NTR 301 Test 3

Which lipoprotein am I? 29. I'm made in the liver and am carrying, in the form of triglycerides, all of those extra calories you've been drinking in your 64 ounce Cokes. 30. I'm made in the liver and my primary role is to clean up after LDL and take cholesterol back to the liver for removal. 31. You won't find me in the blood of someone who has been fasting because I carry dietary triglycerides. 32. Although people tend to say only nasty things about me, I do have an important role to play in the body by delivering cholesterol to cells.

29. VLDL 30. HDL 31. Chylomicron 32. LDL

Match the type of diabetes with the characteristics listed below: 9. Characterized by a lack of insulin 10. Characterized by hyperglycemia 11. 80% of patients are obese 12. Characterized by cells' resistance to insulin

9. Type 1 10. Neither type 11. Type 2 12. Type 2

If we were store the same amount of excess calories that we currently store as fat as carbohydrate instead, we would weigh: A. A whole lot more B. A whole lot less

A. A whole lot more

Crazy Richard's peanut butter is made of 100% peanuts. Jif peanut butter, on the other hand, contains the following ingredients: Roasted Peanuts And Sugar, Contains 2% Or Less Of: Molasses, Fully Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (Rapeseed And Soybean), Mono And Diglycerides, Salt. If you opened each jar of peanut butter, which would likely contain a layer of oil on top, due to lack of emulsifier? A. Crazy Richard's peanut butter B. Jif peanut butter

A. Crazy Richard's peanut butter

Which of the following statements concerning high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is CORRECT? A. HFCS begins as cornstarch. B. Manufacturers like to use HFCS, even though it's more expensive than sugar, because it's sweeter. C. HFCS is pure (100%) fructose. D. Obesity rates have increased in the US as HFCS consumption has increased, even though total calorie intake from simple sugars has decreased. E. All of the above are CORRECT.

A. HFCS begins as cornstarch.

What is the difference between short-term energy storage of glucose vs. long-term energy storage of glucose? A. In the short-term, glucose is converted to glycogen which can be used by the muscle for quick energy, which is different than long-term storage for which glucose is converted to fat. B. Fat is a source of short-term energy storage for glucose that is not needed immediately for energy while glycogen is stored in both the muscle and liver for long-term storage as glycogen.

A. In the short-term, glucose is converted to glycogen which can be used by the muscle for quick energy, which is different than long-term storage for which glucose is converted to fat.

You can purchase arachidonic acid--a 20-carbon long, n-6 fatty acid--as a dietary supplement. If you changed nothing else about your diet and started taking this product which of the following is a potential effect? A. Increased blood pressure B. Decreased risk for blood clotting C. Decreased risk for inflammation D. All of the above

A. Increased blood pressure

While talking on the phone with your brother, he laments that he is not looking forward to Halloween. He claims that his son is so hyper at Halloween. What should you tell him about the relationship between sugar and hyperactivity in children? A. It is a classic example of the role of confounders in making two variables appear to be more connected than they really are. B. It has been clearly demonstrated in controlled trials, so his fears are well-founded.

A. It is a classic example of the role of confounders in making two variables appear to be more connected than they really are.

Blanche takes her multivitamin in the morning with her breakfast of nonfat yogurt and blueberries while Rose takes the same multivitamin with her breakfast of fried eggs and bacon. Blanche says to Rose, "I guess you're hoping that the multivitamin will somehow counteract all the damage that your diet is doing to do, but sadly all that fat will actually prevent its nutrients from being absorbed." Rose snaps back, "You are so wrong! My breakfast might not seem so "healthy" to you but I'm actually absorbing MORE of the supplement's nutrients than you are!" Who is right? A. Rose B. Blanche

A. Rose

Brittany is feeling irritable, anxious, fatigued and has a headache. She goes to the Student Health Center to determine how to solve this problem, and they tell her she is experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which of the following would be meals that her physician might suggest to treat the hypoglycemia? A. Smaller meals and snacks like black bean hummus and avocado on toast or peanut butter and apples. B. Two meals a day - a large smoothie in the morning and a steak, potatoes, and vegetables for dinner. C. A large lunch with much smaller breakfast and dinner; avoid snacking between meals, and make sure not to mix carbohydrate with fat or protein.

A. Smaller meals and snacks like black bean hummus and avocado on toast or peanut butter and apples.

Soluble fiber may lower serum cholesterol levels by binding to cholesterol and preventing absorption. Some theorized that the same could happen with lowering dietary fat absorption. This is not correct because we consume fat in much larger quantities (grams) than cholesterol (milligrams). A. True B. False

A. True

Much like choosing whole grains over refined grains may help to improve your overall vitamin and mineral intake, switching to turbinado sugar, or other less refined forms of white sugar, would improve your overall vitamin and mineral intake. A. True B. False

B. False

Research has clearly shown that hyperactivity in children is directly related to high sugar consumption. A. True B. False

B. False

Oliver is trying to determine if he should buy agave syrup as a preferable alternative to HFCS. He asked you what you think. What should you tell him? A. It is definitely better for you than HFCS because it contains large quantities of inulin, an indigestible carbohydrate that is a polysaccharide of fructose only. B. It can have more fructose in it than high fructose corn syrup, so if you are concerned about the health effects of fructose, you might want to limit your consumption. C. HFCS contains more fructose than agave, which means it has a low glycemic index than agave and is a healthier product.

B. It can have more fructose in it than high fructose corn syrup, so if you are concerned about the health effects of fructose, you might want to limit your consumption.

Virginia takes her multivitamin in the morning with her breakfast of nonfat yogurt and blueberries while Lisa takes the same multivitamin with her breakfast of fried eggs and bacon. Virginia says to Lisa, "I guess you're hoping that the multivitamin will somehow counteract all the damage that your breakfast is going to do, but sadly all that fat will actually prevent the supplement's nutrients from being absorbed." Lisa snaps back, "You are sooo wrong! My breakfast might not seem so "healthy" to you but I'm actually absorbing MORE of the supplement's nutrients than you are!" Who is right? A. Virginia B. Lisa

B. Lisa

Through hydrogenation, trans fatty acids are created, which causes the double bond to lose most of its "kink," making it act more like: A. The cis configuration B. saturated fat C. monounsaturated fat D. polyunsaturated fat

B. saturated fat

By definition, lipids: A. Are soluble water but insoluble organic solvents. B. Always have a glycerol backbone; what varies are the molecules that are attached. C. Can vary in structure—some contain glycerol backbones while others have multi-ring components. D. A and C E. A and B

C. Can vary in structure—some contain glycerol backbones while others have multi-ring components.

Harold's grandparents both have diabetes. His grandmother has Type 1 and his grandfather has Type 2. Which of the following is INCORRECT about their conditions? A. Grandma's diabetes might have appeared very suddenly and she likely had obvious outward symptoms while Grandpa may have had few outward symptoms and only have learned of his disease by going to the doctor for a checkup. B. Grandpa is much more likely to be overweight and weight loss from dietary and physical activity changes may help him manage his symptoms, while weight loss won't help Grandma. C. Grandpa is at risk for many more health complications than Grandma. D. Both Grandma and Grandpa have a condition characterized by hyperglycemia

C. Grandpa is at risk for many more health complications than Grandma.

Which of the following statements concerning the glycemic index is INCORRECT? A. It may not be as meaningful when foods are eaten together rather than alone. B. It can vary within a given food based on the amount of cooking time - the longer spaghetti is cooked the higher its glycemic index. C. It makes clear the health benefits of whole wheat products as compared to those made with refined white flour D. It can vary within different varieties of a single food based on the structure of the starch molecule - not all types of potatoes have the same value.

C. It makes clear the health benefits of whole wheat products as compared to those made with refined white flour

Vera is reading a food label and sees that the ingredients list "mono and diglycerides." That means that in this food there must also be: A. A type of animal product B. Trans fatty acids produced during hydrogenation C. Oil and water components that need to be kept from separating. D. B and C E. All of the above

C. Oil and water components that need to be kept from separating.

A website lists various seafood (fish, scallops, etc.) and meats (beef, chicken, etc.) as having low glycemic indexes. You wouldn't have to run the test to know this because: A. They are cooked for a long period of time. B. They have low amounts of branching, so their starch is not digested as quickly. C. They are all high in protein, and protein delays stomach emptying.

C. They are all high in protein, and protein delays stomach emptying.

Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids? A. When they predominate in a dietary triglyceride they contribute to the hardness of that triglyceride. B. They are fatty acids in which no more hydrogen atoms can be added. C. They can exist in two different forms: omega-3 and omega-6. D. A and B are CORRECT. E. All of the above are CORRECT.

C. They can exist in two different forms: omega-3 and omega-6.

Lipoproteins are used to transport lipids through the body because lipids are: A. Too big to travel on their own. B. Too small to travel on their own. C. Too water-insoluble to travel on their own. D. Too chemically unstable travel on their own.

C. Too water-insoluble to travel on their own.

Manufacturers might also use which of the following in place of the mono and diglycerides: A. Phospholipid B. Lecithin C. Cholesterol D. A and B E. A and C

D. A and B

The starch that is found in plants is used as an energy source during germination. Which of the following correctly describes the "starch" that is found in humans? A. It is found primarily in the liver and muscles. B. It is used as an energy source during the fight or flight response. C. It is a polysaccharide of fructose, galactose and glucose molecules D. A and B E. All of the above

D. A and B

Which of the following are ways that fatty acids can differ? A. The number of double bonds B. The position of the first double bond in saturated fatty acids C. The number of carbons D. A and C E. All of the above

D. A and C

Which of the following statements concerning agave syrup is/are CORRECT? A. It has a lower glycemic index than sugar. B. It is definitely better for you than sugar. C. It can have more fructose in it than high fructose corn syrup. D. A and C are CORRECT E. All of the above are CORRECT

D. A and C are CORRECT

Cindy has been reading a lot of beauty magazines with fat-bashing articles claiming that the real way to drop pounds is to completely avoid dietary fat. When she reads her food diary printouts she seeks that there a few tenths of a gram listed for broccoli. She's frustrated because she thought that she'd found a completely fat-free snack. Had Cindy managed to successfully rid herself of all dietary fat, which of the following is a possible result? A. A cholesterol deficiency B. An inability to make eicosanoids, a group of hormone-like compounds C. An essential fatty acid deficiency D. B and C E. All of the above

D. B and C

The glycemic index: A. Measures the rate at which blood glucose levels rise after eating a carbohydrate-containing food. B. Can vary within a food based on whether it's eaten hot or cold. C. Confirmed the assumption that simple sugars are digested and absorbed more quickly than complex carbohydrates. D. Is accurately described by A and B E. Is accurately described by all of the above.

D. Is accurately described by A and B

Sterols are: A. Multi-ring structures B. Found in only animal sources C. Found in both plant and animal sources D. A and B E. A and C

E. A and C

Dietary lipids are absorbed in the form of: A. Mono and diglycerides B. Glycerol C. Fatty acids D. A and C E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following artificial sweeteners is/are CORRECTLY matched with the description? A. Saccharine: FDA tried to ban it when it was thought to cause cancer but the public prevented the FDA from acting. B. Nutrasweet/Aspartame: Cannot be heated to high temperatures C. Splenda/Sucralose: A molecule of sugar with chloride atoms attached D. B and C E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Your aunt Rita has recently been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. She is afraid of the complications associated diabetes and wants to know how she should change her lifestyle. Which of the following are advice you could give Aunt Rita? A. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat milk can be healthy carbohydrate food choices. B. Be consistent in the timing and amount of carbohydrates you consume at meals and snacks. C. Starting to exercise can help with weight loss, and losing 10-15% of starting body weight can help to normalize blood glucose levels. D. Carbohydrate counting and exchange lists can help monitor total carbohydrate intake. E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following describes what happens when manufacturers hydrogenate fatty acids? A. The addition of hydrogen atoms to some of the molecules turns double bonds into single bonds. B. It creates triglycerides that will be more solid at room temperature. C. It creates trans fatty acids, which we need to limit in our diet due to their ill health impacts. D. A and B are CORRECT. E. All of the above are CORRECT.

E. All of the above are CORRECT.

Which of the following statements concerning type 1 and type 2 diabetes is CORRECT? A. It used to be rare to see type 2 diabetes in children but it has become much more common with a rise in childhood obesity rates. B. Weight loss of 10-15% of starting body weight can improve blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics. C. Both types of diabetes are characterized by hyperglycemia. D. Both types of diabetes are associated with increased risks for blindness, amputations, kidney failure, and heart disease. E. All of the above are CORRECT.

E. All of the above are CORRECT.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why food manufacturers add sugars during processing? A. To provide bulk or mouthfeel B. To soften other flavors C. To improve texture D. To provide sweetness E. All of the above are reasons why food manufacturers add sugars during processing.

E. All of the above are reasons why food manufacturers add sugars during processing.

Kati is making her own creamy salad dressing using oil, vinegar and egg yolks. Which of the following explains why the salad dressing does not separate? A. Because she has created an emulsion. B. Because the egg yolk contains a phospholipid C. Because the egg yolk keeps the oil and the vinegar from separating. D. A and C E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

It is recommended that added sugars be limited in the diet because: A. It has been shown that simple sugars are more likely to cause weight gain than other sources of calories. B. It has been shown that simple sugars are a significant contributor to the development of diabetes. C. Foods high in added sugars tend to be nutrient-poor. D. It has been shown that simple sugars increase the risk for heart disease. E. For all of the above reasons.

E. For all of the above reasons.

Which of the following will significantly improve the nutrient content of your cookies if used in place of sugar? A. Honey B. Brown sugar C. Organic cane juice crystals D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above