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score (for IQ tests it is around 15-16)
deja vu experience
a feeling that an event is uncannily familiar
adaptive testing
a method where the range of items used is adapted to the performance of the individual
a correlation coefficient of +1 indicates
a perfectly reliable test (exact same result of everyone)
Jet lag
a period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings.
circadian rhythm
a rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day
correlation coefficient
a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other (-1 to +1)
Backward masking
a stimulus appears on a screen followed by a interfering stimulus
Masking
a stimulus appears on a screen for a fraction of a second, preceeded by an interfering stimulus.
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion to do or experience something after coming out of hypnosis (help break unwanted habits)
Meditation
a systematic procedure for inducing a calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques, decreases anxiety, increases attention and relaxation
Manifest content
according to Freud, content that appears on the surface of a dream
crystalized intelligence
acquired skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge in specific situations (older people have this)
Lowest correlation of IQ scores
adoptive parent and adopted child
Consciousness of a stimulus appears to be an ___________ process
all or none
Attentional Blink
an inability to report a target stimulus if it appears soon after another target stimulus
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
an individual test developed especially for school-aged children; it yields verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores Used for children up to 16 years old
psychometric approach
based on the measurements of individual differences in performance
Even during sleep-deprivation the body_________ because of your circadian rhythm
becomes more alert at certain times
WISC and WIAS subscores
call attention to strengths and weaknesses, used to identify potential learning disabilities
Narcolepsy
caused by losing brain cells that produce orexin, experience sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day
Night terror
causes someone to awaken screaming and sweating with a racing heart rate, sometimes flailing with the arms and pounding the walls
sleep apnea
characterized by failing to breathe for a minute or more and then wake up gasping for breath.
Unconscious processes are an important part of_______
cognition
polysomnography
combine EEG measurements with eye movement measurements, used by sleep researchers
insomnia
consistently not getting enough sleep to feel rested the next day. inability to fall or stay asleep.
What is "g"
describes the overlap of general abilities or intelligence
Norms
descriptions of how frequently various scores occur
Moving forward is ______ that going backward in shift time
easier
S-B IQ test scores are computed from tables in order to..
ensure that a given score means the same at different ages.
Intellectual development depends on
environment, physical health in early childhood
Most dreams are similar to ____
everyday life
Lucid dreaming
experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming, Increased activity in frontal and temporal cortex, deceased everywhere else
Evening types tend to be more______
extraverted
children's intellectual development can not be helped by extensive intervention in early childhood if continued for years t/f
false
Voluntary decisions are....
gradual and not sudden
The lower the reliability, the ______ the fluctuation of scores
greater
Standardization
in testing, the process of evaluating the questions, establishing rules for administering a test, and interpreting the scores
Hypnosis can
inhibit pain, posthypnotic suggestion
REM sleep is paradoxical because
it is light, meaning brain, heart rate is active; but also deep as the large muscles of the body are fully relaxed and immobile.
IQ tests for infants have _____ reliability
low
Sleep-deprived people have difficulty...
maintaining attention
minimally conscious state
marked by brief periods of purposeful actions and speech comprehension, next step up from VS.
Vegetative state
marked by limited responsiveness, such as increased heartrate in response to pain, alternate between sleeping and wakefulness.
Formula to calculate IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100
People pretending to be hypnotized....
mimic known behaviors of truly hypnotized people
The highest correlation among IQ scores is for
monozygotic twins reared together
orexin
neurotransmitter that allows for prolonged wakefulness
slow-wave sleep
non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages (3 and 4)
Sleep talking
occurs in all stages but mostly stage 2,
Sleep apnea is most common in _____
over-weight males who's breathing passages have narrowed
Stereotype threat
people's perceived risk of performing poorly and thereby supporting an unfavorable stereotype about their group
Stanford-Binet Test
procedure designed by Binet and Simon and later modified for English speakers by Stanford psychologists, tests items are designated by age (adaptive testing)
flash suppression
procedure of blocking consciousness of a stationary visual stimulus by surrounding it with rapidly flashing items
intelligence quotient (IQ) tests
procedures that try to predict someone's performance in school and similar settings
periodic limbic movement disorder
prolonged "creepy-crawly" sensations in their legs, accompanied by repetitive leg movements strong enough to awaken the person, especially during the first half of the night.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
proposes seven areas of intelligence including: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
a correlation coefficient of 0 indicates
random results (individuals guessed the whole test)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of the electrical activity of the brain, (accurate timing of brain activity)
mentally challenged/disabiled
refers to people more than 2 standard deviations below average (IQ less than 68 or 70)
Sunlight ______ the rhythm in the Suprachiasmatic nucleus
resets
Down syndrome
results in many impairments as a result of an extra copy of chromosome 21, manifests as impaired speech development, motor skills, and cognition
ganglion cells in the retina respond to ______
short wavelengths of light over a period of time and send output to the SCN.
Whales and dolphins sleep despite having to swim to the surface to breath by....
sleeping on one side of the brain at a time
Consciousness of a stimulus occurs _________ the stimulus itself
slightly after
sleep spindles
stage 2; brief bursts of fast activity that appear something like the shape of an "eye" as they rapidly increase in amplitude and then rapidly decay
Stanford-Binet scores provide...
subscores for visual reasoning, short term memory, etc, also provides an overall score and a nonverbal score
The rising and setting of the ____ helps set our CR but we generate the rhythm ourselves.
sun
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain (accurate timing of brain activity)
Flynn effect
tendency for performance on IQ tests to improve from one generation to the next. about 3 points every 10 years
binocular rivalry
the alternation between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina
Mental age
the average age of children who perform as well as the child
If the SCN is damaged...
the body's activity cycles become erratic
test-retest reliability
the correlation between scores on a first test and a retest
Validity
the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for the intended purposes
Readiness potential
the increased motor cortex activity prior to the start of the movement
Mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
Progressive matrices
the most widely used culture -reduced test, where the matrices progress gradually from easy to difficult items, and attempt to measure abstract reasoning (only provides a single score)
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests, working mem, processing speed, verbal comprehension etc
fluid intelligence
the power of reasoning, using information, and solving new problems (younger people have this)
normal distribution
the scores for a population approximate the normal distributions indicated by bell shaped curve
Regression to mean
the tendency for those who score very low on a test to improve upon retest and those who score very high to score lower upon retest.
more dreams are _______ than pleasant
threatening
Chronological age
time since birth
A possible function of conscious thought is
to prepare for future action when a similar situation arises
No common genetic variant has been found for intelligence t/f
true
Psychologists must remove items of tests that are easy for one group and hard for other groups t/f
true
intelligence depends on many genes making small contributions, and epigenetic factors t/f
true
In some few cases, patients have been reported as being conscious despite being in a ________
vegetative state
Hypnosis is not greatly different from
wakefulness
Sleep walking
walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep (not while dreaming) motor cortex is active, rest is not.
(backward) Masking, Flash suppression, and attentional blink are all....
ways of controlling consciousness of a stimulus
Achievement
what someone has already learned, or crystalized intelligence
Whether or not blind people have dreams depends on_____
when they lost their eyesight