Nutrition ch.12

The __% of calcium that is circulating in the fluids as _______ calcium (calcium is a cation, which is positively charged) participates in the regulation of muscle ___________, the clotting of blood, the transmission of nerve _____________, the secretion of hormones, and the __________of enzyme reactions

1, ionized, contractions, impulses, and activation

Water makes up about _____ of the weight of lean tissue and less than ____ of the weight of fat

3/4 and 1/4

About ______% of the injested calcium is absorbed

30

Water constitutes about ____% of an adult's body weight and a ________ percentage of a child's

60 and higher

_____% of Phosphorus is found combined with calcium in the bones and teeth

85

____% of the body's calcium is in the bones and teeth

99

_______, which provides energy to the cells, uses ______ phosphorus groups in order to do its work

ATP and 3

is important for regulating extracellular fluids

Chloride

Phosphorus is part of ________ and ______ and is therefore necessary for all growth

DNA and RNA

_______ and vegetables are good sources of potassium.

Fruits

___________ works alongside calcium in much of the work that calcium performs

Magnesium

____________ is dependent, in part on genetics and nutrition

Osteoporosis

__________ is the second most abundant mineral in the body

Phosphorus

A steady heartbeat is maintained by _________.

Potassium

It is a cation (i.e., it has a positive charge)

Sodium

is the primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume, it maintains acid-base balance, and is essential to nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Sodium

___ body does not use sulfur by itself as a nutrient; it is, however, essential for the proper _____________ of the B vitamin thiamin and the amino acids _______________ and cysteine.

T, functioning, and methionine

______ is the most indispensable nutrient of all the nutrients

Water

Chloride is an _______ (i.e., it has a negative charge)

anion

Over half of the magnesium in the body is in the ________.

bones

Like sodium, potassium is a _________ (positively charged), but unlike sodium, potassium is the body's __________ cation inside the body cells

cation and principal

Bone density can be measured using ______-energy, X-ray absorptiometry or ___________.

dual and ultrasound

Potassium plays a major role in maintaining fluid and ___________, balance, and cell ________.

electrolyte and integrity

Magnesium is important to maintaining ____________ in the teeth

enamel

a person can survive only a _____ days without water whereas a deficiency of the other nutrients may take _________.

few and weeks

Sodium is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract and travels ______ in the blood to the kidneys where the kidneys _______ out the sodium and returns the exact amount for maintaining ___________.

freely, filter, and homeostasis

The stomach acids contain________ acid, which contain chloride; people with bulimia nervosa, who purge (vomit) are at considerable risk of upsetting the chloride ________ in the body

hydrochloric and balance

People with _________ (high blood pressure) may be placed on a sodium-_________ diet

hypertension and restricted

The ________ is a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite

hypothalamus

____ _____________ plays a role in causing high blood pressure

low potassium

Calcium can _______ blood pressure

lower

Phosphorus assists in energy __________, and many enzymes and the _____ vitamins become active only when a phosphate group is _______________.

metabolism, B, and attached

Calcium is the most abundant _________ in the body

mineral

Skin, hair, and nails contain some of the body's more ________ proteins, which have a ________ _________ content

rigid and high sulfur

______ contains sodium chloride, which can be broken down to meet the body's sodium and chloride needs

salt

The proportion of water is generally ________ in females, obese people, and the elderly, mainly due to a smaller proportion of ______ tissue.

smaller and lean

Alcohol and caffeinated beverages (e.g., coffee, tea, sodas) are not good __________ for water because they act as _______, causing the body to lose about half of the liquid consumed from the beverage

substitutes and diuretics

Type I osteoporosis involves losses of ____________ bone (the lacy, calcium-containing crystals)

trabecular

Type II osteoporosis involves losses of both the _________ and the _________ bone

trabecular and cortical

the __________ may compress into wedge shapes, forming what is often called "dowager's hump"

vertebrae

Osteoporosis sets in during the later years, but it develops much earlier in life - without ___________.

warning

a person's body composition influences how much of the body's weight is ______.

water

Fluid needs are best met by _________, but milk and juices can account for part of the _____ needs

water and day's

calcium is drawn out of the bones and is used by the body over the course of many __________.

years