mafic, felsic, igneous,
_________ is an extrusive and aphantic igneous rock made up of Ca-feldspar, olivine, and pyroxens that makes up the bulk of the ___________ __________ and has the _________ explosive eruptions
basalt, oceanic crust, least
__________ sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of plant and animal debris
biological
In a depositional environment, the _________ grains are out in the ocean while the _________ grains are closer to the beach
fines, coarsest
There are two classes of metamorphic rocks, ________ and ______ ________
foliated, non foliated,
_________ is an intrusive and phaneritic __________ rock that is dominated by K-Feldspar which means it has a ______ density, and it makes up the vast majority of the __________ _________
granite, igneous, low, continental crust
Calcite undergoes ________ ________ _______ to form ________, which is a _______ ________ metamorphic rock
high grade metamorphism, marble, non-foilated
chemical changes in metamorphic rocks, how?
high pressure and temperature changes leads to changes in mineral structures can also also mobilize volatiles (water, c02) creating pore spaces which serve as a pathway for atoms that lead to changes in crystal structure
The slower the cooling of __________ rocks, the larger their __________
igneous, crystals
___________ igneous rocks are from the cooling of magma below the surface
intrusive
being aphantic or phaneritic igneous rocks ____ _______ and indicator for determining density
is not
foilated metamorphic rocks have _______ or ________ structures created by _____ and _______
layered, banded, heat, pressure
_________ rocks are formed when any type of rocks goes under heat and pressure, and or chemical processes. These conditions -- usually associated with _____ _____ of the original rocks - have modified their mineralogy, texture, and in some cases their composition
metamorphic, deep burial
Mafic ______ are ________ in color (usually black or ______), have a density of ________ which is ________ than that of felsic rocks, they are _________ in granites and they have relatively ________ crystallization temperatures
minerals, dark, green, 3.3, higher, common, high
Felsic ______ are _______ in color, have a density of ______ which is _______ than mafic rocks, they are commmon in _________ and have relatively _______ crystallization temperatrures
minerals, light, 2.8, lower, granites, low
____________ rocks are formed at the earth's surface water or wind driven processes, there are two types, _______ and ________/________
sedimentary, clastic, chemical, biological
where does metamorphism occur?
Subduction zones, mountain roots, sedimentary basins, transform faults
silicate minerals are grouped into two types _______ and ________
felsic, mafic
Common types of felsic minerals are high in ________ content, three are:
aluminum, feldspar, mica, quartz
____________ is an extrusive and aphantic igneous rock that is made up of pyroxene and ca feldspar and is found on the _______ _______ _
andesite, continental margins
_________ is a type of igneous rock, it has crystals that are very small
aphantic
effects of temperature on metamorphic rocks
as temperature rises, chemical reactions increase, and some minerals become unstable and new mineral assemblages form.
effects of pressure on metamorphic rocks
at high pressures, minerals can change phase to a denser packaging of molecules, and the ductility (ability of the rock to be flattened) increases
__________ sedimentary rocks are formed when dissovled materials precipitate from solution
chemical
________/________ sedimentary rocks are formed from chemical or biological processs
chemical, biological
__________ sedimentary rocks are formed from fragments of other rocks
clastic
__________ sedimentary rocks are classified by their ______ ______ and their sorting depends strongly on their _______ _____ _________
clastic, grain size, energy of sorting
________ and _______ are types of clastic sedimentary rocks that have "clasts" which are large visible pieces of rocks
conglomerate, breccia
Temperature increases happen as layers of sediment get buried _____ and _____ beneath the ______ ________
deeper, deeper, earth surface
Non-Silicate minerals form from _____________ processes, two well known non-silicate minerals are ________ and ________
evaporative, limestone, chalk
aphantic igneous rocks are _________
explosive
_________ igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma that erupts on the surface
extrusive
aphantic igneous rocks are found in _______ ______ and _____ environments
fast cooling, extrusive
mafic minerals are high in ______ and _______, some common types are
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole
__________ is an intrusive and phaneritic __________ rock that is made up mostly of olivine and pyroxene, which means it has a ______ density, and it makes up the bulk of the _________
peridotite, igneous, high, mantle
__________ is a type of igneous rock, it has crystals that can be seen with the naked eye, it has the ________ cooling process
phaneritic, slowest
__________ is an extrusive aphantic igneous rock made up of quartz and k-feldspar, it is found on the ______ and _______ of continents and is the _______ explosvie
rhyolite, margin, interior, most
Once shale (_______ rock with ______ crystals) undergoes low pressure and temperature it becomes _______ (which is a ______ grained and _______ rock with minute grains of quartz and mica, When _____ undergoes high pressure and temperature changes, it becomes ________ which is a ___________ _________ rock, that has banding where the light bands are quartz (a _______ mineral) and the dark bans are amphibole(a ________ mineral)
sedimentary, small, slate, fine, metamorphic, slate, gneiss, foliated metamorphic, felsic, mafic
_________ is a more common clastic sedimentary rock than _______ and _____ has the smaller grains
shale, sandstone, shale
95% of the crust is made of __________ minerals
silicate
phaneritic igneous rocks are found in _____ _______ and (now ________) intrusive environments
slow cooling, exposed
