NHM 101 Module 6
Collagen
the structural protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations of bones and teeth are made
Amino Acid Pool
the supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy.
Transamination
the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid.
Acid/Base Regulators
Proteins also help maintain the balance between acids and bases within the body fluids
Using Amino Acids to Make Glucose
When dietary carbohydrate is inadequate, the body can make glucose from amino acids derived from either the diet or lean tissue if necessary.
Whey Protien
a by-product of cheese production; falsely promoted as increasing muscle mass. Whey is the watery part of milk that separates from the curds.
Ammonia
a compound with the chemical formula , produced during the deamination of amino acids.
Most proteins are broken down into their amino acids --- absorption in the small intestine.
before
If an essential amino acid that is needed to make an important protein is missing, then the body must:
break down existing body proteins to supply it.
High Quality Protiens
dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require. They may also contain nonessential amino acids; Generally, foods derived from animals (meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, and milk and milk products) provide high-quality proteins, although gelatin is an exception
nitrogen
give the name amino (nitrogen-containing) to the amino acids that make the links in the chains of proteins.
Essential
lysine, valine, methionine
Proteins are one of the three --- found in the diet and important structural molecules in living organisms. Proteins help provide structure to cells and are the major component of enzymes that participate in biological reactions. While all macronutrients share similarities, proteins are different than both carbohydrates and lipids in important ways.
macronutrients
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates
pepsin
Muscle growth requires:
positive protien balence
The structures of amino acids differ from each other in that:
they each have a different side chain
Tripeptide
three amino acids bonded together.
The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA is known as _____.
transcription
Dipeptide
two amino acids bonded together.
Complementary Proteins
two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids limited in one are supplied by the other
Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains
Fruits do not contain protein. A serving of vegetables or grains provides 2 or 3 grams of protein, respectively.
What substance converts the inactive pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin?
HCL
What features of Erin's diet would explain why she has been sick more than usual?
Her low energy intake (1200 kilocalories) is forcing the body to use some of the limited dietary protein to meet energy needs rather than make needed antibodies to fight an infection.
False
Most athletes in training need supplemental protein in their diets to maintain muscle mass.
tRNA
Other forms of RNA, called transfer RNA (tRNA), collect amino acids from the cell fluid and take them to messenger RNA
Protein Deficiency
Protein deficiency develops when the diet consistently supplies too little protein or lacks essential amino acids
False
Proteins contain only nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms.
Which of these represents a major role of protein in the body?
Remodel and build cells
--- are protein-making machines and are composed of RNA and protein.
Ribosomes
Enzymes
proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts.
Structural Protien
provides strength and shape to the skin
Evidence suggests cancer of the colon, pancreas, and ovaries is connected with high consumption of _____.
red and processed meats
The action of hydrochloric acid in the stomach on protein results in _____.
denaturation
Antigens
substances that elicit the formation of antibodies or an inflammation reaction from the immune system. Examples of antigens include viruses, bacteria, and toxins.
The protein RDA for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day. A woman weighs 60 kg and her weight falls within the normal range for her height. How much protein (in grams) should she consume in one day?
0.8 * 60 = 48
If the average person needs 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight and Tim needs 25% more protein than the average individual does in order to support his fitness goals, how much protein does he need per gram body weight?
1 gram
Erin loves whole grains. Suppose she makes herself a snack from one serving of grains and one cup yogurt topped with a serving of fresh strawberries. How much protein is in her snack?
10 to 11 grams
Recommended Intakes of Protein
10 to 35 percent for protein; In a 2000-kcalorie diet, that represents 200 to 700 kcalories from protein, or 50 to 175 grams
What percentage of total food energy should protein provide on a daily basis?
10-35
What percentage of total energy intake should come from protein?
10-35%
Which of the following is true about proteins?
A protein could also be referred to as a polypeptide.
Milk and Milk Products
A serving (a cup) of milk or yogurt provides about 8 grams of protein
Pepsin (Stomach)
a gastric enzyme that hydrolyzes protein. Pepsin is secreted in an inactive form, pepsinogen, which is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach; Pepsin cleaves proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids.
Sickle Cell Anemia
a hereditary form of anemia characterized by abnormal sickle- or crescent-shaped red blood cells. Sickled cells interfere with oxygen transport and blood flow. Symptoms are precipitated by dehydration and insufficient oxygen (as may occur at high altitudes) and include hemolytic anemia (red blood cells burst), fever, and severe pain in the joints and abdomen.
Heart Disease
a high-protein diet may contribute to the progression of heart disease
Protien Digestability
a measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake.
Serotonin
a neurotransmitter important in sleep regulation, appetite control, and sensory perception, among other roles. Serotonin is synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan with the help of vitamin B6
Reference Protien
a standard against which to measure the quality of other proteins.
Carcinogen
a substance that can cause cancer; the adjective is carcinogenic PROCESSED MEATS
Proteome
all proteins produced by an organism. The study of the expression, structure, and function of proteins is called proteomics.
Nonessential Amino Acids
amino acids that the body can make; also called dispensable amino acids.
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
an amino acid that is normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it.
Pepsinogen (Stomach)
an inactive compound that is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form pepsin
PKU (phenylketonuria)
an inherited disorder characterized by failure to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine.
Keto Acid
an organic acid that contains a carbonyl group; If a particular nonessential amino acid is not readily available, cells can make it from a keto acid (KEY-toe)—if a nitrogen source is available
Nonessential
arginine
Whey protein is a waste product from the manufacturing of _____.
cheese
Neurotransmitters
chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there. They diffuse across the gap to the next cell and alter the membrane of that second cell to either inhibit or excite it; he amino acid tyrosine is used to make the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine
Protiens
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms, arranged into amino acids linked in a chain. Some amino acids also contain sulfur atoms.
Buffers
compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added (Protiens act as these)
protein-energy malnutrition
condition that develops when the diet delivers too little protein, too little energy, or both
A person who regularly eats a high-protein diet needs to make sure they _____.
drink plenty of water
An athlete would need to ______________ to meet basic protein needs.
eat sufficient amounts of foods from all of the food groups to meet increased energy needs
Proteases (Small Intestine)
enzymes that hydrolyze proteins; hydrolyze them further into short peptide chains, tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids
Of the 20 amino acids utilized in the body, 9 are considered --- , which means that the body does not produce enough to meet physiological needs and they therefore must be obtained from the diet. A conditionally essential amino acid is an amino acid that is normally considered --- but becomes --- under certain circumstances when the body does not produce enough to meet the individual's needs.
essential, non-essential, essential
enzyme
facilitates chemical reactions
Acidosis
higher-than-normal acidity in the blood and body fluids.
Alkalosis
higher-than-normal alkalinity (base) in the blood and body fluids.
Essential Amino Acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine; amino acids that the body requires but cannot make, and so must be obtained from the diet; also called indispensable amino acids.
Anitbody
inactivates foreign inavders
Antibodies
large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules (usually proteins called antigens). Antibodies combine with and inactivate the foreign invaders, thus protecting the body.
They are found in a wide variety of foods
lipids, carbs, and protien
Polypeptide
many (10 or more) amino acids bonded together.
Red Meat
meat from the muscles of mammals. Examples include beef, goat, horse, lamb, mutton, pork, and veal; PROBABLE CARGINOGEN
Processed Meats
meat that has been preserved or flavored by additives, curing, fermenting, salting, or smoking. Examples include bacon, ham, hot dogs, jerky, sausages, and some deli meats (such as corned beef); canned meats; and meat-based preparations and sauces.
transporter
moves substances within the circulatory system and across the cell membrane
Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, they also contain --- atoms.
nitrogen
When nitrogen consumption and nitrogen excretion are approximately the same, a person is in
nitrogen balence
Transcription occurs in the --- and translation occurs in the ---
nucleus, cytoplasm
Made according to instructions provided by genetic material
only protien
Pepsin is required for digestion in the stomach
only protien
The condition that occurs when the diet provides too little protein is known as _____
protein-energy malnutrition
Fluid Balence
proteins are found primarily within the cells and in the plasma (essentially blood without its red blood cells)
Deamination
removal of the amino group from a compound such as an amino acid; Two products result from deamination (dee-AM-ih-NAY-shun): one is ammonia ; the other product is the carbon structure without its amino group—often a keto acid
When these two plant protein foods, --- and --- are combined, a complementary protein is made, containing all of the essential amino acids in quantities sufficient to support health.
ride and black beans
High Qaulity Protein
seafood, poultry, soy
The --- of amino acids in a protein chain determines its shape.
sequence
The proteins in the body are made of combinations of individual amino acids, known as the building blocks of protein. Amino acids are composed of a central carbon connected to a hydrogen atom, an acid group, an amine group, and a side chain. The --- is the group that varies for each amino acid.
side chain
The part of the chemical structure that differentiates one amino acid from another is its
side group
Hormones
some hormones are proteins; Insulin stimulates the transport proteins of the muscles and adipose tissue to pump glucose into the cells faster than it can leak out
What structural component of amino acids differentiates them from one another?
the side group
Nitrogen Balence
the amount of nitrogen consumed (N in) as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted (N out) in a given period of time.
Matrix
the basic substance that gives form to a developing structure; in the body, the formative cells from which teeth and bones grow
Essential amino acids are those that _____.
the body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be included in the diet
Denaturation
the change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents.
Protien Turnover
the degradation and synthesis of protein.
Limiting Amino Acid
the essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the body. Four amino acids are most likely to be limiting: lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan; Proteins from plants (vegetables, nuts, seeds, grains, and legumes) have more diverse amino acid patterns and tend to be limiting in one or more essential amino acids
Branched Chain Amino Acids
the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which are present in large amounts in skeletal muscle tissue; supplements of the branched-chain amino acids support protein synthesis
Hemoglobin
the globular protein of the red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body; hemoglobin accounts for 80 percent of the body's iron; made of four associated polypeptide chains, each holding the mineral iron
Urea
the principal nitrogen-excretion product of protein metabolism. Two ammonia fragments are combined with carbon dioxide to form urea; the liver efficiently captures all the ammonia, makes urea from it, and releases the urea into the blood; then the kidneys filter out urea from the blood for excretion in the urine
Secondary Structure
weak electrical attractions within the polypeptide chain; As positively charged hydrogens attract nearby negatively charged oxygens, sections of the polypeptide chain twist into a helix or fold into a pleated sheet
What is the protein RDA per kilogram of healthy body weight?
0.8 grams
Remembering that protein provides 4 kilocalories per gram, what percentage of Erin's current total energy intake comes from protein?
13.3
Assuming a healthy weight for Erin is 141 pounds, what is her recommended daily protein requirement?
141 pounds = 64 kg * 0.8 = 51
The USDA Food Patterns sorts protein foods into three subgroups. The total recommended weekly intake of seafood should be about --- percent.
20
An ounce of most protein foods delivers about _____ of protein.
7 grams
What can be said about Erin's protein intake?
Although it falls within the recommended range in terms of the percentage of total energy intake, her protein intake is less than recommended in terms of the absolute amount needed to maintain a healthy body weight.
The value of a protein in a diet is determined by four of the following factors. The exception is _____.
Amount of food
Protien Foods
An ounce of most protein foods delivers about 7 grams of protein
Gene Expression
Cells can regulate gene expression to make the type of protein, in the amounts and at the rate, they need
Tim mentions drinking at least 1 75-gram protein shake and 25 grams of branched chain amino acids each day in addition to his dietary intake. Tim didn't mention the total number of protein shakes he drinks in a day. He could easily be getting 2 to 3 times the protein he needs in any given day. What does chronic consumption of this much protein put Tim at risk of?
Constipation, Kidney Health Problems, Colon Health Problems
Which of the following statements about protein metabolism is NOT true?
Excess dietary protein decelerates kidney deterioration in people with kidney disease.
Kidney Disease
Excretion of the end products of protein metabolism depends, in part, on an adequate fluid intake and healthy kidneys. A high protein intake increases the work of the kidneys, but it does not cause kidney disease. It may, however, accelerate kidney deterioration in people with chronic kidney disease
Eating predigested proteins can help keep your digestive system from being overworked.
False
If excess protein is consumed, it is stored in the liver for future use.
False
If there is a shortage of an essential amino acid in the body, the body will substitute another amino acid to make a new protein.
False
Nonessential amino acids are those that are not made in the body and thereby unnecessary.
False
Plant proteins are always considered low-quality proteins.
False
Protein synthesis begins when the DNA is translated into RNA, and then RNA is transcribed into a protein.
False
True or False? Tim does not need to factor his amino acid consumption into his total protein intake because they are components of protein, not full protein.
False
Unlike some other nutrients, consuming protein in excess has little or no adverse health effects.
False
Which of the following food groups contains no protein?
Fruits
Using Amino Acids to Make Glycogen and Fat
The body does not have a specialized storage site for protein as it does for carbohydrate and fat; When energy intake exceeds demand, excess protein is converted to glucose (via gluconeogenesis) or ketone bodies, which are stored in the body as glycogen and fat, respectively
Primary Structure
The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids
Protien RDA
The protein RDA for adults is 0.8 gram per kilogram (0.36 gram per pound)
Quaternary Structure
The quaternary structure of proteins involves the interactions between two or more polypeptides
glycine
The simplest amino acid, glycine, has a hydrogen atom as its side group
Tertiary Structure
The tertiary structure of proteins occurs as long polypeptide chains twist and fold into a variety of complex, tangled shapes. The unique side group of each amino acid gives it characteristics that attract it to, or repel it from, the surrounding fluids and other amino acids
After leaving the mouth, proteins are denatured in the stomach by hydrochloric acid.
True
Enzymes facilitate both catabolic and anabolic reactions.
True
Pepsin is an enzyme that begins the digestion of protein in the stomach.
True
Proteins form the building blocks of muscle, blood, and skin.
True
The Recommended Daily Allowance of protein for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day.
True
The sequence of amino acids in each protein determines its shape which, in turn, determines a specific function.
True
Adult Bone Loss (Osteoporosis)
When protein intake is high, calcium excretion increases. Whether excess protein depletes the bones of their chief mineral may depend upon the adequacy of calcium in the diet
Peptide Bond
a bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end of another, forming a link in a protein chain.
Peptidase (Small Intestine)
a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Tripeptidasescleave tripeptides; dipeptidasescleave dipeptides
Which food would NOT be a source of protein based on the foods and food groups discussed in the video?
banana
amino acids
building blocks of proteins. Each contains an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side group, all attached to a central carbon atom.
Proteins are involved in all of the following roles in the body, but do not:
form a part of cholesterols structure
Low Quality Protien
gelatin, corn,black beans
By eating a balanced diet and consuming a variety of foods, the majority of active and inactive people easily meet their daily protein needs. What is the most important consideration for someone trying to build muscle?
regular strength training
Edema
the swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces; seen in protein deficiency (among other conditions).