Midterm

Formosa (Spanish Formosa)

- a small colony of the Spanish Empire - established in the northern tip of the island known to Europeans at the time as Formosa (now Taiwan) from 1626 to 1642.

Palawan

- the Philippine Island that was part of the Sunda landmass.

Domestication

- types of domestication in SE Asia: agricultural, horticultural and arboricultural. -

Nusantao

- "In order to avoid potential confusion by using a linguistic term, Solheim has introduced the term 'Nusantao' for early peoples speaking Austronesian language and has proposed that they represent a maritime population that evolved in an area encompassing the southern Philippines, estern Borneo, and western New Guinea. The Nusantao are envisioned as sailors and maritime traders, thus allowing for a transfer of formal elements of the Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Tradition within a variety of social and cultural contexts" (Hutterer p. 245)

Homo floresiensis

- 95,000-13,000 yep - found in Indonesian island Flores. - new dwarf hominin, homo floriensis, modern v. Pleistocene coastlines, totally different species explanation, they are homo sapiens related to us but because they have this disease mutation in genes they weren't able to grow and reach their genetic potential, bigger is not necessarily better, small don't need as much food.

Wallacea

- An imaginary line that separates the Oriental (SE Asia) and Australian biogeographical regions. - named after Alfred Russel Wallace who recorded the differences between mammal and bird fauna between the islands on either side of the line.

H. Otley Beyer

- Cultural anthropologist and archaeologist known as the father of Philippine Anthropology, - spent most his adult life in Philippines teaching Philippine indigenous culture after US takes over philippines in 1898. - responsible for the theory stating that the rice terraces in Ifugao were constructed as early as 2,000 years ago (theory has not been debunked). - St. Louis exposition (1904): Philippine exhibit to show colonialism was working and the Philippines were becoming civilized. - Wave of migration Theory: he expanded on migration theory that spanish proposed in the colonial era and he made it more scientific. - According to H. O. Beyer, the earliest colonization of the Philippine archipelago was facilitated by land bridges.

Eugene Dubois

- Discovered a homo erectus skull in Trinil and called it Java Man; believed to be 1.8 million years old

Alfred Marche

- French employer who led the first archaeological expedition in the Philippines in the late 19th century. - had a particular interest in burial sites.

Taro

- Initial cultivator in Ifugao, at least 1k ybp (10/22 lecture).

rice terraces

- Originated in Southern China and then brought to SE Asia. - Domesticated in China more than 3k years before mainland SE Asia.

Island Southeast Asia

- Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei. - In dimolit philippines, archaeologists found pottery that was a clear indication of farming. - name major islands*

Sunda

- The imaginary line that separates Sunda and Sahul is Huxley's Line

Sinodonty

- a dental pattern characterized by shovel-shaping of the two upper first incisors.

Austronesian

- a term used to refer to a language family spoken in Taiwan, Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and most of the Pacific - According to Bellwood and Bust, the Austronecian homeland is Taiwan. - The movement of people into Island Southeast Asia was based on the austronesian language. Migrated by boat to various islands in the region. - Languages tend to move faster than people bc the interaction is faster (before a group of people moves to a new place the language has probably already been shared). Examples of Austronesian/SEA languages: - Tagalog - Thai - Vietnamese The most linguistically diverse region is the island of New Guinea (450 languages).

Cagayan Valley

- an administrative region in the Philippines located in the northeastern portion of Luzon. - It is composed of five provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino.

OKV (Old Kiyyangan Village)

- an early Ifugao settlement dated between ca. 1000 years before present (ybp) and abandoned at ca. 200 ybp. - Philippine deer (Cervus mariannus) dominated the faunal remains at the site, comprising 70% of the recovered materials; domesticated and wild pig comes second at a surprisingly low 25% incidence.

Homo Luzonensis

- discovered on Luson island - It is a new species of homo - put Philippines on the map archaeology

Lingling-o

- double headed pendant associated with late neolithic through iron age Austronesian

Rizal, Kalinga

- famous for its Pleistocene sites which possess artifacts like rhino bones. - The butchered rhino bones were confirmed by international scientific journals as proof of ancient hominids in the Philippines dating back to 709,000 years ago, the oldest hominid evidence in the entire Philippine archipelago. - The discovery was confirmed in 2018, and has been a game-changer in Philippine prehistory.

Elephas

- fossilized tooth of a sub-species that is identified as a dwarf elephant. - fossil is believed to be of Middle Pleistocene age or approximately 750k years old.

Pericolonialism

- groups who were not directly colonized by a foreign force, but shows parallel culture change with groups who were directly colonized.

Malaya-Polynesian

- is a subgroup of the Austronesian languages - approximately 385.5 million speakers. - spoken by the Austronesian peoples of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean

Pliestocene

- known as the last Ice Age - associated with Paleolithic - sea level fluctuations - 43k-10k (pleistocene-holoscene)

Tabon Cave

- largest and oldest cave dwelling found in southwest of Palawan. - findings of late pleistocene human fossil and stone tools.

Callao Cave

- located in Cagayan Province in Philippines - where the 67k year old modern human was discovered (earliest known hominin discovery). - Hominin footbone found to be dated around 66.7k years ago (during the pleistocene) - estimated to have stood 4 feet tall.

Proto-Austronesian

- probably spoken in Taiwan around 4000 BC (EB 722) - Neolithic settlers from China introduced grain agriculture, pottery, and domestic animals to the island, and by 3500 BC cultural resemblances were apparent in populations as far as the Philippines and later traces throughout Indonesia (EB 740). - linguistic evidence indicates a steady movement south and eastward to the coast of New Guinea and on to the western Pacific about 2000 BC. - We can track the rate of their settlement archaeologically with the distribution of Lapita pottery throughout Melanesia and the Polynesian islands (EB 740).

Ifugao

- province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. - resisted colonial rule from the Spanish through the rice terraces.

Cabalwanian

- refers to Paleolithic stone tool technology in Northern Luzon

Neolithic

- relating to or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. - when agriculture started. - when evidence of emergence of Austronesian people was discovered in the Philippines.

Balangay

- smallest political unit, term is borrowed from a boat. It is a community. - plank boat, oldest water craft found in the Philippines. - first wooden watercraft excavated in SE Asia as evidence for early Philippine craftsmanship and seamanship skills during pre-colonial periods. - early migrants settled the philippines on board these boats

Waves of Migration

- talks about how the islands were colonized consisted of Indonesians (live on the fruit of the mountain), Malaysians (live on the land with more cultural sophistication), and Negritos (hunters and gatherers/foragers) they were categorized by skin color. - Philippines narratives, especially those that tell of the origins of Filipinos, are still based on the Waves of Migration theory, popularized by H.O. Beyer. The model was initially introduced by Spanish friars early in the Spanish colonial period. Beyer's theory was the first model developed to explain the origins of peoples who settled the islands that now comprise the Philippines. - The model claims that a succession of different groups arrived in waves, with varying biological and cultural sophistication; there was a very specific racial typology

Robert B. Fox

- the archaeologist who headed the excavations in Tabon Cave. - In 1958 he led a National Museum team in conducting extensive excavations on two sites at Calatagan, Batangas, in what may be considered the first systematic excavation involving the National Museum in the country.

Java (person) Man

- the oldest hominin ever discovered in Southeast Asia - SE Asian Middle Pleistocene: Java, Beyond Wallace Line and Flores, only fossil remains of Homo erectus found in Indonesia (Java) so far, dates for tools associated with Homo erectus back to 1.8 million yrs ago (Java)

Three Age System

- the periodization of history into time periods divisible by three; for example: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age - developed by C. J. Thomsen, director of the Royal Museum of Nordic Antiquities, Copenhagen, as a means to classify the museum's collections according to whether the artifacts were made of stone, bronze, or iron.

Lapita

- the term refers to an ancient Pacific culture that archaeologists believe to be the common ancestor of the contemporary cultures of Polynesia, Micronesia, and some areas of Melanesia. - The culture takes its name from the site of Lapita in New Caledonia, one of the first places in which its distinctive pottery was discovered. - Lapita art is best known for its ceramics, which feature intricate repeating geometric patterns that occasionally include anthropomorphic faces and figures. - an archaeological culture that is considered as the ancestors of present day Polynesians - The distinguishing feature of Lapita pottery (described in Carson et al 2013) is a red slip. - The archaeological site "Lapita" is located in Caledonia

Butuan

- where they found the first balangay sailing boats - best in gold and boat manufacturing

Domesticated plant foods from SE Asia

Banana - Taro - Initial cultivator in Ifugao, at least 1k ybp (10/22 lecture). Rice - Soybeans -

Sahul

The landmass that encompassed Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea during periods of low sea level

Adze

an edge tool used to cut and shape wood, chop trees used in the Neolithic