Lifespan 4
obesity psych results
stigma --> avoid medical checkups, eat more, exercise less
best obesity treatment
sustained counseling and encouragement are best
best age of conception biologically
peak: 25 women: before 30 men: before 40
adulthood: height
starts decreasing by middle age: 50s and beyond -back muscles, CT, and bones lose density --> vertebrae in the spine shrink -people lose about 1 inch of height by age 65
menopause definition; age?
time in middle age (42-58; avg age: 51) in which periods stop because hormone levels decrease
adulthood: hair
turns gray and gets thinner by the end of the stage -first place is at the temples -hair usually starts to gray by age 40
best age of conception emotionally
women who wait until 30s are more emotionally adjusted
medical assistance for giving birth with HIV
women: medical help can almost always help the fetus -men: sperm can be collected and washed in the lab to rid them of the virus --> IVF
obesity in the US
world leader in obesity and diabetes -obesity in the US hasn't changed since 2000
presbycusis
a loss of hearing associated with senescence; usually not apparent until age 60
how many try ART?
about half of infertile US couples try this --> not always successful, expensive, long, no guarantees or privacy
adulthood: sexual arousal
arousal slows with age and orgasm takes longer -distress at slower responsiveness --> anxiety based on misinformed expectations, troubled interpersonal relationships, and unrealistic fears
ART=
assisted reproductive technology
adulthood: illegal drugs
decreases over adulthood -marijuana is the slowest to decline -8-10% of 25-35 year olds still use marijuana
infertility: what can help?
diet and exercise
DALYs=
disability-adjusted life years
oxygen and age
organ reserve capacity decreases; vital capacity is reduced; oxygen dispersal into the blood from the lungs drops 4% per decade --> breathing become quicker and more shallow
disability: what? results?
-difficulty in performing ADLs bc of some physical, mental, or emotional condition -hurts a society more than mortality or morbidity if people with disabilities are less able to contribute to the general welfare
HRT results for women
-diminishes menopause symptoms and decreases osteoporosis -taking estrogen for 10+ years causes increased risk of heart attack, stroke, breast cancer
adulthood: income and health
-financially-well, well-educated adults live longer: after age 35, the lifespan increases by 1.7 years for each extra year of education
smoking results; # deaths
-biggest preventable cause of death and chronic disease -443,000 deaths per year in the US -1 billion smoking-related deaths between 2010-2050 worldwide
ART strategies
-can open up fallopian tubes -can increase sperm count -IVF
adulthood: health habits
-correlation between habits in emerging adulthood and health in adulthood; esp true in issues relating to aging -psych and cultural factors weight more heavily than biological ones in regards to health issues
adulthood: sperm production
-daily about 100 mill sperm reach maturity after 75 day dev process --> anything that impairs body functioning over this period can reduce sperm number, shape, and motility
adulthood: vision
-peripheral vision narrows faster than central vision -color vision shifts from vivid to dull faster than black and white -nearsightedness increases and begins at age 20 -farsightedness doesn't appear until 40-45 -younger adults are usually either nearsighted or farsighted, but by the middle of this stage, you are usually both -takes longer for eyes to adjust to darkness or glare
adulthood: hearing: what? when?
-presbycusis usually around age 60
adulthood: cancer rates? causes?
65% of cancer deaths are attributable to lifestyle choices -the rate of cancer increases every decade of adulthood -smoking: 30% of deaths; poor diet and obesity: 30%; lack of exercise: 5%
oldest woman to give birth with no complications
67
hysterectomy: what? results? how many?
-surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries -causes sudden, premature menopause -in US: 1/4 of women between age 35-55 undergo this
mortality: what? men v. women? overall trend?
-the annual number of deaths per thousand in the pop -lower for women (live 5 years longer than men) -US: women over 85 outnumber men 2:1 bc more young men and boys die -overall decrease
adulthood: muscle fibers
-type II are reduced by 26% per decade beginning at age 30 -type I don't experience nearly as much decline
heavy alcohol consumption
0can be one of the #1 things that becomes addictive and leads to violence -destroys brain cells, contributes to osteoporosis, decreases fertility, accompanies many suicides/homicides/accidents; more than 60 diseases including liver damage and breast/stomach/throat cancer
steps to break habits
1. denial 2. awareness 3. planning 4. implementation 5. maintenance
adulthood: severe brain loss causes
1. drug abuse: consistent alcohol use/abuse leads to "wet brain" --> Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome (wet brain) which is low Vit B 2. viruses e.g. HIV can destroy neurons 3. poor circulation impairs blood flow; can be caused by cigarette smoking and HBP 4. genes: dominant gene for Alzheimer's (1/1000 people)
ways of coping with stress
1. problem-focused coping 2. emotion-focused coping -adults need both depending on the situation -Attitude sometimes determines whether or not an event becomes a stressor
conception for women age 40
1/2 are infertile, the other half risk Down syndrome and neurodevelopmental issues
IVF miscarriage rate
1/3
overall causes of infertility
1/3: issues with the man 1/3: issues with the woman 1/3: mystery
gastric bypass surgery
1/4 get another; high risk of death in the first month after the operation
infertility: rate
15% of couples
US BMI stats
2% underweight 66% overweight (BMI 25+) 33% obese (BMI 30+) 5% morbidly obese (BMI 40+)
adulthood ages
25-65
adulthood: prescribed drugs
abuse of prescription drugs increases -they are prescribed more pain medications because they have more pain management issues --> can abuse them more easily -adults are slower to recognize that pain and medications can be addictive -you are going to like your doctor more if they give you more pain medication --> doctors are too quick to prescribe pain medications --> should explain addictive qualities
adulthood: health worldwide
US has lower life expectancy and higher morbidity rate than several poorer nations -immigrants are healthier but poorer than native-born
adulthood: weight
adults gain about 1-2 pounds per year -excessive weight increases the risk of every chronic disease
when is hearing most acute?
age 10 but perfect hearing is always impossible
stressor definition
any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed
infertility: female issues
anything that impairs physical functioning: advanced age, extreme dieting, obesity, pelvic inflammatory disease that blocks fallopian tubes
problem-focused coping
attacking their problems directly -more men: fight or flight sympathetic response --> testosterone
adulthood: brain size and results
brain size literally decreases --> memory tasks and multitasking are harder and processing time is longer
hormone replacement therapy: why?
compensate for reduction in menopause or after ovary removal -diminishes menopause symptoms and decreases osteoporosis
adulthood: metabolism
decreases by 1/3 between age 20 and 60
adulthood: skin
drier, rougher, less regular in color -collagen decreases with 1% per year beginning at age 20 --> by age 30, skin is less flexible and there are more wrinkles --> by age 60, all faces are wrinkled -fat cells decrease wrinkles
adulthood: health and education
education teaches healthy habits -education leads to higher income --> better housing and medical care -education may be a marker for intelligence which is a protective factor
HRT in men
effectiveness is questionable
IVF procedure
egg cells are surgically removed from woman --> fertilized by sperm in lab --> replaced in woman
what does senescence affect?
every part of the body -organ reserve capacity decreases; vital capacity is reduced; oxygen dispersal into the blood from the lungs drops; breathing becomes quicker and more shallow -increased BP and LDLs
adulthood: how to slow effects of aging
exercise --> physical fitness is very much correlated with brain functioning
adulthood: how they feel
feel 5-10 years younger than they are --> strong, capable, healthy, and "in their prime"
adulthood: neurons
fire more slowly -messages sent from the axon of one neuron are not picked up as quickly by the dendrites of another --> slowed reaction time
what is HRT?
giving a woman estrogen or progesterone
senescence definition
gradual, physical decline that is related to aging, during which the body becomes less strong and efficient
tobacco in US
has declined over the past 50 years --> fewer men with lung cancer
weight loss drugs
have many side effects
adulthood: eating choices
high calories, low nutrient -only 27% eat 3 servings of veggies per day
HRT=
hormone replacement therapy
menopause symptoms
hot flashes, hot flushes, and cold sweats -psychological: finding new zest or depression
vitality definition; what affects it?
how healthy and energetic--physically, intellectually, and socially--an individual actually feels -affected more by personality and social affirmation than biology
morbidity: what? men v. women? overall trend?
illnesses and impairments of all kinds -women have higher rates for almost every chronic disease; severely depressed more than 2x men -has increased bc of medical advances -over-diagnosing with false-positives
IVF=
in vitro fertilization
infertile definition
inability to conceive after trying for 1 year
adulthood: lack of exercise
inactivity is incredibly unhealthy, esp for heart disease and diabetes -people are sitting for longer hours every day than before -fewer than 5% of adults in the US and England get 30 min per day of exercise
adulthood: obesity
increases each decade until old age -50% of all adults over the age of 30 are obese
middle age spread
increases waist circumference, all muscles weaken, pockets of fat on the abdomen/upper arm/buttocks/chin, people stoop when they stand
adulthood: happiness
increases with age: adults are more happy and less depressed than emerging adults
alcohol worldwide
low-income nations have more abstainers and more abusers -high-income nations have more moderation
results of stress
lowers immunity, increases BP, speeds up HR, reduces sleep, produces other reactions that can lead to serious illness -can increase drug use, overeating, and underexercising
diseases of affluence
lung and breast cancer --> now more common among the poor
andropause
male menopause -reduction of sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass -implies a drop in hormone or reproductive ability, but it actually is a decreased sex and increased stress/performance anxiety that causes decreased testosterone
disability-adjusted life years: definition
measure of the reduced quality of life caused by disability
public health definition
measures that help prevent morbidity, mortality, and disability in the public at large, such as via immunization, monitoring the food and water supply, and increasing preventative health practices
fertility treatment success
medical advances have solved about half of the issues with infertility
hearing and cohort
more and more HSers listen to loud music --> more symptoms of hearing loss in young emerging adults than ever before --> begins with ringing ears and muffled sound
adulthood: cohort and sex
more comfortable with contraception and only 1-2 kids --> more sexually active bc less worried about offspring
benefits of committed monogamous relationships
more likely to be extremely satisfied with sex life
causes of weight gain in the US
more meat and fat; less fiber -context of meals: long and leisurely vs. fast food
measures of health
mortality, morbidity, disability/vitality, income
whisper test
most adults pass but by age 65, half fail
infertility: where?
most common in nations where medical care is scarce and STIs are common --> fertility may be prized in these places bc infertility and infant mortality are common
adulthood: sexual activity
most people are sexually active throughout adulthood -sex usually stops at age 60 for women and 65 for men -but people with good health continue into 70s and beyond
adulthood: psych wellbeing
one of the best times in life psychologicalyl
attention myopia
one's resolve (maintenance ability) fades when faced with stress
how to achieve goal of less disability and more vitality
primary prevention
QALYs
quality adjusted life years
adulthood: agility and why
reduced bc type II muscle fibers are reduced 26% per decade beginning at age 30
infertility: male issues
reduced sperm number, shape, and activity bc of fever, time in sauna, env toxins, radiation, prescription drugs, stress, addictions to cigarettes and marijuana, coca cola - it takes 5x as many months to impregnate a woman when a man is 45 than when they are under 25
senescence and illness
senescence does not equate with impairment or illness; age weakens/reduces function but does not necessarily lead to illness
adulthood: first physical change
skin becomes drier, rougher, less regular in color
what is the biggest preventable cause of death and chronic disease?
smoking
tobacco worldwide
smoking rates are rising in developing nations; esp among women -smoking-related cancers are increasing