Modern Arch Exam 2

Chicago window

A Chicago window is a large fixed glass panel flanked by two narrower sashes of the same height, filling a structural bay. The large pane is a single panel of plate glass, and the flanking elements are vertical double-hung sash windows with no dividing muntins. The fenestration was first used by architect Charles B. Atwood in the 1895 Reliance Building, and immediately after by Louis Sullivan at the 1899 Carson Pirie Scott department store, both in Chicago, Illinois. The window design was made possible by advances in glass-making technology and steel structural framing, and became a defining feature of the Chicago school style. The design offered both abundant natural light and practical ventilation

curtain wall

A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, utilized only to keep the weather out and the occupants in. Since the curtain wall is non-structural, it can be made of lightweight materials, thereby reducing construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, an advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall façade does not carry any structural load from the building other than its own dead load weight.

Wainwright Building

Adler & Sullivan St. Louis, MO 1890-92

Adolf Loos, "Potemkin's Town"

Adolf Loos, "Potemkin's Town," Ver Sacrum (1898) - "Potemkin's Stadt" Potemkin - worked as general. He conquered for Russia by the Black sea. Having neutralized the area for Russia had a tour of the land. He wanted to impress Catherine the great so he went and constructed fake villages for Catherine. Got take front buildings and dressed up peasants to act happy and welcoming "Something that is made to seem very grand, elaborate and/or prosperous for the purpose of impressing." - all about the façade. Criticized middle class people trying to make it seem like they live in palaces. (ringstrasse)

Louis Sullivan

● Known for being a functionalist and ornamentalist. ● Ornament is essential for buildings and gives character. Ornament should be individual to buildings. ● Voted against unified classism in Chicago. ● Considered prophet of modernism. ● An established architect and master ornamentalist. ● Designed the transportation building, not on the court of honor, not administration. He designed outside and the far edge entry of the fair, close to the train station. It stood out because he refused to design the same, it is anti-classical. ● Made Form follows function ● Anti-classical, pro American. ● Had set backs, died penniless and was forgotten by many ● Modest background, but recognizable talent that opened him up for formal schooling, apprenticeship and office jobs. ● Went in MIT at 16 and went to Jr. level. - set up to study and draw orders. He did a year and then sought out the best architects in the US and tries to get work from them. ● Works for Frank Furness (Philadelphia), then William Le Baron Jenny - learns about steel in Chicago. Goes to Paris to study and he didn't like it stayed a year then left. He didn't like imposed classicism. Returns to Chicago then he is recruited by Danmar Adler. ○ At early 20s he is a design master - Sullivan, Danmar is more of an engineer. Adler makes him a full partner. ○ They're also famous for hiring Frank Lloyd Wright.

Otto Wagner

● One of the most modern architects in Vienna. Joined the secession in 1899. he was teaching at the fine arts but was pushing in modern ways. Very elite training. ● Friend with Hanson - recommended for him to go to Bauakademie, Berlin. ○ Brick was used in a high style way ○ He went to school there ● He mingled with the younger modernist crowd

Plan for the expansion of Vienna

1860

Charles Rennie Mackintosh's approach/significance

1868-1928. Forgotten in his time, well known today. In his early career he was one of the most famous architects, but at his death he was financially destitute. World war 1 destroyed his career and he never regained prominence. His legacy was brought back in the 1970's by Glasgow (his birthplace). Hero of Glasgow. Reappraisal through exhibition. "Chairs by Charles Rennie Mackintosh" exhibition, Museum of Modern Art,November 1974 - January 1975 Arts and crafts regionalist, Celtic revival, japonisme restrained approach to arch nouveau, a "purifier in the field of architecture", and both an "heir" to the nineteenth century and "prophet" of modernism

Frank Lloyd Wright

1889: ● Associate of Louis Sullivan (Chicago School) ● Belief in America exceptionalism and democratic principles/architecture ● Grounded in the arts & Crafts ○ (respect for nature and natural materials) ● Influenced by Japanese art and architecture ● Innovator ● Spatial innovation: the "open plan" ● Invents a new American style: The Prairie Style ● Self-promoter / Entrepreneur ● Popular in Europe and Asia ● Continually reinvented himself? "the greatest architect of the nineteenth century" - Philip Johnson (insult, he was key role of 20th century) Wright took work outside of Sullivan's office = tension between the two. They make up on Sullivan's death bed. He married into society and he built his own marital home (When he was still working at Adler and Sullivan - Sullivan gave him money to build it) He influences everything in Europe that comes after him. from zugay: student of louis sullivan, breaks away, starts to develop a unique approach to domestic houses, develops the prairie style,

Monadnock Building

Burnham & Root Chicago, 1890-91 south addition by Holabird & Roche 1893

Willow Tea Rooms

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Glasgow 1903-04

The Hill House

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Helensburgh, Scotland 1902-04

Competition entry for a House for an Art Lover

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Sponsored by Alexander Koch and his journal Innendekoration 1901

Reliance Building

Daniel H. Burnham and Charles B. Atwood Chicago 1894-95

Plan for World's Columbian Exposition

Daniel H. Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted Chicago 1893

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893

Daniel H. Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted, Plan for World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 ● Court of Honor ● This was a bit out of place, they saw this as turning its back on what Chicago. ● Electrical Building, by Van Brunt and Howe ● The exhibition was lit up in electrical lights at night time = great attraction of the fair ● Ho-o-den Temple ● Emperor of Japan sent the Temple of the Phoenix to be a pavilion. - Chicago reborn after fire. ● Emperor had it dismantled, sent it over and reassembled it. ● Set on island on artificial lake at the fair. No electricity on the island so at night time Japanese lanterns lit it up. ○ The same craftsmen were sent over to reassemble it. ● Influenced many American architects. ● Uniform building height and material - white marble = the white city, new found unity. ● Only apart of the fair. Built in wood frame = temporary, like a stage set. ● 27.5 mill people attended ● Ideals coming out of Paris ● Started a beatifying movement thought the 1930s and stops when the depression happens. Louis Sullivan (Adler & Sullivan), Transportation Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 Being anticlassical and pro American that we can do what we want. He made a golden doorway. He did not do white. This was a very big middle finger to everything else going on. He was doing something against the grain, made a big statement and some architects praised him for that.

The Rookery

Daniel H. Burnham and John Wellborn Root (Burnham & Root) Chicago 1886-87 interior, remodeled by Frank Lloyd Wright 1905-07

Structural Rationalism

Deriving from Abbe Laugier's primitive hut and Viollet-le-Duc, a belief that the best architecture derived from the honest expression of structure and construction, rather than the application of traditional ornament or the use of traditional types.

Vienna Secession

Emergence of anti-establishment anti-classical architects developing the "Jugendstil" (german term for art nouveau) in Vienna. Gustav Klimpt was the president of the Vienna Secession. Other members included Koloman Moser and Joseph Maria Olbrich, who designed the Secession Housein 1898-99 "To every age, its art. To art its freedom." - Motto of the Vienna Secession, by Ludwig Hevesi

Larkin Building

Frank Lloyd Wright Buffalo, NY 1902-06 (demolished 1950)

Frederick Robie House

Frank Lloyd Wright Hyde Park, Chicago, IL 1908-10

Home and Studio

Frank Lloyd Wright Oak Park, IL 1889, extended 1895, 1898

Unity Temple

Frank Lloyd Wright Oak Park, IL 1905-08

Imperial Hotel

Frank Lloyd Wright Tokyo, Japan 1916-22 (demolished 1968)

Josef Hoffmann

From Moravia(Region of Czech Republic). Studied at Vienna at the Fine Arts Academy under Wager. He joined the Vienna secession but had some disagreements with some members, left in 1905. Some of his furniture was at the first Vienna secession exhibition Fritz Waerndorfer was a long-term client of Hoffmann. Adopted modern persona to assimilate to Viennese culture (Jewish businessman). They became buddies with Macintosh. After 1900he abandons the arts & crafty look (honest expression of wood grain) of his own furniture when he sees Macintosh's furniture. He starts painting his furniture. He was in the Vienna secession. Elite education. He is from nation within Austria empire. He studied in Vienna (center city of central Europe) in the Fine Arts Academy. 1905 he left the secession because of some disagreements.

William LeBaron Jenney

Genesis of the [elevator] idea. Active architect in rebuilding Chicago. Interested in iron architecture. Considered the father of the skyscraper. Studied architecture in Paris in 1850's - decade of the crystal palace. Studied at the Ecole Centrale, Paris. Classmate pf Gustave Eiffel (Eiffel tower).

Gottfried Semper's Four Elements of Architecture and relationship to Otto Wagner's work

Gottfied Semper(Caribbean hut): Four Elements of Architecture: hearth, roof, enclosure (TEXTILE, man clothed himself with patterns/decorated related to social rank) and mound. 4 Elements of architecture: ● Hearth ● Roof ● Enclosure ● Mound Die vier Elemente der Baukunst [The Four Elements of Architecture] (1851)

Beethoven Frieze

Gustav Klimt Fourteenth Secession Exhibition Vienna 1902

Hendrik Petrus Berlage

Hendrik Petrus Berlage, son of Nicolaas Willem Berlage and Anna Catharina Bosscha, was born on 21 February 1856 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. [1] Berlage studied architecture at the Zurich Institute of Technology between 1875 and 1878 after which he traveled extensively for 3 years through Europe.

Mackintosh's furniture and its influence

His furniture was more notable that his architecture in many ways. Chair exhibit

Palais Stoclet

Josef Hoffmann Brussels, Belgium 1905-11

Secession House

Joseph Maria Olbrich Friedrichstrasse, Vienna 1898-99

Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Morality tale and that what is needed is the Ubermensch (u has ..) Morality tale. The übermensch= superman/overman. An elite group of enlightened, creative individualswho are intellectually/genetically superior. They aren'tbound by traditions of the past, challenge the status quo, exercise their own will to power, and lead society forward.Richard Straus wrote Opus 30 (2001 Space Odyssey song) as an interpretation of this work.

Gebrüder Thonet furniture makers

Note the GEBRüDER THONETbent-wood chairs: elegant pieces with very few parts/connections. Some Bauhaus furniture is produced by Thonet Thonet bentwood chairs, no. 1 and no.18, Gebrüder Thonet, Vienna "Ton-it"brothers furniture company: bent wood chairs. Elegant pieces with very few parts & connections. Some Bauhaus furniture was produced by Thonet. Postparkasse- otto wagner designed all the furniture ○ Executed by the great Vietnamese company -> Gebrüder Thonet ● Designed by Wagner and executed by Thonet ● Has aluminum ● Arm chair is where you rest your arm (protect chair) ● Bottom = little booties. Protect the bottom of the chair ● Aluminum does not need polishing, has minimal upkeep

Majolica House

Otto Wagner 40 Linke Wienzeile, Vienna 1898-99

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn

Otto Wagner Vienna 1898

Die Zeit Telegraph Station

Otto Wagner Vienna 1902 (destroyed)

Kirche am Steinhof [Church of Saint Leopold am Steinhof]

Otto Wagner Vienna 1902-04

Postparkasse [Austrian Postal Savings Bank]

Otto Wagner Vienna 1904-06

Wasmuth Portfolio

The Wasmuth portfolio (1910) is a two-volume folio of 100 lithographs of the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Titled Ausgeführte Bauten und Entwürfe von Frank Lloyd Wright, it was published in Germany in 1911 by the Berlin publisher Ernst Wasmuth, with an accompanying monograph by Wright.

Chicago School

This is a movement of different architects doing slightly different things but having fundamental ideas and ideals in common. Pushing architecture in new directions: ● New modern building type: tall office building ● Innovation of structure: iron skeletal frame ● Using metal architecture ● Functionalism and structural rationalism ● We can read full iron skeletal frame. ● Move towards minimalism ● Getting rid of historical design and simplify. ● See structure, frame and glass and eventually moving towards all glass architecture. Read Chicago School before Exam. Europe is very aware of those developments. European architects come and stay and some come and go and there are writings about the buildings in Europe influencing Europe. The US was considered "The Other", because it was so different than Europe. It broke away from Spain, Britain, France and created a new experience of political, religious and economic life. Great powerhouse. Innovation in industry and science and rivaled Europe. Europe looked to the US and they understood the US is being tradition less and was no bound by history, they did not have history. Young and experiencing a lot of growth and success. American spirit- American frontier, westward expansion, and manifest destiny. 1880s, 1890s and turn to the 20th century New types of cities, fast growing and architecture that was going vertical. Skyscraper - new modern, unique American building type. Developing their style Chicago School does not grant a degree

Otto Wagner, Moderne Architektur

Used his prominence in academia to promote modern architecture. Big influence from concept of übermensch. -Break with copying historical styles. Create an architecture suitable to its time. Create an appropriately modern environment for modern man. -Modern architecture should be grounded in the basic achievements of previous styles.-Technology should not be feared. -Form should follow function."Something impracticalcannot be beautiful."Coined the term Nutzstil = "practical style"Advice to architects: "An active, untiring participation in exhibitions, relentless sedulity, and unflagging energy would certainly help to promote a gradual improvement [among architects]. Participation in competitions...cannot be recommended enough..." "SOMETHING IMPRACTICAL CANNOT BE BEAUTIFUL." - Otto Wagner, Moderne Architektur (1895) "WE SHOULD SEE IN ARCHITECTURE THE HIGHEST EXPRESSION OF MAN'S ABILITY, BORDERING ON THE DIVINE. And rightly so! Proof of this lies in the mysterious and overwhelming power that architectural works have on man, practically forcing him to contemplate. Architecture must therefore be described as the most powerful Expression of art." - Otto Wagner, Moderne Architektur (1895) He spoke about principles to him and his main points he put in capital letters. Architects are almost divine on what they do, they have an impact on man. Most powerful expression of art = architecture "The architect with his happy combination of idealism and realism has been praised as the crowning glory of modern man." - Otto Wagner, Moderne Architektur (1895) Combination of idealism and realism. "THE MAIN REASON THAT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ARCHITECT HAS NOT BEEN FULLY APPRECIATED LIES IN THE STORE OF FORMS EMPLOYED BY HIM UP TO NOW; THAT IS, IN THE LANGUAGE HE HAS DIRECTED TO THE PUBLIC, WHICH IN MOST CASES IS COMPLETELY UNINTELLIGIBLE." - Otto Wagner, Moderne Architektur (1895)

Ringstrasse

Vienna urban planning

Taliesin

Welsh, "shining brow"

Wendingen

Wendingen, vol 4, no. 11 (1921)First special issue focusing on Frank Lloyd Wright. Cover design by El Lissitzky.Wendingen was a Dutch modernist arts magazine (1918-32) which published eight issues dedicated to Frank Lloyd Wright's work in 1921 and 1925. The title is a Dutch word meaning "twists" or "changes."

Wiener Werkstätte

Wiener Werkstatte (Vienna workshops). Modelled on English arts & crafts stores/guilds. Cross-pollination of ideas in Europe. The shop was very expensive but the graphic postcards became very popular. -josef hoffman, fritz waerndorfer, and koloman moser

Home Insurance Building

William Le Baron Jenney Chicago, IL 1884-85 (demolished 1929)

Prairie Style

long, low, extending, ground-hugging volumes low hipped roofs building spreads across the landscape references the flat, open spaces of the prairies of the midwestern United States natural materials (stone, brick, wood) interplay of indoor and outdoor space open plan living spaces, centered on the hearth uniquely American approach promotes private domesticity and home life

open plan

move between spaces without being encumbered by walls or doors, some cases these are larges spaces but they are zoned by ceiling heights and circulation spaces

Übermensch

Übermensch ("superman" or "overman") - From Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1833). Architect set apart from everyone else. ● An elite group of enlightened, creative individuals ● Intellectually/ genetically superior ● Not bound by traditions of the past ● Challenge the status quo ● Exercise their own will to power ● Lead society forward.