NetworkingII chapter 4,5,6
home agents may inlcude the home agent information option in their router advertisement messages.
True
if a packet with TTL=1 arrives at a router, the router must discard the packet becouse it cannot decrement the TTL to 0 and forward the packet
True
ip addresses are used to identify individual Iphosts on a TCP/IP internetwork
True
ND takes over the function that ARP and Reverse ARP handled in IPV4.
True (ND)
Neighbor discovery has five fucntion proceess
True (Router Solicitation,Router Advertisement, Neighbor Solicitation, Neighbor Advertisement, and Redirect)
Neighbor discovery make abundant use of messages
false (sparing use)
There are three types of IPv6 nodes; routers, switches and hosts.
false(routers and hosts)
a two-stage reconnaissance method involing an intial perimter device discovery phase and subsequent invers mapping of filtered devices
firewalking
on a network that is low on avaible bandwhith, the ___ process cause more traffice on the wire
fragmentation retransmission
At the Data Link layer, protocl data units are called ___
frames
A __ is required to get the packet form one IP host to another IP host on a single network
hardware address
An Ip _____ is preformed by sending a ping packet (INCMP Echo request packet) to each host within a range and noting the responses
host probe
RIP and OSPF are examples of _____ gateway protocols
interior
The process of identifying live network hosts positioned behind a filtering device by probing for addresses know not to be in use
inverse mapping
An nodes uses NDP to discover the link-layer address of the next-hop router by sending a Router Solicitation message as what king of network message?
multicast
At the command prompt on a Windows 7 computer, what command is used to show the routing table for the Ipv6 interface?
netsh interface ipv6 show route
A condition that occurs when the delivery time for packets increses beyond normal limites
network congestions
the non data bits or bytes required to move data form on locaiton to another
overhead
Two of the most well-known utility, ping an traceroute, rely on ICMP to perfom connectivity test and ________
path discovery
Which of the following is a command-line utility that uses ICMP echo packets to test router and link latency, as well as packet loss?
pathping
When used over an asynchronous connection like a analog telephone link, PP support which of the follwoign WAN encapuslation services
protocol identification, delimitation, bit-level integrity check
for any node toe communicate and exchange data with another network node, some way of forwarding packets fromt eh sender to the reciver must exist. What is the concept called?
reachability
the ability to find at least one trasmission path between a pair of host so they can exachnge datagrams across the internetwokr
reachability
____ help keep local routing optimized in the face oc changing conditions and also reflect status as various destination come on - and off link.
redirects
a link that does not support forwarding based on the current packet format and configuration
restricing link
Which of the following are basic rules of operation for nodes( routers and hosts) concerning Redirect messages?
routers do not update their router tables in they receive redirect messages. host do not send redirect messages.
A(n) __ is a compilation of information about all networks that router can reach
routing table
When looking for a destiantion address for datagram ultimately bound for a remote network, an ip host must check which structure to obtain the necessary information
routing tables
Upon receving a packet sent by a source node, waht isthe first task an IPv6 router performs
running error checks on teh packet header fields
the ___ adress is a multicast address with link-local scope taht hlep reduce the number of multicast groups to which nodes must subscribe to make themselves available for solication by other nodes of their local link
solicited-node address
What gives BGP the ability to run on IPv6 networks?
the addition of multiprotocol extensions
What allows the IS-IS routing protocl to operate on Ipv6 netowrk
the addition of new type-length-values (TLVs) as extension
the comparative difference in throughput between two paths and is measured in Kbps or Mbps
throughput difference
When a router sends a Redirect message to a host, which of the following choices best represents the intent of such a messages
to inform that host that a better first-hop router is available
Which of the following utilities use router tracing to identify a path form the sender to the target host?
traceroute
A network is usually sadi to be converged when all routers know a loop-free path to get to all other networks
true
ARP is ued only to find hardware address of local IP hosts
true
One of the most difficult types of networks to implement and manage is one in which the users are alwasy moving around
true
Routers send ICMP Redirect messages to host ot indicate that a preferable route exists
true
home agents may inlcude the home agent information option isn their router advertisemtn messages, but it should not be included if the home agent (H) bit is not set
true
Routers use ___ to select a routing path when there are multiple paths available
type of service (TOS)
What type of packet is a node sending to another node that is on-link?
unicast
Which of the following hcoices permit a node to consider a neighbor to be reachable?
upper-layer protocl indicates forward progress withing the REACHABLE_TIME variable, Solicited Neighbor Advertisement are recieved within the REACHABLE_TIME varable
What is the update for th eIPv6 routing protocol RIPng that did not exist in the IPv4 RIP implenmentation
use of multicast for sending updates
How does a host if interpret the managed Address confirugation flag in Router advertisemtn message?
when set to 1, hosts must use an address configuration protcol such as DHCPv6 to obtain address ocnfiuration infroamtion.
Upon receipt fo the L flag in the Prefix options of the router advertisement message, which choic best represents how the host should repsond?
when set to 1, the host should use the prefix received for on-link address determination
Which router advertising , the defualt lifetime value of router entries in 10 minutes
False(of 30 min)
______ describes the concept of walking a firewall ACL to ruleset to determine what is filter, and how.
Firewalking
____ IP is defined by the IETF in RFCs 2003 through 2006 and RFC 3220
Mobile
ICMP type _____ is used to echo reply packets
0
the default TTL in Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 is ___
128
Which of the following ICMPv6 types number relate to Router solicitaiton and router advertisment messages
134, 133
if configured to do so, router periodically send unsolicitied ICMP router advertisemetes to which of the following all-host mutlicast addres?
224.0.0.1
IPv6 neighbor solicitation protocol can be compared with IPv4 ____.
ARP requests
a node invokes the ___ process when it wants to send a packet to an on-link neighbor but sender does nto know th elink-layer address for the target node.
Address Resolution
Which of th efollowing definition best describes a network that is in a converaged state?
All router know current availabel networks and their associated costs
__ can summarize routing inforamtion before sending link-state packets to other networks
Area border routers
In a RIPv2 packet, the ____ field contains a plain text password
Authentication
What is the frist step that an IP host perform when it recives a ethernet II frame
Check the validity of the FCS value
Which ICMP reply does a router send in order to indicate that the router cannot use the stric or loose source routing path specified in the original packet
Code 5: Source route fialed
A host or router can send which of the following errror message to indicate that the protocol defined in the IP header cannot be processed?
Code2: protocl unreachable
the value 0 in the P header Protocol field denotes that an ICMP header follows the IP hader.
False(1does)
when a packet is fragemented, all fragments are given different TTL values
False(all same ttl value)
Border Gateway Protocol is the original point-to-point protocol for encapsulating TCP/IP traffice over a WAN link and is still used for connecting to some ISPs today (mostly for access to older Unix hosts)
False
Both the IPv4 and IPv6 implementation of the OSPF routing protocol can manage multiple addresses and instance per interface
False
Routing protocols are layer 1 protocols that are used to get packets through an internetwork
False
upon start-up, Neightbor disovery collects informaiton aobut how nodes configure their IPv6 addresses to communicat on the netwrok.
False
Which of the following can hackers can use as part of reconnaissance process to learn about active network address and active processes.
ICMP
an ICMP process whereby a host sends an Echo packet to another host on an internetwork
ICMP Echo communication
which message type supports functionaly for reachability utilites like ping and tracert; essential when installing, configureing, and troubleshooting IP networks?
ICMP Echo/Echo Reply
Which fo the following message type document when routing and delivery error prevent IP datagrame from reaching their destination
ICMP destiantion Unreachable
using which of the ofllowing as well as some manipuatlion of th eTTL value in the IP header, traceroute results prvide a list of routers along a path, as well as the route-trip latency time to each router?
ICMP echo requestion
Which of the follwoing types of messages server to keep host apprised of networking conditions and problem, and equipped to use best path around the network?
ICMP messages
an ICMP message that contains requests for configuration or other information
ICMP query message
Which of the follwoing messages type permit a gateway (router) on a nonoptimal route between send and reciver to redirect traffice to a more optmal path?
ICMP redirect
Which of the following ICMP types is used for Echo request packets?
ICMP type 8
which of the following processes is one method of obtaining a list of active hosts on a network?
IP address scanning
Which of the folling typically learn abour route through manual confiuration of the default gateway parameter and redirection messages?
IP hosts
What protcol protects the authincation and confidentiality of ICMPv6 exchanges
IPsec
Which of the following represent the five states of the neighbor cache entry
Incomplete, reachalbe, stale, delay, probe
___ switches are devices that can perform switching based on the MAC address and, when necessary, examine the Network layer header to amke routing decisions
Layer 3
___ swtiches are devices that can perform switching based on MAC address and, when necessary, examin the Netwrok Layer header to make routing decision
Layer 3
if router becomes unavailable to a node, that node will invoke the _____ Process.
NUD - Neighbor Unreachability detection
The targe link - layer addres option is used in _______ and router advertisment messages.
Neighbor Advertisement
___ uses ICMPv6 type 136 messages.
Neighbor Advertisements
A node can send a(n) _______ message to find (or verify) the link-layer address of a local node, to see if a node is still availabe, or to check that its won address is not alrady in use of another ndoe
Neighbor Solicitation
A host invoking the duplicate Address Detection process sends what type of message?
Neighbor solicitaion
_____ uses ICMPv6 types 135 messsages
Neighbor solicitation
______ seeks to determine the link-layer address for a node's neightbors.
Neighbor solicitation
All Ipv4 packets have a predefiend lifetime inidcated in each packet's ___ field
None
IPv6 Duplicate Address Detection protocl can be compared with Ipv4 _____
None
Which choice best represents how a host should behave upon receipt of the H flag in the Prefix Options of the router Advertisement message?
None
Which of the folowing routing protocols is a link-state protocol
None ( Dijkstra, RIP, IGRP, BGP)
the link-local scope all-routers multicat addres sin which of the following?
None(FF02::2)
The _____ option is send in Router Advertisemtn message to provide a common MTU value for nodes on the same network segment
None(MTU)
Which RFC most completely defines Neighbor discovery for Ipv6?
None(RFE 4861)
Which of the folling enable a source to lean the current supported MTU accross an entire path, whithou requiring fragmentaiton?
PMTU discover
_____________ is a general-purpose protocol that privides WAN data lin encapsulation services similar to those availabel for Lan encapsulations
PPP
___is a technique for assigning cost to routes designed to prvent routing loops
Poison Reverse
____ is a method that allows an Ip host to use a simplified subnetting design
Proxy ARP
____ is used to obtain an Ip address for an associated data link address
RARP (revers address resolution protocl)
which RFC defines a method of discovering a path MTU (PMTU) using ICMP?
RFC 1191
____ us ICMPv6 type 137 messages.
Redirect
Whic Neighbor Discovery messages will inlcude the source link-layer address of the sender in its options field?
Redirect, Neighbor Solicitaiton
the route information optionis sent in ______ messages.
Router Advertisement messages
____ uses ICMPv6 type 133 messages
Router solicitaion
By default, Ipv6 nodes will send a ____ multicast request for configuration parameters immediately upon start up.
Router solicitation
Which of the following may a router or host use as a way to indicate that it is becoming congested or overloaded
Soure Quench
____ simply prevents a router form advertising a network on the saem interface from which it learned that network
Split horizon
to ensure that packets cannot loop endlessly through a network, each packet has a(n) ____ value - defined in the Network layer header
TTL
ARP is used to obtain the hardware address of the destination IP hosts
True
Configuring hosts to be weak or strong can be performed on both IPv4 and IPv6 network nodes
True
HomeAgents may include the home agent infomration options in their router advertisemtn messages.
True
IMCP packet contain only required fiedl after the IP header: type, code and Checksum.
True
ND takes ove rthe function that ARP and Reverse ARP handled in IPv6
True
Nodes generally have signle entry in their default router lists, and all packets destined to nodes that are off-link are sent to their default gateway.
True
Router can use ICMP to provide a default gateway setting to a host ( if the host request assistance).
True
Upon recept of the other configuration flag in a router advertisement message, which of the ofllowing best represents hwo the host should respond?
When set to 1, hosts may use an address configuration protocol such as DHCPv6 to obtain non-address confirugation informaiton
Fore which of the follwin lik tyeps must PPP provide addressing as part of its WAN encapsulation services?
X.25 connection, ATM connections, frame relay
ND makes use of th emulticast address, such as the " _____" adrees with link-local scope (FF02::1)
all nodes
The PMTU specification defined in RFC 1191 requres the PMTU host to try periodically a larger MTU to see if the ________ has increased.
allowable data size
Which of the following ICMP packet fields provide error detection for the ICMP header only?
checksum
of which of the folloiwng INCMP replies are there two verison, which are: the standdard version that simply states the packet had the Don't Fragment bit set when it reached a router that needed to fragment it; and the PMTU version that includes information about the restricted link?
code 4: Fragmentation needed and dont fragment was set
of the following, which routing table types can IPv6 routing table store?
default route, remote routes, directly attached routes, host routes
According to th ehost sending algroithm, which two conditiosn must be met in order for a host to send a packet to a destiantion node's link-layer address
destiantion address is in a destination cache. Link-layer entry is in teh neighbor cache.
A(n) _________ routing protocol shares information about how far away all networks are to the desination
distance vector
Before an Ip datagrame is trasmitted onto the cable, that data link ___ puts the leading frame onto the datagram
driver
