My sports psych final
The fact that aggressive acts may actually increase aggression rather than decrease aggression refutes the idea of_________.
Catharsis
An ice skater is starting to feel very nervous about the competition she is participating in next week. She has practiced hard, but her routine is difficult. Which type of anxiety is she likely to be feeling, in increasing amounts, as the competition draws closer?
Cognitive
Who is considered the father of American sport psychology?
Coleman Griffith
An examination of media coverage of the 2010 Olympic Games shows that commentators are more likely to attribute American athletes' success to ________ than they were for non-American athletes
Commitment and intelligence
If 300 successful athletes take a personality test, and 70% of the athletes score high on resilience, we can assume that resilience may be ____ athletic success
Correlated with
Filtering, over-generalization, and all-or-nothing thinking are types of____________,
Destructive thoughts
Who started the first graduate sport psychology specialization?
Dorothy Harris
Which of the following is NOT included in the four dimensional model of attribution theory?
Efficacy
In Impact on Youth, researchers surveyed boys aged 12 to 15, and asked about the motivational climate of their team, as well as their own self-esteem. What was the researchers' conclusion?
Environments created by teammates, coaches, and parents have an impact on children's athletic experience
A basketball player who feels as though they barely have to think, and know exactly what to do, and feel as though they are in a very positive state would be described as______.
Experiencing flow
A tennis player is imaging himself getting ready to take a serve, and can see himself as a spectator would, from several yards away. His position is good, but he needs to turn his body slightly. What technique is the tennis player using?
External imagery
Which arousal regulation technique involves a series of phases, including the induction phase and waking phase?
Hypnosis
Which of the following senses is especially important when using imagery?
Kinesthetic
Which of the following happens during the acquisition phase of Psychological Skills Training (PST)?
Learning specific strategies for mastering psychological skills
Which of the following supports the social learning theory of aggression?
Levels of aggression in a particular sport varies across cultures
A collection of values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions that influence the way in which an individual approaches, responds to, and appraises demanding events to consistently achieve his or her goals is referred to as_________
Mental toughness
A soccer player is frequently distracted by the intrusion of negative thoughts ("don't fall, don't mess up") while she is trying to move the ball toward the goal. Which of the following techniques would help her MOST to move past her negative thoughts?
Mindfulness
Which arousal-performance-link theory says that cognitive and somatic arousal influence performance in different ways?
Multidimensional anxiety theory
Which of the following is evidence in support of the hot hand effect?
NBA players who make their first free throw attempt are more likely to make their second attempt than those who missed the first shot
Focusing on the execution of a given skill (an ice skater performing a toe loop or a football quarterback throwing a pass) belongs to which dimension of attentional focus?
Narrow and external
If a researcher wants to study why a team is struggling with communication and cohesion, which method will be most helpful?
Naturalistic observation
Which of the following athletes is MOST LIKELY to have their success attributed to athletic ability?
None of the above A black, American female Answers: A white, American female A Chinese female A black, American female
Which is an example of a performance goal with a focus on avoiding an undesirable goal?
Not being outscored by an opponent
Which observation supports the instinct theory of aggression?
"Triumphant" gestures are displayed by athletes in all cultures
A sport psychologist who provides basic mental health care would be which of the following types of sport psychologist?
. therapist/clinical psychologist
Which of the following athletes is most likely to experience flow?
A highly skilled, confident athlete
What is a downside to outcome goals?
A, B, & C . They can cause anxiety during competitions, events, or performances B. They are dependent on the performance of others C. Focusing on outcome goals can lead to neglect of performance and process goals, which are necessary to achieving outcome goals
Which of the following can be a barrier to achieving goals?
A, B, & C Injuries B. Lack of time C. Family and work responsibilities
How can coaches motivate young or new athletes, who may experience a lot of frustration as they are learning new skills?
All of the above
How might attribution styles vary between athletes from the United States and athletes from Japan?
All of the above U.S. athletes may be more likely to focus on internal attributions for success Japanese athletes may be more likely to attribute success to help from their coaches and teammates U.S. athletes may be more likely to mention their own hard work and desire to win
According to the Inverted U Hypotheses, what should happen to an athlete as their arousal reaches very high levels?
Performance levels go down, because the athlete is anxious
How might the primary appraisals of high pressure situations differ between amateur athletes and professional athletes?
Professional athletes are more likely to interpret their anxiety as helpful
Milton, Solodkin, Hlustik, & Small (2007) examined how experience affects brain activity during an athletic task by having amateur and professional golfers imagine hitting a golf ball to a hole very far away. What did they find?
Professional golfers showed brain activation in areas that involve planning and carrying out specific actions
A tennis player feels high levels of anxiety right before a big match. Her trainer notices that she is keeping her shoulders raised higher than she should--a sign of tension. Which technique would be MOST beneficial for the tennis player to use to combat shoulder tension?
Progressive muscle relaxation
Increasing team cohesion, avoiding distractions, and creating and sticking to clear mental and physical plans are all helpful______.
Psychological skills
According to competence motivation theory, what should happen if an athlete experiences negative results?
The athlete experiences negative feelings which leads to a decrease in competence motivation
According to the catastrophe model, what will happen to an athlete who is in a very high pressure situation and is already experiencing high levels of cognitive anxiety, and somatic anxiety starts to occur?
The athlete will have a sudden and substantial drop in performance
If an athlete is high on confidence (according to the sport-confidence model), what would happen during a competition if the athlete made a mistake?
The athlete would bounce back from the mistake and perform well
What did Norman Triplett observe when he asked children to wind a string as fast as they could while alone and also in the presence of other children?
The children wound the string faster when they were in the presence of other children
What is motivation?
The direction and intensity of one's effort
Which of the following occurred during the formative years of sport psychology?
The formation of the International Society of Sport Psychology
What is the major difference between descriptive and experimental research?
The manipulation of variables
If an athlete sees an external reward as controlling their behavior, what tends to happen?
Their intrinsic motivation drops
Under what circumstances does choking usually occur?
There is support from a home crowd, but the situation is very high pressure
Why do those who are high in achievement motivation tend to perform at high levels?
They are focused on mastering a task
According to the transactional model, an athlete playing in a high-stakes game will still perform well if______.
They interpret the situation in a positive way
Why is it important that athletes are taught that their poor performances are due to controllable and unstable factors?
This allows for effort to play a role in future success
What is one of the primary goals of "trash talk"?
To distract the other player
Which theory of personality would say that an athlete's predisposition to perfectionism allows for higher athletic success?
Trait theory
A psychodynamic theory of personality is based upon_______.
Unconscious drives and motives
Which of the following is an assertive, not an aggressive act?
Unintentionally colliding with an opposing player while trying to get to a soccer ball
Why is it important to give positive and personal feedback?
a.) & b.) only It shows that mistakes are part of learning b. It marks progress towards goals
In the study by Amorose & Horn (2000), what was discovered about students who were on athletic scholarships?
a.), b.), & c.) A. Athletes on scholarship reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation b. Athletes who see their coach as less controlling show a positive relationship between scholarship status and perceived competence c. Athletes with coaches who used positive feedback and emphasized training showed higher levels of intrinsic motivation that athletes with coaches who used other styles
Using personality inventories on athletes may help us to understand______.
a.), b.), & c.) The personality differences between athletes who play different sports and different positions within those sports b. The personality differences between older and younger athletes c. The correlation between personality and athletic success
What is a possible explanation as to why athletes who participate in risky sports might show a different personality profile from those who participate in "safe", or traditional sports?
a.), b.), & c.) a. Athletes with high levels of extraversion and openness are drawn to riskier sports b. Athletes who complete in riskier sports change over time into more risk-seeking, extraverted people c. These athletes have genes that are linked with fearlessness and susceptibility to boredom
Which of the following is a skill athletes can practice to build self-confidence and develop more constructive thought patterns?
all of the above Disrupting strategies De-catastrophizing Assessing personal assumptions
Which of the following is an internal factor that could influence the outcome of an athletic performance?
Working hard during training
According to social facilitation theory, what should happen if you are good at a task, you are currently performing that task, and there are people in your presence, observing you?
You should perform even better than normal
Within the NHL, Sheldon and Aimar found that increased aggressive behaviors was predictive of__________.
better performance
What could a coach do in order to create a mastery-focused environment?
e. a.), b.), & c.) a. Value each athlete's role b. Emphasize working hard c. Emphasize showing improvement over time
Compared with individual sport athletes, team sport athletes have______.
higher levels of extraversion and lower levels of conscientiousness
The late Peter Seigel was a popular _________. He worked with over 100 athletes and several collegiate and professional teams using _________.
registered hypnotist; relaxation and imagery
The ________ hypothesis states that people with certain personalities gravitate toward athletics in general or towards specific sports.
selection
A drawback of the Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale is that it relies on_________.
self-report
Accepting credit for success, but blaming failure on external factors is called______.
self-serving attribution
According to data compiled by the NCAA,__________ was the 3rd leading cause of death of student athletes from 2004-2008, after accidents and cardiac causes.
suicide
The "fight or flight" response: ____________, the "rest and digest" response: ___________.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Why is Dorothy Yates an important figure in sport psychology?
She was the first woman to study sport psychology
Which of the personality theories is widely used in sport psychology?
Social learning theory
Which type of anxiety is likely to spike or peak just before beginning a gymnastics routine in a major competition?
Somatic
What is the relationship between arousal and anxiety?
Anxiety is the term for being negatively aroused
Why are athletes who use an associative attentional style more successful than athletes who use a dissociative or distraction attentional style?
Athletes who use an associative style focus on their bodily functions and feelings, and are thus more in tune with their body
In a study by Radel, Sarrazin, & Pelletier (2009), participants were primed with either autonomous words, controlling words, or strings of letters before performing a task. What was their finding?
Autonomous choice may play an important role in enhancing intrinsic motivation, effort, and performance
How are behavioral indicators of stress best measured?
By observation
Which of the following theories on the power of imagery states that mentally imaging actions and actually engaging in these actions involve the same neurophysiological processes?
Functional equivalence hypothesis
If a swimmer is participating in social loafing, what can be expected when he or she is participating in a 4-person relay, and the swimmer is in the first position?
He or she will swim at the same rate as during an individual race
A researcher does an experiment which measures the effect of fluid intake on heart rate while running. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
Heart rate
How might a person in the crowd (a fan of the visiting team) try to influence a home-team player to focus on irrelevant information while the player is trying to take a free throw?
Hold up a distracting sign
What is the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression?
Hostile aggression has the motivation to harm, whereas instrumental aggression has the motivation to harm in order to obtain something of value
Which of the following goals is most likely to be set by an Olympic athlete
Improving overall performance
Why do youth sports involve modifications of rules or equipment?
In order to allow for successful experiences
An athlete with a negative explanatory style would explain bad events as______.
Internal, stable, and global
Athletes expect to be able to perform well in the future if they make __________, stable, and ___________ attributions for successful outcomes.
Internal/controllable
Reversal theory states that performance is impacted by how the athlete_____.
Interprets arousal
A study on 4,000 6-year-olds and 4,000 10-year-olds showed that the children who continued to participate in sports showed decreases in _________, and increases in _________ overtime compared to those not engaged in sports.
Introversion/persistence
A collegiate baseball player is at bat, and is being watched by his coach, a few of his family members, and a talent scout. Although the player has a good batting average of .350, he is a sophomore and this is the first game of the season. How is a moderate-to-high level of arousal likely to impact his performance?
It is likely to impact his performance in a negative way, as he is relatively young and knows he is being judged
Autogenic training is a relaxation procedure developed by _________.
Schultz & Luthe
How can a runner, who has a goal of taking 30 seconds off of her time to run 1 mile, make the goal more manageable?
Segment the goal into smaller goals, such as increasing her running cadence and increasing speed over 400 meters.
Which of the following strategies is being used in this example: and athlete talks to herself as she prepares to shoot the basketball, "Ok, just focus, knees bent, arms strong, eyes on the net, you've got this".
Self-talk
According to _________, eustress is stress that has beneficial effects
Selye
What is the relationship between goal setting and directing attention?
Setting a goal helps athletes focus their attention on a particular aspect of the game that is related to their set goal
Why is it so important to set appropriately challenging goals?
Setting unattainable or overly challenging goals may lead to discouragement and a withdrawal of effort
What is a major reason certain situations cause athletes to feel stressed?
Stress occurs when the athlete believes that the situation is too demanding for their ability to cope with the situation
What seems to be the impact of testosterone on motivation?
Testosterone seems to be linked with higher competitiveness
When might an athlete need emotion-focused coping, rather than problem-focused coping?
When the situation is out of the athlete's control, and stress levels are involved
Who would likely find a goal-setting program more effective if elite versus non-elite boxers were studied?
elite boxers more than non-elite boxers
The assumptions/guidelines around self-talk are being questioned in light of improved performances by German tennis player Roger Haas because he_________.
is overtly negative in his own self-talk
An athlete who feels that their success and failures are out of their control, making their efforts useless, is experiencing______.
learned helplessness
Which of the following personality traits are represented in the five factor theory, also known as the 'big five'?
neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness
According to the attribution theory, if an athlete performs poorly during a game, and blames their poor performance on internal and stable factors, they are likely to _________ in their next game
perform poorly
