Nutrition Chapter 9: Alcohol

If a mixed drink contains 20 grams of alcohol, how many kilocalories (kcal) are obtained from the alcohol?

140 If a mixed drink contains 20 grams of alcohol, 140 kcal are obtained from the alcohol. At 7 kcal per gram, alcohol provides fewer kcal than fat (9 per gram) but more than either carbohydrates or protein (4 per gram). To determine the total kcal from alcohol in a drink, multiply the grams of alcohol by 7. In this case, 20 grams of alcohol × 7 kcal = 140 kcal from alcohol. Of course, alcoholic beverages contain additional kcal from the other ingredients in the drink. Individuals who consistently add alcoholic beverages to a diet that is already meeting their daily energy needs will gain weight.

_______ is the enzyme involved in metabolizing some of the alcohol in the stomach.

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Of the following list, who shouldn't drink alcohol? Your pregnant aunt Your high school-aged brother Your father while he is riding the lawn mower

All of the above All pregnant women should avoid alcohol, as drinking during pregnancy will increase the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Unless your brother is 21 years old, he shouldn't be drinking alcohol. Your father should wait until he has finished mowing the lawn before having a drink, as this chore involves operating machinery that requires attention, skill, and coordination.

binge drinking

the consumption of 5 or more alcoholic drinks by men, or 4 or more drinks by women, in a very short time

Alcohol is transported through the body by _______.

blood

fatty liver

stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease

At what BAC level does one experience aggression and balance issues?

0.21-0.30

alcohol tolerance

When the body adjusts to long-term alcohol use by becoming less sensitive to the alcohol. More alcohol needs to be consumed in order to get the same euphoric effect.

alcohol

a chemical class of substances that include ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol

endotoxin

a damaging product produced by intestinal bacteria that travels in the blood to the liver and initiates the release of cytokines that damage liver cells, leading to scarring

If you passed out from heavy drinking, your blood alcohol level would stabilize and gradually return to normal. True or False?

False If you passed out from heavy drinking, your blood alcohol level would stabilize and gradually return to normal.

The first stage in alcoholic liver disease is

a fatty liver. The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is a fatty liver. Alcoholic hepatitis is the second stage, followed by cirrhosis. Some people who have alcoholic liver disease are also malnourished.

social drinking

drinking patterns that are considered acceptable by society

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

The measurement of the amount of alcohol in your blood. BAC is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood, usually expressed as a percentage.

Red wine contains phytochemicals that are good for your heart. True or False?

True Red wine does contain heart-healthy compounds.

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the _____.

amount of alcohol in blood, measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the amount of alcohol in the blood, measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood. The body doesn't require a minimum intake of alcohol daily. The number of drinks consumed in an hour will affect the BAC; the more alcohol consumed, the higher the concentration of alcohol in the blood. BAC has nothing to do with the grams of alcohol per liter of beverage.

congeners

compounds in alcohol that enhance the taste but may contribute to hangover symptoms

Alcohol is a ________.

depressant

Once alcohol is in your bloodstream, a majority of it travels to the ________, where it is metabolized.

liver

The major site of alcohol metabolism in the body is the _____.

liver Most alcohol in the body is metabolized in the liver. A small amount of alcohol is lost in urine (kidneys) and in breath (lungs). Some alcohol is also metabolized in the stomach, though substantially less than in the liver.

The major site of alcohol metabolism in your body is your

liver Most alcohol in the body is metabolized in the liver. A small amount of alcohol is lost in your urine (kidneys) and in your breath (your lungs). Some alcohol is also metabolized in your stomach, though substantially less than in your liver.

Who is the LEAST prone to feeling the effects of alcohol and why? A teenage girl, because she has less alcohol dehydrogenase in her stomach A student who mixes alcohol and energy drinks because one is a stimulant and one a depressant A student of Asian descent experiencing "alcohol flush" because of an enzyme deficiency A muscular man because he has more water in his body

A muscular man because he has more water in his body

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)

A range of conditions that can occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero

The safe amount of alcohol that a pregnant woman can consume is ________. one drink per day one drink per week two drinks per week

None of the options are correct. There is no proven, safe amount of alcohol a pregnant woman can consume. When a pregnant woman drinks, she is never drinking alone—her fetus becomes her drinking partner. Because the fetal liver is developing, the alcohol isn't broken down as quickly as in the mother's body. Thus the fetal blood alcohol concentration can rise higher and remain higher longer, causing serious damage to the brain. Women should avoid alcohol if they think they are, or could be, pregnant.

Alcohol provides _____ calories per gram

7 Alcohol serves up 7 calories per gram, which is less than fat at 9 calories per gram, and more than carbohydrates and protein, which each provide 4 calories per gram. Alcohol isn't an essential nutrient—your body doesn't need it to survive—and it's not calorie free.

Alcohol provides _____ kilocalories (kcal) per gram.

7 Alcohol serves up 7 kcal per gram, which is less than the kcal provided by fat (9 kcal per gram), and more than the kcal provided by carbohydrate or protein (4 per gram).

Which of the following is NOT considered a standard drink? A 12-ounce can of beer A 7-ounce glass of red wine A shot (1.5 ounces) of liquor A 5-ounce glass of white wine

A 7-ounce glass of red wine Five ounces of wine is considered a standard drink, so a 7-ounce glass of red wine is the equivalent of almost 1.5 drinks.

hangover

A collective term for the unpleasant symptoms, such as a headache and dizziness, that occur after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol.

alcoholic liver disease

A degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1) fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.

Drinking alcohol will improve sexual function. True or False?

True Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram. However, not all alcoholic beverages contain equal amounts of calories.

There is no cure for alcohol use disorder. True or False?

True Although counseling is an important component of alcoholism recovery, it will not cure it.

Women feel the effects of alcohol sooner than men. True or False?

True Women respond more quickly to the narcotic effects of alcohol than do men.

Alcohol is a(n) ________.

depressant Alcohol is often thought of as a stimulant. However, it is actually a central nervous system depressant, a substance that slows the transmission of nerve impulses. The brain is very sensitive to the depressant effect of alcohol. For instance, alcohol slows down the body's reaction time to stimuli, confuses thoughts, impairs judgment, and induces sleepiness. The more an individual drinks, the more areas of the brain are affected. Because alcohol is a depressant, it can be dangerous to mix it with a stimulant, such as the high amounts of caffeine found in energy drinks.

________ is the measurement of alcohol in your blood.

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

The best cure for a hangover is

time and abstinence. The best cure is to stop drinking and let your body have the time it needs to recover from consuming too much alcohol. Neither chicken soup nor coffee nor any other food or beverage will cure the fatigue and other ill effects of drinking too much alcohol. Taking acetaminophen is not recommended, as its toxicity to your liver is enhanced if it is consumed while alcohol is being metabolized.

In general, what percentage of alcohol is directly absorbed through the stomach and into the blood?

20 percent About 20 percent of alcohol is directly absorbed through the stomach and into the blood. The majority of alcohol, about 80 percent, is absorbed in the small intestine. The amount and type of food in the stomach determine how long alcohol lingers there before entering the small intestine. One study showed that an alcoholic drink consumed after a meal is eaten is absorbed about three times more slowly than one consumed on an empty stomach. This is why it is best to avoid drinking alcohol on an empty stomach.

What percentage of adolescents in the United States have reported consuming alcohol by age 15?

30 percent By age 15, more than 30 percent of adolescents in the United States have consumed alcohol. Underage drinking not only increases the risk of violence, injuries, and other health risks, but alcohol consumption at this age can also interfere with brain development and lead to permanent cognitive and memory damage in teenagers. Additionally, the earlier a person starts drinking, the more likely he or she is to develop alcohol dependency as an adult.

Which of these statements is FALSE? A fatty liver can occur after just a few days of overconsumption of alcohol. An inflamed esophagus from chronic alcohol consumption can lead to esophageal cancer. Excessive amounts of alcohol can affect the beating and rhythm of the heart.

Cirrhosis of the liver is a reversible condition. Cirrhosis of the liver is NOT a reversible condition. During cirrhosis, cells die and scar tissue develops, causing permanent damage to the liver. Chronic consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol can harm the digestive organs, heart, and liver. Alcohol can cause alcoholic liver disease, a degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1) fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis. A fatty liver can occur after just a few days of overconsumption of alcohol. A fatty liver can reverse itself if the alcohol consumption is stopped. By the cirrhosis stage, scar tissue has developed and permanent damage is done. An inflamed esophagus from chronic alcohol consumption can lead to esophageal cancer. Individuals who are heavy drinkers also have increased incidences of gastritis (stomach inflammation) and stomach ulcers. Excessive amounts of alcohol can affect the beating and rhythm of the heart, which likely plays a role in the sudden deaths of some individuals who abuse alcohol. It can damage heart tissue and increase the risk of hypertension.

alcoholic hepatitis

Stage 2 of alcoholic liver disease; due to chronic inflammation.

cirrhosis

Stage 3 of alcoholic liver disease in which liver cells die, causing severe scarring

heavy drinking

The consumption of 5 or more drinks on the same occasion in each of 5 or more days in the past month.

alcohol use disorder (AUD)

The continuation of alcohol consumption even though this behavior has created social, psychological, and/or physical health problems.

Alcoholic beverages are made by the processes of ________.

fermentation and distillation Alcoholic beverages are made by the processes of fermentation and distillation. Ethanol is made through the fermentation of yeast and the natural sugars in grains and fruits. Liquors, such as rum, scotch, and whiskey, are made through distillation. In this process, an alcoholic beverage is heated, causing the ethanol to vaporize. The vapor is collected, cooled, and condensed into a very concentrated liquid called liquor. Deamination and denaturation are two processes involving proteins and amino acids. Saponification is a chemical reaction involving fats.

The majority of alcohol is absorbed in the _______.

small intestine

________ may help delay the absorption of alcohol.

Eating

What blood alcohol concentration (BAC) impairs the heart rate and often results in death?

0.41 and greater As more alcohol is consumed, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) goes up, as does the level of impairment and intoxication. Increasing BAC levels affect specific areas of the brain, causing impairments to movement and behavior. A BAC of 0.41 and greater impairs the heart rate and often results in death. At this BAC level, the activities of the brain stem, which controls breathing and heart rate, can be suppressed and ultimately cause death. A BAC of 0.01 to 0.05 impairs alertness and judgment. A BAC of 0.06 to 0.10 includes additional impairments to coordination (especially fine motor skills) and visual tracking. At a BAC of 0.21 to 0.30, speech, balance, and temperature regulation are also affected. A BAC of 0.31-4.0 impairs bladder function and breathing and can sometimes result in death.

A standard drink is considered _____. a 12-ounce bottle of beer a 5-ounce glass of wine a 1.5-ounce shot of liquor None of these options are correct.

All options are correct. A 12-ounce can of beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, and a 1.5-ounce shot of liquor are all examples of a standard-size drink. Each of these contains about half an ounce of alcohol. The liver can only metabolize about one standard drink in about one to two hours. As more alcohol is consumed, blood alcohol concentration goes up, as does the level of impairment and intoxication.

Which of these statements about the metabolism of alcohol is true? Some alcohol is metabolized in the stomach by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Some alcohol is absorbed through the stomach. Most alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine.

All of these statements are true. Because alcohol is a toxin, the body quickly works to metabolize and eliminate it. Within seconds of the first sip of an alcoholic beverage, some alcohol is absorbed through the stomach and into the blood. Some alcohol is metabolized in the stomach by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Most alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine. An individual's gender and body size, as well as the amount of food in his or her stomach, all affect how quickly alcohol is absorbed in the body. After absorption, most alcohol is metabolized in the liver. Alcohol that is not metabolized will return to the blood and circulate throughout the body, including the brain.

Which of the following hormones does alcohol interfere with? insulin glucagon reproductive hormones

All options are correct All options are correct. People who drink alcohol in excess often do not eat enough food while they're drinking, leading to depletion of glucose stores in the body. Insulin and glucagon are typically released to make glucose; however, alcohol impairs this process, and blood glucose remains low, causing fatigue, mood changes, anxiety, and weakness. Alcohol can also increase the levels of the hormone estrogen in women, which can increase the risk of breast cancer. Additionally, excess alcohol consumption negatively affects reproductive hormones and can lead to infertility and sexual dysfunction.

Of the following, who should not drink alcohol? a pregnant woman a teenager A person riding a lawn mower a person riding a lawn mower

All options are correct. All pregnant women should avoid alcohol, as drinking during pregnancy will increase the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. No one under age 21 should drink alcohol. Individuals should wait until they have finished mowing the lawn before having a drink, as this chore involves operating machinery that requires attention, skill, and coordination.

Which of the following facial characteristic(s) is/are common in children born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? a low nasal bridge a small head circumference an indistinct philtrum (groove between nose and upper lip)

All options are correct. Children born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have distinctive facial characteristics, including a low nasal bridge, a small head circumference, and an indistinct philtrum (groove between nose and upper lip). FAS is the most severe of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, a range of conditions that can occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero. Children with FAS will display physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities. During pregnancy, no amount of alcohol consumption is safe and, therefore, it should be avoided.

Individuals who chronically drink excessively are at increased risk for _____. malnutrition gastritis inflammation of the esophagus fatty liver

All options are correct. Individuals who chronically drink excessively are at increased risk for many serious health problems, including malnutrition, gastritis, inflammation of the esophagus, and fatty liver. A chronic substitution of excessive amounts of alcohol for nutritious foods in the diet can lead to malnutrition. Routinely drinking too much alcohol can also interfere with the absorption and/or use of protein and key vitamins and minerals. Chronically drinking too much alcohol can lead to inflammation of the esophagus. Alcohol inhibits the ability of the esophagus to contract. This enables the acid juices in the stomach to flow back up into the esophagus, causing inflammation. Chronic inflammation can be a stepping-stone to esophageal cancer. Individuals who are heavy drinkers also have increased incidences of gastritis and stomach ulcers. Alcohol can also damage your liver and cause alcoholic liver disease, a degenerative condition that occurs in three stages: (1) fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.

moderate alcohol consumption

An average consumption of up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, as well as no more than three drinks in any single day for women and no more than four drinks in a single day for men

Which is incorrectly defined for its role in alcohol breakdown in the body? The MEOS system can be in a constant state of stimulation if a person drinks a lot of alcohol The majority of alcohol is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase BAC tells you how much alcohol still needs to be metabolized by the liver Acetaldehyde is an intermediate step between alcohol breakdown in the body and the final products of liver metabolism

BAC tells you how much alcohol still needs to be metabolized by the liver

Which of the following is the correct sequence of alcoholic liver disease? Hypertension, alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver disease Endotoxin release, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease Hypertension, heart disease, alcoholic hepatitis Fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

Fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

Which health benefit of alcohol was not discussed in the chapter reading? Flavonoids found in red wine increase the heart's ability to distribute blood throughout the body The resveratrol in red wine acts like an antioxidant and reduces LDL accumulation due to less oxidation The health benefits of alcohol are largely seen in people after middle age and not in younger people The French paradox concerns the fact that French people have lower rates of heart disease despite a diet high in saturated fats

Flavonoids found in red wine increase the heart's ability to distribute blood throughout the body

A shot of whiskey contains more alcohol than a can of beer. True or False?

False A straight shot of liquor may look and taste more potent than a can of beer, but it isn't.

Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram. However, not all alcoholic beverages contain equal amounts of calories. True or False?

False Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram. However, not all alcoholic beverages contain equal amounts of calories.

If you passed out from heavy drinking, your blood alcohol level would stabilize and gradually return to normal. True or False?

False Decades ago, some states lowered their legal drinking age, but today you have to be 21 to legally purchase and consume alcohol anywhere in the United States.

Drinking alcohol will improve sexual function. True or False?

False Drinking alcohol will improve sexual function.

Drinking a Bloody Mary (tomato juice and vodka) will help with a hangover. True or False?

False Drinking more alcohol isn't going to take away the ill effects of a hangover.

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning alcohol production? Wine is made through a distillation process of collected vapors Grain starches are the sugar base when making beer Ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol are all safe to consume in moderation Alcohol is sold legally in the U.S. so there are no negative effects to consuming it

Grain starches are the sugar base when making beer

Which of the following statements concerning heavy drinking is FALSE? Chronic heavy drinking can result in increased alcohol tolerance so more alcohol is needed for the same effect Heavy drinking is defined as consuming 4 drinks on the same occasion Alcohol poisoning can result from binge drinking when your BAC continues to rise even after you stop drinking A person who starts drinking heavily earlier in life is more likely to develop alcohol dependency

Heavy drinking is defined as consuming 4 drinks on the same occasion

Which of the following is NOT an effect of alcohol on the body? It can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances It helps to regulate blood sugar by releasing blood glucose It results in the release of additional estrogen in the body It can affect sleep and the ability to focus the next day

It helps to regulate blood sugar by releasing blood glucose

Which of these is considered a "standard" size drink? One 12-ounce serving of beer One 8-ounce serving of beer One 8-ounce serving of wine One 4-ounce serving of vodka

One 12-ounce serving of beer One 12-ounce serving of beer is considered a "standard" size drink. A standard drink contains about half an ounce of alcohol. One 4- or 5-ounce glass of wine or one 1.5-ounce shot of vodka or another distilled spirit is also considered a standard drink.

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that people consume alcohol? It can be an important part of ceremonies or religious traditions It promotes social bonding with friends or coworkers The grapes in wine add additional antioxidant vitamins to the diet It can make a person feel more relaxed, social, and outgoing in a group

The grapes in wine add additional antioxidant vitamins to the diet

Which of these organs is NOT involved in the digestion, absorption, or metabolism of alcohol in the body? The stomach, which absorbs alcohol The liver, which metabolizes alcohol The pancreas, which creates metabolizing enzymes The small intestine, which absorbs alcohol

The pancreas, which creates metabolizing enzymes

Which of the following factors affect(s) your rate of absorption and the metabolism of alcohol? Whether you're male or female The place where you are drinking The time of day you drink The individuals you are drinking with

Whether you're male or female Your sex will affect the rate of absorption and the metabolism of alcohol. Women have less of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomachs, which means they metabolize less alcohol in the stomach and more alcohol will be absorbed into the blood. They also tend to have less body water, so the concentration of alcohol in their systems is higher. The time of day and the place where you drink do not have any effect on the absorption and metabolism of alcohol. Your drinking partners also won't alter the absorption and metabolism of alcohol. Of course, they could influence the amount of alcohol you consume.

AUD refers to

alcohol use disorder.

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the

amount of alcohol in your blood, measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood. Your BAC is the concentration of alcohol in your blood. It is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood. Your body doesn't need a minimum intake of alcohol daily. The number of drinks that you consume in an hour will affect your BAC; the more you drink, the higher the concentration of alcohol in your blood. BAC has nothing to do with the concentration of alcohol in a drink.

acetaldehyde

an intermediary by-product of the breakdown of ethanol in the liver

Drinking four to five alcoholic beverages or more on one occasion in a short period of time is called _____.

binge drinking Drinking four to five alcoholic beverages on one occasion in a short time is called binge drinking. It can lead to alcohol dependence (alcoholism), a form of alcohol use disorder. Individuals who binge drink may drive while drunk.

Drinking 4 to 5 alcoholic beverages on one occasion in a very short time is called

binge drinking. Consuming that much alcohol in a very short time is considered binge drinking. Binge drinking can lead to alcoholism. Individuals who binge drink may experience blackouts or may drive while drunk.

Acetaldehyde is a by-product of the breakdown of ethanol in the liver which is eventually metabolized to ________.

carbon dioxide and water

The stages of alcoholic liver disease, in order, are:

fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis Alcoholic liver diseases happens in three stages. The three stages, in order, are fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. The first stage is fatty liver. Because alcohol is a toxin, the liver focuses on it as the number one priority during metabolism. As the liver metabolizes the alcohol, other nutrients are not metabolized, causing them to build up as fat on the liver. This stage can be reversed with alcohol cessation. Stage two is alcoholic hepatitis, which is caused by chronic inflammation of the liver due to irritation by toxic by-products of alcohol metabolism, such as acetaltehyde. Over 70 percent of people with alcoholic hepatitis go on to develop the third stage, cirrhosis. During cirrhosis, cells of the liver die and form scar tissue. The liver is no longer able to perform its main function of filtering toxins in the blood and removing them from the body. Therefore, these toxins build up in the body and can lead to mental confusion, tremors, coma, and death.

Which of the following factors affect(s) the rate of absorption and the metabolism of alcohol? gender and the amount of food in the stomach gender the amount of food in the stomach the time of day the alcohol is consumed the identity of the drinking companions

gender and the amount of food in the stomach Gender and the amount of food in the stomach will affect the rate of absorption and the metabolism of alcohol. Women have less of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomachs, which means they metabolize less alcohol in the stomach and more alcohol will be absorbed into the blood. They also tend to have less body water, so the concentration of alcohol in their systems is higher. One study showed that an alcoholic drink consumed after a meal was absorbed about three times more slowly than if it was consumed on an empty stomach. This is why it's best to avoid drinking alcohol on an empty stomach. The time of day the alcohol is consumed and the identity of the drinking companions won't alter the absorption and metabolism of alcohol.

alcohol dehydrogenase

one of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes found in the stomach and the liver

blackouts

periods of time when an intoxicated person cannot recall part or all of an event

Some studies suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may ________.

reduce the risk for heart disease Some studies suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk for heart disease. Flavonoids in alcohol act as antioxidants, which help prevent the "bad" LDL cholesterol from becoming oxidized and accumulating in the artery wall to cause atherosclerosis. Flavonoids also help inhibit the stickiness of platelets in the blood. Alcohol also increases the level of heart-protective "good" HDL cholesterol. Moderate alcohol consumption is defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men. The populations that benefit from moderate alcohol consumption are women age 55 and older and men age 45 and older. Alcohol consumption by younger people has not been shown to provide many—if any—health benefits. In fact, alcohol can increase estrogen levels in women, which may increase the risk of breast cancer.

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found in the ________.

stomach and liver The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found in the stomach and liver. A small amount of alcohol is absorbed directly from the stomach. Some is metabolized in the stomach by alcohol dehydrogenase. The rest enters the small intestine and is absorbed into the bloodstream. Once in the blood, alcohol travels to the liver, where the majority of it is converted by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde, which is eventually metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. The liver can metabolize alcohol at only a certain rate of approximately one drink per hour, although the rate varies for each individual. Any alcohol that is not metabolized will return to the blood and circulate throughout the body, including the brain.

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol use disorder (AUD)? the development of a dependency on alcohol in which abstinence causes withdrawal symptoms consuming alcohol weekly in a social setting the inability to maintain social relationships the tendency to become violent

the development of a dependency on alcohol in which abstinence causes withdrawal symptoms The development of a dependency on alcohol in which abstinence causes withdrawal symptoms is a characteristic of alcohol use disorder (AUD). There are 11 symptoms of AUD. Individuals are classified as having a mild, moderate, or severe AUD based on the number of symptoms they manifest. A person with a mild AUD is considered to be "abusing alcohol," whereas a person with a severe AUD is considered "dependent on alcohol." Although AUD can interfere with personal relationships because it leads to the inability to maintain social relationships and increases the tendency to become violent, not all individuals with AUD have these experiences. Consuming alcohol weekly in a social setting is not a characteristic of an AUD.

distillation

the evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation

In addition to alcohol dehydrogenase, what enzyme system is involved in metabolizing alcohol?

the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) is the enzyme system in the liver that, in addition to the alcohol dehydrogenase, metabolizes alcohol. MEOS is more active in individuals who consume a lot of alcohol. The more alcohol a person consumes, the better this system becomes at breaking down the alcohol. Acetaldehyde is an intermediate by-product of ethanol breakdown. Lipase is an enzyme involved in fat metabolism. There is no such thing as the blood alcohol breakdown system.

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

the other major enzyme system in the liver that metabolizes alcohol

fermentation

the process by which yeast converts sugar in grains or fruits into ethanol and carbon dioxide

ethanol

the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and liquor

The best cure for a hangover is _____.

time and abstinence The best cure for a hangover is time and abstinence. The body needs time to recover from consuming too much alcohol. Neither chicken soup nor coffee nor any other food or beverage will cure the fatigue and other ill effects of drinking too much alcohol. Taking acetaminophen (Tylenol) is not recommended, as its toxicity to the liver is enhanced if it is consumed while alcohol is being metabolized. The worst way to try to treat a hangover is to have another alcoholic beverage.

alcohol poisoning

when the BAC rises to such an extreme level that a person's central nervous system is affected and his or her breathing and heart rate are interrupted

Women are more susceptible than men to the effects of alcohol because ________.

women have less alcohol dehydrogenase than men Women are more susceptible than men to the effects of alcohol because women have less alcohol dehydrogenase than men. Dehydrogenase is one of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes found in the stomach and the liver. Women have about 20 to 30 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomachs than men, so more alcohol will enter the blood immediately through women's stomachs. Women generally have less muscle mass, and thus less body water, than men. Because alcohol mixes in water, people with more muscle are able to distribute more of the alcohol throughout their body than people who have more fat.