Lifespan Final Ch 13-20 Vocal
Osteoporosis
A chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop.
Parkinson Disease
A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movements, and partial face paralysis.
Metabolic Syndrome
A condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. Metabolic Syndrome often leads to the onset of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Empty Nest Syndrome
A decrease in marital satisfaction that occurs after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children.
Macular Degeneration
A disease that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field.
Dementia
A global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve the deterioration of mental functioning.
Free-Radical Theory
A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because normal metabolic processes within their cells produce unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside cells damaging DNA and other cellular structures.
Dual-Process Model
A model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between 2 dimensions. 1) loss-oriented stressors, and 2) restoration-oriented stressors.
Major Depression
A mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self derogatory, and bored. Te person does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated. Major depression is so widespread that it has been called "the common cold" of mental disorders.
Brain Death
A neurological definition of death. A person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time, A flat EEG recording is one criterion of brain death.
Addiction
A pattern of behavior characterized an overwhelming involvement with using a drug and preoccupation with securing its supply.
Semantic Memory
A person's knowledge about the world, including one;s fields of expertise, general academic knowledge of the sort learned in school, and "everyday knowledge".
Hospice
A program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. The goals of hospice contrast with those of a hospital, which are to cure disease and prolong life.
Alzheimer Disease
A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.
Cataracts
A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted.
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle adulthood, according to Horn.
Romantic Love
Also called passionate love, or eros, romantic love has strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates early in a love relationship.
Affectionate Love
In this type of love, also called companionate love, an individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person.
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain stiffness and movement problems; this disease is especially common in older adults.
Theodore Wachs (page 433)
Inhibition- Individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood are less likely than other adults to be assertive or experience social support, and are more likely to delay entering a stable job track.
Meaning-Making Coping
Involves drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of chronic stress such as when a loved one dies.
Ageism
Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults.
Terri Schiavo Case
Spent 15 years in a vegetative state. Family questioned whether passive euthanasia should be implemented. Her feeding tube was removed and she died 13 days later.
Matching Hypothesis
States that although we prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness.
Leisure
The pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.
Episodic Memory
The retention of information about the where and when of life happenings.
Mitochondrial Theory
The theory that a gene is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
Hormonal Stress Theory
The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can decrease resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory
The theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks, because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory
The theory that successful aging is related to 3 main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation.
Activity Theory
The theory that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
Social Clock
The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life;s tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career.
Emerging Adulthood
The transition from adolescence to adulthood (occurring from approximately 18-25 years of age), which is characterized by experimentation and exploration.
Palliative Care
The type of care emphasized in hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity.
Generational Inequity
The view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.
Fight-Or-Flight
The view that when men experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a fight-or-flight pattern, as reflected in being aggressive, withdrawing from social contact, or drinking alcohol.
Passive Euthanasia
The withholding o available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, in order to allow a person to die.
Postformal Thought
Thinking that is reflective, relativistic, contextual, provisional, realistic, and influenced by emotions.
Evolutionary Theory of Aging
This theory states that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics in older adults; thus the benefits conferred by evolution decline with age because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness.
Possible Selves
What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.
Eldercare
Physical and emotional care taking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or y being responsible for overseeing such care.
Cindy Hazan (page 433-435)
Although relationships with romantic partners differ from those of parents, romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children. Securely attached infants are defined as those who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Similarly, adults may count on their on their romantic partners to be a secure base to which they can return and obtain comfort and security in stressful times. Hazan and Shaver's study revealed that young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships were more likely to describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached. The majority of adults (60%-80%) describe themselves as securely attached, and not surprisedly adults prefer having a securely attached partner. Researchers are studying the links between adult's current attachment styles and many aspects of their lives.
Consensual Validation
An explanation why individuals are attracted to people who are similar to them. Our attitudes and behavior are supported and validated when someone else's attitudes and behavior are similar to our own.
Religion
An organized set of beliefs. practices, rituals, and symbols that increases as an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other. (God, higher power, or higher truth)
Phillip Shaver (433-434)
Answered the question, do adults attachment patterns with partners reflect childhood and adolescent attachment patterns with parents. In a study with Cindy Hazan they revealed that young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships were more likely to describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached.Also in a 2013 study with Mario Mikulincer, they reached conclusions about the benefits of secure attachments. Individuals who are securely attached have a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. They have the ability to control their emotions, are optimistic, and resilient. Facing stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, are mindful of what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies. Attachment categories are somewhat stable in adulthood, but adults do have the capacity to change their attachment thinking and behavior. Although attachment insecurities are linked to relationship problems, attachment style makes only a moderate size contribution to relationship functioning b/c other factors contribute to relationship satisfaction and success.
Contemporary Life-events Approach
Approach emphasizing that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the socio-historical context.
Bella DePaulo (page 442)
Argues that society has a widespread bias against unmarried adults that is seen in everything from missing out on perks in jobs to deep social and financial prejudices.
Executive Attention
Aspects of thinking that include planing actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
Joseph and Claudia Allen (page 403)
Authors of Escaping the Endless Adulthood: How We Can Help Our Teenager Grow Up Before They Grow Old- They argue that in recent decades, adolescence have experienced a world that is full of more challenges when maturing into a competent adult. Their suggestions include- 1) Provide them with opportunities to be contributors 2) Give candid, quality feedback to adolescents 3) Create positive adult connections with adolescents 4) Challenge adolescents to become more competent.
Ellen Berscheid (page 440)
Believe love is more than just passion. Affectionate love, or companionate love, is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep caring, affection for the person. Says that sexual desire is the most important ingredient of romantic love. Some friendships evolve into romantic love, which is also called passionate love or eros. Romantic love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.
Jerald Bachman (page 409)
By the time individuals reach their mid 20's many have reduced their use of drugs and alcohol. This conclusion was reached by longitudinal analysis of more than 38,000 people who were evaluated from the time they were high school seniors, through their 20's. As in adolescence, male college students and young adults were more likely to take drugs than their female counterparts. One study showed that only 20% of college students reported abstaining from alcohol.
Menopause
Cessation of a woman's menstrual periods, usually during the late forties or early fifties.
Date or Acquaintance Rape
Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least causally acquainted.
Divided Attention
Concentrating on more than one activity at same time.
Jeffrey Arnett (page 402) Emerging adulthood (18-25 years) -Still exploring career paths, their identity, and lifestyle. These also characterize people in European countries and Australia, as well as the US.
Concluded that 5 key features characterize emerging adulthood- Identity vs Exploration- (especially with love and work) Emerging adulthood is a time where key changes in identity take place for many people. Instability- Residential changes peak during early adulthood, a time during which instability also is common in love, work, and education. Self-focused- According to Arnett, emerging adults are self focused ninth sense that they have little in the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives. Feeling in-between- Many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults. The age of possibilities- A time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives. Aren't describes 2 ways in which emerging adulthood is the age of possibilities. 1) Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future 2) For emerging adults that have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to chart their life course in a more positive direction.
Andrew Chernin (page 442)
Concluded that The US has more marriages, remarriages, more divorces, and more short term cohabiting relationships than most countries. Combined, these lifestyles created more turnover na movement in and out of relationships in The US, than in any other country.
Glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye.
Active Euthanasia
Death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI's)
Diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual activity.
Chronic Disorders
Disorders that are characterized by slow onset and long duration. They are rare in early adulthood, increase during middle adulthood, and become common in late adulthood.
Integrity Verus Despair
Ericsson's 8th and final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood. This involves reflecting on the past and either piercing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
Erik Erikson (page 438)
Erikson's stage:Intimacy vs. Isolation- Erik Erikson argues that identity vs identity confusion, pursuing who we are, what we are all about, and where we are going in life, is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence. In early adulthood, according to Erikson, after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities, they enter the 6th developmental stage, which is intimacy vs. isolation. Erik son describes intimacy as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person. If a person fails to develop an intimate relationship in early adulthood, according to Erikson, isolation results. Beyers and Seiffge-Krenke's study confirmed Erikson's theory that identity development in adolescence is a precursor to intimacy in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood.
Spirituality
Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Wisdom
Expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters.
Sustained Attention
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
Selective Attention
Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
Rape
Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not consent to it.
Prolonged Grief Disorder
Grief that involves enduring despair and remains unresolved over an extended period of time (over 6 months)
Jean Piaget (page 419)
He concluded that adolescents and adults think qualitatively the same way. At approximately 11-15 years of age, adolescents enter the formal operational stage, which is characterized by more logical, abstract, and idealistic thinking than the concrete operational thinking of 7-11 year olds. Young adults are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking because they have more knowledge than adolescents. Adults especially increase their knowledge in a specific subject (career). Formal operational thought is the final stage in cognitive development, as it characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (page 422)
He discovered that creative people regularly experience a state he calls flow, a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us. He points out that everyone is capable of achieving flow and the first step towards a more creative life is cultivating your curiosity and interest. Here are ideas on how to do this- 1) Try to be surprised by something each day 2) Try to surprise at least one person every day 3) Write down each day what surprised you and how you surprised others. 4) When something sparks your interest follow it. 5) Wake up in the morning with a specific goal to look forward to. 6) Spend time in settings that stimulate your creativity.
Bargaining
Keebler-Ross' third stage of dying, in which the dying person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed.
Acceptance
Kugler-Ross' fifth stage of dying, in which the dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of her or his fate, and, in many cases, a desire to be left alone.
Denial and Isolation
Kübler-Ross' first stage of dying, in which the dying person denies that she or he is really going to die.
Depression
Kübler-Ross' fourth stage of dying, in which the dying person comes to accept the certainty of his or her death. A period of depression or preparatory grief may appear.
Anger
Kübler-Ross' second stage of dying, in which the dying person's denial gives way to anger, resentment, rage, and envy.
Cellular Clock Theory
Leonard Hayflick's theory that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age our cells have less capacity to divide.
Implicit Memory
Memories without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed.
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state.
Convoy Model of Social Relations
Model in which individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals whom they give and from whom they receive support.
Phyllis Moen (page 423)
Recently described the career mystique, an ingrained cultural belief that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will lead to status, security, an happiness. Many individuals envision a career path that will enable them to fulfill the American dream of upward mobility by climbing occupational ladders. However, the lockstep career mystique has never been a reality for many individuals, especially ethnic minority individuals, women, and poorly educated adults. Further, the career mystique has increasingly become a myth for many individuals in middle-income occupations as global outsourcing of jobs and the 2007-2009 recession have threatened the job security of millions of Americans.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future
Robert Michael (page 413) Survey showed that Americans' sex; lives are more conservative than previously believed. Although 17% of the men an d3% of the women reported having sex with at least 21 partners, the overall impression from the survey was that sexual behavior is ruled by marriage an monogamy for most Americans.
Robert Michael and his colleagues interviewed more than 3,00 people from 18-59 years of age who were randomly selected, in sharp contrast withe earlier samples that were based on unrepresentative groups of volunteers. Here are the findings from the 1994 Sex in America Survey- 1) Americans tend to fall into 3 categories, 1/3rd have sex twice a week or more, 1/3rd a few times a month, and 1/3rd a few times a year or not at all. 2) Married and cohabiting couples have sex more often than no cohabiting couples. 3) Most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts. When asked about their favorite sexual acts, 96% said that vaginal sex was "very" or "somewhat" appealing. Oral sex was in 3rd place, after an activity that many have not labeled a sexual act, watching a partner undress. 4) Adultery is clearly the expectation rather than the rule. Nearly 75% of the married men and *%% of married women indicated that they have never been unfaithful. 5) Men think about sex far more often than women do- 54% of men said they think about it every day or several times a day, whereas 67% of the women said they think about it only a few times a week or a few times a month.
Mario Mikulincer (page 435)
Studied the importance of adult attachment styles in peoples lives and found that attachment-anxious individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner. Also in a 2013 study with Phillip Shaver they reached conclusions about the benefits of secure attachments. Individuals who are securely attached have a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. They have the ability to control their emotions, are optimistic, and resilient. Facing stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, are mindful of what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies. Attachment categories are somewhat stable in adulthood, but adults do have the capacity to change their attachment thinking and behavior. Although attachment insecurities are linked to relationship problems, attachment style makes only a moderate size contribution to relationship functioning b/c other factors contribute to relationship satisfaction and success.
Aerobic Exercise
Sustained exercise (such as jogging, swimming, or cycling) that stimulates heart and lung activity.
Tend-And-Befriend
Taylor's view that when women experience stress, they are likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially female friends.
Cognitive Mechanics
The "hardware" of the mind reflecting the neuropsychological architecture of the brain. Cognitive mechanics involve the speed and accuracy of the processes involved in sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization.
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to reason abstractly, which begins to decline from middle adulthood onward, according to horn.
Source Memory
The ability to remember where one learned something.
Euthanasia
The act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or serve disabilities, sometimes called "mercy killing"
Cognitive Pragmatics
The culture based "software programs" of the mind. Cognitive pragmatics include reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and also the type of knowledge about the self and life skills that help us to master or cope with life.
Religiousness
The degree to which an individual is affiliated with an organized religion, participates in prescribed rituals and practices, feels a sense of connection with its beliefs, and is involved in a community of believers.
Middle Adulthood
The developmental period that begins at approximately 40-45 years of age and extends to about 60-65 years of age.
Grief
The emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection to attain satisfactory sexual performance.
Life Span
The maximum number of years an individual can live. The lifespan of human beings is about 120- 125 years of age
Climacteric
The middle transition during which fertility declines.
Life Expectancy
The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
William Damon (page 423)
Wrote a book called, The Path to Purpose: Helping Our Children Find Their Calling in Life. He says that purpose is a missing ingredient in many adolescents' and emerging adults' achievement and career development. Too many drift aimlessly through their high school and college years, engaging in behavior that places them at risk for not fulfilling their potential and not finding a life pursuit that energizes them. He interviewed 12-22 year olds and only 20% hd a clear vision of where they anted to go in life, what they wanted to achieve, and why. 60% had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities, such as service learning or talking with a career counselor, but still had no commitment or reasonable plans for reaching their goals. More than 20% expressed no aspirations and didn't see reasons to have aspirations. He believes that parents and teachers communicate the importance of studying hard and getting good grades, but do not discuss the purpose of academic achievement. He says too often students focus on short-term goals and don't explore the big, long term picture of what they want to do in life.
