Mastering Biology Chapter 6
structure that is not part of the endomembrance system
chloroplast
the primary role of ______ is to bind animal cells together
desmosomes
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your SMCHS lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? a. toy microscope magnifies a good deal but has low resolution therefore poor quality images b. toy microscope usually used a different wavelength of light source c. toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen d. SMCHS microscope produces greater contrast in the specimens
a
The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells? a. 1000:1 b. 10:1 c. 100:1
a
Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table: Volume Surface Area Cell 1 9.3 μm3 26.5 μm2 Cell 2 12.2 μm3 37.1 μm2 Cell 3 17.6 μm3 40.6 μm2 Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently? a. Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment. b. Cell 1 since it has the smallest volume and will not produce as much waste as the other cells. c. Cell 3 because it is big enough to allow wastes to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane. d. Cell 3 since it has the largest surface area which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes quickly.
a
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? a. They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. b. They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. c. They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. d. They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.
a
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____. a. endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cellthe endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria b. acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi c. anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygenthe anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts d. an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolving into the nucleus
a
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? a. ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane b. nucleus → ER → Golgi c. Golgi → ER → lysosome d. ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane e. ER → Golgi → nucleus
a
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? a. phagocytic white blood cell b. leaf cell of a plant c. nerve cell d. bacterial cell e. muscle cell
a
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? a. both have their own DNA b. both are surrounded by a single membrane c. both are found in plant and animal cells d. both reproduce by meiosis e. proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER
a
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules? a. flagella and motile cilia b. centrioles and basal bodies c. motile cilia and primary (nonmotile) cilia d. basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia
a
Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplats and mitochondria_____ a. are part of the endomembrane system b. have multiple membranes c. have their own DNA d. are capable of reproducing themselves
a
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? a. Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. b. Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. c. The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. d. Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack ribosomes.
a
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its _____. a. nuclear matrix and extracellular matrix b. Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix c. nuclear pores and secretory vesicles d. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
b
Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to _____. a. divide in two b. move vesicles within a cell c. contract muscle fibers d. extend pseudopodia
b
Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease. a. The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles with faulty membranes that leak their contents into the cytoplasm of the cell. b. The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids. c. The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains too many ribosomes which results in an overproduction of the enzyme involved in carbohydrate catalysis. d. The mitochondria are most likely defective and do not produce adequate amounts of ATP needed for cellular respiration.
b
In order to best eliminate the chance for rejection, a tissue or organ should be made from cells obtained from which of the following? a. a sibling b. the patient c. a donor pig d. a cadaver
b
Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____. a. a plant but not an animal b. nearly any eukaryotic organism c. an animal but not a plant d. a bacterium
b
Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease? a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. lysosomes d. Golgi apparatus
b
What is the reason that a modern TEM can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super resolution light microscope? a. focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer b. electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light c. contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal d. electron microscopes has a much greater ratio of image size to real size
b
Where would you expect to find tight junctions? a. in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes b. in the epithelium of an animal's stomach c. between plant cells in a woody plant d. between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum
b
Which of the following choices correctly matches a tool and its proper application? a. TEM to study the movement of organelles in a living cell b. cell fractionation to study the function of specific organelles c. SEM to study the detailed movements of living cells d. TEM to study the surfaces of preserved cells e. light microscopy to study the internal structure of cilia
b
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? a. whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism b. whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes c. the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall d. whether or not the cell contains DNA e. the presence or absence of ribosomes
b
Which of the following is most likely to receive a fabricated organ made from his own cells? a. thyroid cancer patient b. bladder cancer patient c. pancreatic cancer patient d. lung cancer patient
b
Which of the following is true? a. Your cheek cells have the exact DNA as your mother's cheek cells. b. Your cheek cells contain the same DNA as your brain cells. c. All human cheek cells have identical DNA. d. Your cheek cells have about 75% of the same DNA as your brain cells.
b
You are part of a research team working on developing a stem cell treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. What type of cells are you trying to repair? a. blood b. nerve c. bone d. muscle
b
Your uncle has a stem cell treatment in which he has skin cells injected into his lungs. A benign tumor of skin cells resulted. What is this called? a. a melanoma b. a teratoma c. a sarcoma d. a hematoma
b
scientists obtain adult stem cells from here
bone marrow
Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table: Volume Surface Area Cell 1 9.3 ïm3 26.5 ïm2 Cell 2 12.2 ïm3 37.1 ïm2 Cell 3 17.6 ïm3 40.6 ïm2 Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently? a. Cell 3 because it is big enough to allow wastes to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane. b. Cell 3 since it has the largest surface area which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes quickly. c. Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment. d. Cell 1 since it has the smallest volume and will not produce as much waste as the other cells.
c
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton. a. The cell cytoskeleton is similar to an animal skeleton in providing rigid internal support and structure to the cell. b. The cell cytoskeleton serves as permanent scaffolding to anchor cell components into position within the cell cytoplasm. c. The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components.
c
Cilia and flagella bend because of ____ a. conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally b. motor protein called radial spokes c. motor protein called dynein d. quick inward movements of water by osmosis
c
Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the a. ribosomes. b. lysosomes. c.mitochondria. d. peroxisomes. e. endoplasmic reticulum.
c
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). a. Rough ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, whereas smooth ER is less complex. b. Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell, and rough ER is not. c. The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
c
If a fabricated windpipe is not receiving proper oxygen and nutrients, which of the following failed to properly regenerate? a. mucus producing cells b. keratin c. blood vessels d. white blood cells
c
In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____ a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. the nucleoid d. a membrane enclosed nucleus
c
Select the correct statement describing cellular structure or function. a. Only plant cells contain chloroplasts, and only animal cells contain mitochondria. b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell. c. Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP.
c
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that _______ a. light provides higher contrast than electron b. light provides for higher magnification than electron c. light allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells d. light provides for higher resolving power than electron
c
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? a. mitochondrion......photosynthesis b. ribosome......manufacture of lipids c. central vacuole.....storage d. lysosome.....movement e. nucleus.......cellular respiration
c
Which of the following is true? a. Adult stem cells turn into embryonic stem cells. b. Adult stem cells turn into embryonic stem cells. c. All cells in the human body can be traced back to an embryonic stem cell. d. Embryonic stem cells do not contain DNA.
c
Which of the following treatments with stem cells is currently most likely to be effective? a. Giving them to a person with multiple sclerosis. b. Injecting them into a lung cancer patient. c. Bone marrow transplant. d. Injecting them into the spinal cord of a paraplegic.
c
Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function? a. The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is continuous with the cell nucleus. b. Secretory proteins in transit from one part of the cell to another are carried in lysosomes. c. Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus.
c
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likey_____ a. constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix b. primarily producing proteins for secretion c. enlarging its vacuole d. primarily producing proteins in the cytosol
d
Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. a. reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments b. cytoplasmic streaming c. setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm d. growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
d
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is ______ a. removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons b. translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids c. linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide d. transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA e. translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids
d
In a plant cell, DNA may be found_____ a. only in the nucleus and chloroplats b. in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes c. only in the nucleus d. in the nucleus, mitcohondria, and chloroplasts
d
In plant cells, the middle lamella _____. a. maintains the plant's circulatory system b. prevents dehydration of adjacent cells c. allows for gas and nutrient exchange among adjacent cells d. allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another
d
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? a. Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. b. Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. c. Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. d. All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
d
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? a. gap junctions b. DNA and RNA c. the nucleus d. integrins
d
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in_____ a. mitochondria b. nuclei c. lysosomes d. chloroplasts
d
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? a. assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus b. synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA to make mRNA c. selectively transports molecules out of the nucleus but prevents all inbound molecules from entering the nucleus d. it regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
d
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? a. Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would have little effect on a cell's response to external stimuli. b. Although microtubules are common within a cell, actin filaments are rarely found outside of the nucleus. c. The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes is a static structure most resembling scaffolding used at construction sites. d. Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
d
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? a. Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. b. The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. c. Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. d. Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. e. Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.
d
Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell? a. The nuclear envelope is a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. b. Plasmadesmosomes in the nuclear envelope permit the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. c. All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope. d. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. e. The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is coated with laminin.
d
Which structure-function pair is mismatched? a. Golgi; protein trafficking b. ribosome; protein synthesis c. nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits d. microtubule; muscle contraction e. lysosome; intracellular digestion
d
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? a. ER b. mitochondrion c. nuclear envelope d. chloroplast e. ribosome
e
the best scaffold for growing a replacement tissue or organ would be made of this
extracellular matrix
____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells
gap (communicating) junctions
produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted
golgi apparatus
organelle that plays a role in intracellular digestion
lysosome
common to plant and animal cells
mitochondrion
structure that is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell
rough ER
cell junctions that form a barrier to the passage of materials
tight junctions