mgmt exam 3

what are the characteristics of functional conflict?

-consultative interactions -a focus on the issues -mutual respect -useful give and take

what is the difference between roles and norms?

-roles are individual and norms are shared -roles are specific for a job/situation and norms apply to a group, team, or organizational level

what are the traits of a narcissistic leader?

-self-centered, strong drive for personal power -more charismatic and passionate, yet more likely to promote counterproductive behavior from others -can be ineffective, bad leaders and have a negative effect on leadership effectiveness

what are the 4 assumptions in Herbert Simon's bounded rationality model?

1. Managers select the first alternative that is satisfactory. 2. Managers recognize that their conception of the world is simple. 3. Managers are comfortable making decisions without determining all the alternatives. 4. Managers make decisions by rules of thumb or heuristics.

what are the steps of rational decision making?

1. define the problem or opportunity 2. generate alternative solutions 3. evaluate alternative and select a solution 4. implement and evaluate the solution chosen

what are the steps of the creative decision making technique?

1. identify: find the problem or opportunity 2. immersion: gather data and think about possible solutions 3. incubation: taking time to step back and let it sit 4. illumination: the solution is determined 5. verification and application: verifies feasibility, execution of the solution

who created the bounded rationality model? and why?

Herbert Simon. To explain why limits exist to how rational a decision maker can actually be within a decision-making environment

what is commitment in reaction to power?

a belief in the cause, go the extra effort/ above and beyond, fully supportive

what is negotiation?

a give-and-take decision-making process involving two or more parties with different preferences

what are representativeness heuristics?

a mental shortcut to estimate probabilities based on similarity to a prototype or stereotype

what is groupthink?

a mode of thinking that people engage in when: -they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group -members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action

what is leadership?

a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

the path-goal theory is ____-oriented

achievement

what are the five common conflict-handling styles?

after i name them ask me to fill in the high or low of each: -Integrating is high in concern for others and high in concern for self. -Obliging is high in concern for others, but low in concern for self. -Dominating is low in concern for others, but high in concern for self. -Avoiding is passive withdrawal from the problem; low in both concern for others and concern for self. -Compromising style is a give and take approach with a moderate concern for both self and others.

what is the trait approach?

an attempt to identify personality characteristics or interpersonal attributes that can be used to differentiate leaders from followers

What is Fiedler's Contingency Theory?

an individual's personality points to whether they're a task-motivated or relationship-motivated leader and as situations change, different styles become appropriate

what is the absence of conflict?

apathy, not harmony

what is devil's advocacy?

assigning someone the role of critic

what is rational decision making?

assumes managers are completely objective and possess complete information (demonstrates great logic)

what is the behavioral styles approach?

attempts to identify the unique behaviors displayed by effective leaders

what are contingency theories?

believes that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader's behavior depends on the situation

what is one common cause of conflict?

competition for limited resources

relationship-oriented leadership includes the use of ___, ____, _____, and _____

consideration, empowerment, servant leadership, and ethical leadership

what are the three forms of trust?

contractual, communication, and competence

personality conflicts are critically important to identify and remedy through ______ ______ to resolve the perceived conflict

direct communication

a manager ______

directs

what are the two types of negotiation?

distributive (win-lose) and integrative (win-win)

what is empowerment?

efforts to enhance employee performance, well-being, and positive attitudes

Century Y Corporation invested $1 million to fix a computer system despite severe technical problems and complaints about the system not being "user-friendly". The decision maker was likely influenced by which judgmental bias?

escalation of commitment bias

what are some hard influence tactics?

exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, legitimizing tactics

group roles are _____ _____ for members of the group as a whole

expected behaviors

what are the two sources that influence intuitive processes?

expertise and feelings

what are espoused values?

explicitly stated values and norms that are preferred by an organization

what are the different forms of alternative dispute resolution?

facilitation, conciliation, peer review, ombudsman, mediation, arbitration

conflict is always a bad thing (true/false)

false

conflict can be either _____ or _____

functional or disfunctional

when using evidence in decision making it is important to ____

gather internal and external data about the problem at hand

what does it mean to use consultation to influence?

getting others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes

what does it mean to use ingratiation to influence?

getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request (using praise, flattery, or humor)

functional conflict is ___

healthy, constructive disagreement, leads to improvements, more productivity

what is stage 1 of the rational model of decision making?

identify the problem or the opprotunity

what is decision making?

identifying and choosing alternative solutions that lead to a desired state of affairs

what is path-goal theory?

if a leader wants their people to achieve their goals, they need to support and motivate them

what are the forms of resistance?

indifference, passive aggressive, resistance, undermining/sabotaging the efforts of the one in power

conflict is _____

inevitable

what are two task-oriented behaviors?

initiating structure and transactional leadership

what are some soft influence tactics?

inspirational appeals, rational persuasion, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals

commitment is superior to compliance because it is driven by _____

internal/intrinsic motivation

what is contractual trust?

it is created when rewards are promised in an exchange for action

Gina gets frustrated at work. In an attempt to express her frustration to her Manager she sends her letter of resignation. The next day Gina has calmed down and wishes to return to work. Gina's manager refuses to allow Gina to withdraw her letter of resignation and tells Gina she no longer works for the company. What type of power is the Manager using?

legitimate power

what are the five bases of power?

legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent

dominating is ____ in concern for others and _____ in concern for self

low in concern for others and high in concern for self

what is anchoring bias?

making decisions based off of the first information received even if it is irrelevant (ex: walking the car lot and deciding to buy a car based off a color you like)

driven and competitive people thrive in ____ culture

market culture

what are the three dark-side traits of leaders?

narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy

a group shares ____ and ____ and has a common _______

norms and goals and has a common identity

what are the three fundamental layers of organizational culture?

observable artifacts, espoused versus enacted values, and basic underlying assumptions

what is legitimate power?

obtain compliance because of formal authority (can be positive or negative)

what are the common conflicts in organizations?

personality and intergroup

what is the difference between position and personal power?

position power is associated with a job/position (you manager controls your pay, schedule, etc.) and personal power is independent of that (your reputation, network, skills, etc.)

what are the two models of decision making?

rational and nonrational

what are the three decision making techniques?

rational, intuitive, and creative

what are the three main individual reactions to power?

resistance, compliance, and commitment

Gina promised her employees if they reached the goal of fewer than 5 customer complaints during December she would give them each a $500 gift card. What type of power is Gina using and what is her likely result?

reward power, compliance

what is one think that produces compliance?

rewards

what are heuristics biases?

shortcuts, in making a quick decision to conserve mental activity

what is market culture?

strong external focus and value stability and control

what negative leadership traits does machiavellianism have?

superiority and manipulation

what is the one trait that all research agrees on about the definition of leadership?

the ability to influence

what level does a personality conflict happen at?

the individual level

what are observable artifacts?

the physical manifestation of an organization's culture

what is evidence-based decision making?

the process of conscientiously using the best available data and evidence when making managerial decisions

what is escalation bias? (aka the escalation of commitment bias)

the tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed (ex: bringing in a new software to the company, learning it isn't going to work...but sticking to it anyway)

what is the hot buttons process of negotiating with emotion?

to be prepared for and know what can throw you off balance

what is the primary purpose of task-oriented behavior?

to ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way

conflict can have both negative and positive outcomes (true/false)

true

you do not have to be in a formal position of authority to be an effective leader (true/false)

true

what is an inspirational appeal?

trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to others emotions, ideals, or values

what is a group?

two or more interacting individuals who are working toward a common goal or share a common purpose

what are enacted values?

values and norms that are actually exhibited or converted in employee behavior

when is consensus reached in group decision making?

when all members can say they either agree with th decision or have had their say and were unable to convince others of their viewpoint

what is satisficing?

when managers select the first alternative that is good enough due to the fact that costs in time and effort to look further are too great

when does conflict occur?

when one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

what is non-rational decision making?

when our ability to make decisions restricted or bounded by a series of constraints (we are guided by bounded rationality)