Nutrition Chapter Two
The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating faults or misleading health related claims is the A. Federal trade commission FTC B. Environmental protection agency EPA C. Agricultural research service ARS D. Centers for disease control and prevention CDC
A. Federal trade commission FTC
According to the dietary supplement health and education act of 1994, a dietary supplement is a product other than tobacco that
Adds to persons dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients including nutrients or botanicals. Is taken by mouth Is a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract
Dietetic internships are accredited training programs that begin
After the student graduates
Which of the following websites is most likely to provide bias and unreliable nutrition information A. The site of a nationally recognized health Association,.org B. A site that promotes or sells dietary supplements,.com C. The site of a US government agency,.gov D. An accredited college or university site, .edu
B. A site that promotes or sells dietarysupplements,.com
Which of the following substance would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the dietary supplement health and education act of 1994 A. Tobacco B. Melatonin C. Chicken liver D. Plain yogurt
B. Melatonin
In 2021, a team of scientists begins in an Epidemiological study of 1000 people who are between 18 and 30 years of age to determine whether their consumption of seafood will influence their state of health during the next 25 years. This study is an example of A. Case control study B. Prospective study C. Retrospective study D. Experimental study
B. Prospective study
Major claim: relieve joint damage associated with osteoarthritis Benefits: Studies show mixed results concerning effectiveness for treating osteoarthritis which means results of some studies support the benefits, but results of other studies show no benefits often combined with glucosamine. Risks: May interfere with blood clotting; should be avoided by men who have a history of prostate cancer
Chondroitin sulfate
Can work as members of medical teams in hospitals or clinics and can also work as community nutritionist in public health settings or as dietary counselors in private practice or with wellness programs.
Clinical dietitians
Information concerning nutrients for human physiology that is not supported by reliable scientific evidence
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Information that promotes a products benefits while overlooking its risks
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Personal attacks on the motives and ethical standards of registered dietitian nutritionist or conventional scientist
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Promises of quick and easy remedies for complex health related problems
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Recommendations based on a single study
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Results disclaimers, usually in small or difficult to read French
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
The application of nutrition and food information to help create many health related conditions
Dietetics
Consumers need to recognize that conflicting findings often result from
Differences in the way various studies are designed
Changing in the same direction; they are both increasing
Direct or positive correlation
Major claim: treat eczema a common skin condition, relieves arthritis and menopausal symptoms Benefits: Little scientific evidence to support health benefit claims Risks: Long-term safety has not been established
Evening primrose oil
A woman who has trouble falling asleep decides to take a dietary supplement that contains melatonin in addition to a prescribed anti-anxiety medication, without getting her doctors approval.
Example of Complementary health care
An experiment that uses whole living organisms, such as mice.
In vivo experiment
Major claim: reduces stress Benefits: potential harm of using out weigh any benefit. Risks: Toxic - can damage the liver. May cause heart problems and yellow skin.
Kava
A college trained healthcare professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics
Registered dietitian or registered dietitian nutritionist
Researchers collect information about a groups past exposures and identify current health outcomes
Retrospective cohort study
The first amendment to the US Constitution guarantees freedom of the press and freedom of speech, so people can provide nutrition information that is not true. Thus,
The first amendment does not protect consumers with freedom from nutrition misinformation or false nutrition claims.
One group is fed a certain amount of chemical X for 52 weeks.
Treatment group
True or false Consumers and healthcare professionals can also report health problems that are possibly associated with supplement used directly to the FDA
True
Characteristic or other factor that can change and influence in outcome
Variable
True or false In some instances, inflammatory responses, such as asthma attacks, can occur after exposure to echinacea or other plants.
True
True or false Results of one major study indicate that healthy people do not benefit from taking supplements, and in some cases, using their products may be harmful to health
True
Human experimental studies are usually________ _________ __________; that is, neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subject group assignments.
double blind studies
Much of the information from popular sources is not ___________ ________, that is, it is not supported by scientific evidence. The challenge for you and other consumers is to understand how scientists collect evidence about nutrition and health and how to analyze this information to determine whether it is factual and based on scientific evidence or ___________________ that is unsupported by the facts
evidence based, misinformation
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations.
epidemiology
Popular sources of nutrition information such as magazine and the Internet generally do not subject articles or blogs to _____ ________ or other scientific scrutiny, and as a result, they may feature faulty, biased information.
peer review
Major claims : Treats kidney problems and improves urine flow. Relieves arthritis symptoms. Benefits: May be effective lowering total cholesterol and bad cholesterol levels but there is little scientific evidence that it has other benefits. Risks: Consuming the seeds maybe hazardous to health; may increase the likelihood of blood clots; and may lower blood sugar levels, which could be dangerous for people with diabetes.
Alfalfa
Science and involves
Asking questions, developing a testing hypothesis, gathering and analyzing data, drawing conclusions from data, and, sometimes, accepting change
Major claim:Causes weight loss and relieves heartburn, upset stomach, and constipation Benefits: Applying the oil to the skin may help certain skin infections but there is little scientific evidence to support other health benefit claims. Risks: May increase heart rate and blood pressure, which could result in heart attack and stroke
Bitter orange
Ginkgo biloba can interact with aspirin, increasing the risk of
Bleeding
Epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people overtime. The scientist are generally interested in making associations between exposure to a specific factor and the subsequent development of health conditions. studies can be retrospective or prospective
Cohort study
Claims that sound too good to be true
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Major claim: prevents or treats cancer, promotes weight loss, reduces blood cholesterol levels Benefits: Green tea extract may be useful in treating genital warts. Lack of scientific evidence that green tea protects against cancer or reduces cancer cell growth. Lack of reliable evidence to support other health benefit claims, including promoting weight loss. Risks: in a few cases, green tea extract were associated with liver problems. Caffeine contact me, sleep disturbances, irritability, and digestive upset.
Green tea
True or false After completing an SPP or DI, the student dietitian nutritionist has to pass for national registration examination to become certified as an RDN.
True
True or false In the past, nutrition facts and dietary practices were often based on intuition, common sense, conventional wisdom, or anecdotes .
True
True or false The FDA's role in reviewing the safety of dietary supplements begins after products enter the market place
True
Peoples lives have improved as a result of scientific advancements in medicine, this leads to the general public to trust scientists, medical professionals, and the pharmaceutical industry
False; peoples lives have improved as a result of scientific advancements but the general public tends to mistrust all of the above
True or false People aren't usually pay to provide their testimonies for advertisement
False; they are
Before marketing a new drug, the manufacturer must submit evidence to the FDA indicating that the product has been tested extensively and is safe and effective. If FDA experts have serious concerns about a medication side effects or if they question its usefulness, the agency may
Reject the manufacturers petition to sell the product
Findings from this study identified numerous risk factors for heart disease, including elevated blood cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and hypertension. Today medical researchers are still collecting information from the original study participants As well as their descendants.
The 1949 Framingham heart study
Major claim: Improves memory, reduces the risk of alzheimers disease, and other forms of dementia. Benefits: lack of scientific evidence to support health benefit claims Risks: May increase the risk of bleeding and cause allergic reactions, headaches, intestinal upset, and nausea. Ginkgo seeds are toxic.
Ginkgo biloba
True or false When the FDA determines that a particular supplement presents a significant or unreasonable risk of harm, the agency alerts consumers about the risk and seeks to recall the product, that is, initiate efforts to have it removed from the market.
True
A registered dietitian nutritionist may provide conventional dietary counseling to a young woman who has high blood pressure and needs to lose 25 pounds. Epically, such counseling includes tips for modifying food preparation practices and increasing physical activity. If the patient tells the dietitian that she overheats when she is anxious, the dietitian may refer the patient to another healthcare professional who teaches meditation or provides stress management training.
Example of Integrative medical care
Surgical procedures that remove disease tissues, FDA approved medication that reduce high blood pressure levels, and dietary patterns that provide enough nutrients to promote good health.
Examples of conventional medical care
True or false The FDA regulates dietary supplements as medication
False
True or false Peer reviews always ensure that scientists are ethical and as objective as possible.
False, although peer reviews help ensure that scientists are as ethical and objective as possible, it is impossible to eliminate all research bias
True or false Epidemiological studies can establish causation, that is, whether a practice is responsible for an affect
False, they cannot
True or false Most Americans rely on alternative healthcare versus conventional medical care
False: most people who use alternative therapies also use conventional medical care
True or false Subjects in the treatment group are usually given placebos
False: subjects in the control group are usually given a placebo
True or false Supplements that have a seal of approval on their labels guarantee that the dietary supplements are safe or effective
False: this does not guarantee the safety or effectiveness
Major claim: prevent migraine headaches Benefits: Studies generally indicate mixed results, but extract may be useful in preventing migraines Risks: no seriously effects, but may cause gastrointestinal upset. Pregnant women should avoid feverfew
Feverfew
Peer-reviewed nutrition journals usually require authors of articles to disclose their affiliations and sources of financial support. Such disclosures may appear on the
First page or at the end of the article.
Major claim: Act as a laxative and reduces blood cholesterol levels Benefits: non-animal source of an omega-3 fatty acid. Lack of scientific evidence to support flaxseed as a treatment for constipation. May benefit people with heart disease, but more research is needed. Risks: generally safe but may cause diarrhea; seems to be taken with plenty of water to avoid constipation. Pregnant women should avoid using.
Flaxseed and flaxseed oil
Direct food service systems in hospitals, schools, and settings were healthy foods are prepared and served employees or residents of long-term care facilities.
Food systems management dietitians
Major claim: lowers blood cholesterol levels Benefits: evidence that garlic reduces blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels is weak. Eating raw garlic may provide some health benefits. Risks: raw garlic may cause allergic reaction and unpleasant body odor. May thin the blood and make the blood clot less likely to form.
Garlic
Today, the idea that something missing in diets can cause a nutrient deficiency disease is widely excepted. 100 years ago, however, it was a novel idea that most medical experts dismissed because they thought only this cause disease
Germs
Laboratory experiments on cells or other components derived from living organisms
In vitro or test tube experiments
Dietary supplements, yoga, chiropractic manipulations, and meditation
Popular forms of alternative healthcare
According to the FDA, dietary supplements are not intended to
Prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure diseases.
When conducting an experimental study involving human subjects, researchers usually randomly divide a large group of people into treatment and control groups. This kind of experiment is called
Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Major claim: reduces depression Benefits: at this time, most studies do not support using a supplement to treat depression Risks: May interact with other herbal products and many medication's including prescription antidepressants and oral contraceptives
Saint Johns wort
Enforces consumer protection laws investigates complaints about faults or misleading health claims that appear on the Internet.
The federal trade commission (FTC)
True or false As a consumer, you are responsible for questioning and researching the accuracy of nutrition information, as well as the credentials of the people making nutrition related claims.
True
True or false Because individuals long-term memories are often faulty, people who participate in retrospective cohort studies may provide an accurate dietary information to the investigators.
True
True or false Compared to scientific journals, magazines typically have more colorful, attractive covers and photographs, and their articles are shorter and easier for the average person to read
True
True or false Conventional medical practitioners, such as physicians and registered dietitian nutritionist, generally promote and use healthcare practices that have been scientifically tested and evaluated for safety and effectiveness
True
True or false Dietary supplement manufacturers are not allowed to make claims that are appropriate for medication's, such as reduces pain, prevents polio, or treats diabetes. The FDA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements including health related claims that are permitted on the labels.
True
True or false Echinacea is related to ragweed, a plant that is often associated with seasonal respiratory allergies. When people who are allergic to ragweed pollen take supplements that contain echinacea, they may develop allergic responses that mimic symptoms of the common cold.
True
True or false Epidemiologists often use data collected from physical examinations and laboratory test of people to determine factors that affect the populations health.
True
True or false Having a control group enables scientists to compare results between the two study groups to determine whether the treatment had any effect
True
True or false If researchers design an experiment in which they fail to control variables that are not being tested, their findings are likely to be unclear or inaccurate
True
True or false If the FDA determines that the manufacturers response to the recall is inadequate, the agency can take enforcement steps, such as initiating a legal action against the company to seize products or stop producing the items
True
True or false Many dietary supplements are often referred to as nutraceuticals but there is no legal definition for this term
True
True or false Medical researchers must be careful when applying the results of in vivo animal studies to people because of the physiological differences between humans and laboratory animals.
True
True or false Researchers are cautious when drawing conclusions from results of in vitro experiment because cells removed from a living thing may not function the same way they do when they are in the entire life form.
True
True or false Scientist who research efforts depend on food, dietary supplement, or Pharmacological industry support may emphasize positive research findings and minimize negative findings
True
True or false Supplement manufacturers are required to keep records concerning reports they receive about serious adverse health effects that may have been caused by their products and report these findings to the FDA
True
True or false Supplement manufacturers must notify the FDA and provide the agency with any information about the safety of any supplement that contains dietary ingredients that were not marketed in dietary supplements prior to 1994, unless the substance has been used in foods.
True
True or false The use of botanical products can also evoke allergic or inflammatory responses that often result in signs and symptoms of skin, sinus, or respiratory illness.
True
True or false When consumers become aware of conflicting results generated by nutrition studies, they often become confused and disappointed. As a result, some people may miss trust the scientific community and think nutrition scientist do not know what they are doing.
True
Questions a careful, critical consumer of nutrition related information or products should ask
What motivates the authors, promoters, or sponsors to provide the information? Do you think they are more interested in your health and well-being or in selling their products? Is the source scientific, such as an article for my peer reviewed nutrition journal? If a study is mentioned cited, how was the research conducted? Did the study involve humans or animals? If people participated in the study, how many subjects were involved in the research? Who sponsored the study? To provide scientific support for claims, does the source refer to articles in respective nutrition or medical journals or mention reliable experts?
To obtain information about a nutrition experts ___________, enter the persons name at an Internet search engine and evaluation results. For example, is the person associated with an accredited school of higher education or a government agency such as the centers for disease control and prevention or US Department of Agriculture
credentials
Major claim: treats morning sickness and other forms of nausea. Relieve stomach upset. Release joint and muscle pain Benefits: can treat morning sickness and may reduce other forms of nausea. More studies are needed to support other health benefit claims. Risks: In general, few side effects when taken in small amounts; powdered ginger may cause intestinal upset. Pregnant women should consult with their physician before taking.
ginger
The site is likely to be unreliable if it includes comprehensive disclaimer such as
" The manufacturer is not responsible or obligated to verify statements." " The nutrition and health information at this site is provided for educational purposes only and not a substitute for the advice of a physician or registered dietitian nutritionist. The author and owner of this site are not liable for personal actions taken as a result of the sites contents."
In addition to taking the required college coursework, the student dietitian nutritionist must obtain at least _________ ________ of supervised practice training, which is often in a healthcare facility, such as a university hospital.
1200 hours
According to estimates provided by the dietary supplement industry, Americans spent over
39 billion on such products in 2019.
According to the results of a national survey, over ___% of the American population takes one or more dietary supplements regularly
50
The importance of having a control group when conducting experimental research
A control group is used to compare the results of having a treatment against those of not having a treatment.
A substance, natural or human made, that alters body functions
A drug
What is the difference between a testimonial and an anecdote
A testimonial is a personal endorsement of a product. Anecdotes are reports or personal experiences.
Promotes and uses practices that may or may not have been tested scientifically for both safety and effectiveness.
Alternative healthcare
Major claim: boost overall health, treats erectile dysfunction Benefits: lack of scientific evidence to support most health benefit claims; may lower high blood sugar levels in some people with diabetes. Risks: May cause diarrhea, headaches, sleep disturbances, itching, and nervousness. Long-term use me increased risk of toxicity. Pregnant women should avoid American ginseng.
American ginseng
Generally, epidemiological studies A. Establish causation B. Prove correlations C. Cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships D. Are science based research efforts that examine two variables
C. Cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships
Individuals with a health condition(case) such as heart disease or breast cancer are matched persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition(control). Information such as personal and family medical histories, eating habits, and other lifestyle behaviors are collected from each participant in the study. By analyzing the results, researchers identify factors that may have been responsible for illness.
Case-control study
Comfrey, PennyRoyal, Sassafras, kava, lobelia, and ma Huang
Common plants known to be highly toxic or cancer-causing.
Major claim: boost immune system prevents the common cold and reduces cold symptoms Benefits: Studies show mixed results regarding the usefulness for preventing colds Risks: Generally safe for short term use but may provoke allergic response or intestinal upset
Echinacea
Two types of research that involve human subjects are
Experimental studies an observational studies
Major claim: relieves joint damage associated with osteoarthritis Benefits: some scientific evidence supports health benefit claims for osteoarthritis, but more research is needed. Risks: some products are not labeled accurately. Appears to be safe when taken by mouth but may cause mild gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea and heartburn.
Glucosamine sulfate
Develop treatments that coordinate the use of both conventional medical therapies in alternative health care approaches.
Healthcare professionals who practice integrative medical care
What is a double blind study
In a double blind study, both the investigators and the subjects are unaware of the subjects assignments in treatment or control groups
Often complex scientific sounding terms are used to convince people without science backgrounds that the
Nutrition related information on a product is true
Study how long term dietary choices influence peoples health
Nutritional epidemiologists
A group of healthy people are interviewed, tested, and then followed over a period of time. Any diseases that subjects eventually develop our recorded. At the end of the study, the scientist analyze the data data obtained and try to identify links between exposures and diseases that occurred between the beginning and the end of the study period.
Prospective cohort study
The presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtain by scientific methods
Pseudoscience
Involves promoting useless medical treatments, such as copper bracelets to treat arthritis.
Quackery
What is epidemiology
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in a population.
Clinical dietetics, community nutrition, and food systems management.
The three major professional divisions for RDNs
When scientist have a large enough number of subjects who fully participate in the study, they are more likely to have findings that result from
The treatment and not simply by chance
What do physicians have to gain from concealing a cure from the public
They have nothing to gain, they strive to diagnose and treat diseases using scientifically tested and approved techniques. More ever, a physician may face a malpractice lawsuit if you're she fails to diagnose and treat condition effectively
True or false The FDA classifies dietary supplement as a non-traditional category of food and uses different set of rules to regulate dietary supplements, conventional foods, and medication.
True
True or false When two different natural events occur simultaneously within a population, it does not necessarily mean they are correlated
True
The US food and drug administration can regulate nutrition and health related claims on product labels, but the agency cannot prevent the spread of health and nutrition miss information published in
books or pamphlets or presented in television or radio programs.
In 2012, the most popular non-vitamin, non-mineral dietary supplements among American adults were fish oil or omega-3, glucosamine and/or chondroitin, probiotic/probiotics, and ________________
melatonin
The FDA has that standards designed to help ensure the identity, purity, strength, and composition of their dietary supplements. The agency, however, does _____ _____ dietary supplements to determine whether they meet such quality standards. Manufacturers of dietary supplements can have their products tested for quality by certain non-governmental agencies.
not test
An aspect of this involves studying causes of health problems in a population A. Epidemiology B. Technobiology C. Diseaology D. Censusology
A. Epidemiology
The_________ is the federal agency that tries to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication's A. FDA B. FTC C. EPA D. USGS
A. FDA
Scare tactics that includes sensational, frightening, faults or miss leading statements about a food, dietary practice, or health condition
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Sensational statements with incomplete references of sources
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Statements about the superiority of certain dietary supplements for unconventional medical practices
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Testimonials and anecdotal as evidence of effectiveness
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Refers to practices that combine certain popular alternative healthcare practices with conventional medical care.
Complementary healthcare
The other group does not receive the treatment during the 52 weeks.
Control group
A relationship between variables. Occurs when two variables change over the same period; for example, when a populations intake of sugar sweet and soft drinks increases, the percentage of overweight people in the population also increases.
Correlation
A friend tells you that her fingernails are used to be brittle and weak. However, she states that her nails became strong and beautiful after she began taking a daily supplement of Phoebe vitamin biotin. This kind of nutrition related information is A. An unbiased report about biotin usefulness B. A scientifically valid health claim C. A personal endorsement of a product D. An anecdote
D. An anecdote
Comparing the diets of individuals with liver cancer to the diet of individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of a A. Prospective study B. Placebo study C. Retrospective study D. Case- control study
D. Case-Control study
The first step of the scientific method usually involves A. gathering data B. Developing a hypothesis C. Identifying relationships between variables D. Making observations
D. Making observations
Fake treatment is an A. Anecdote B. Double blind study C. Pseudoscience experiment D. Placebo
D. Placebo
One variable increases and the other one decreases.
Inverse or negative correlation
This organization uses interviews, physical examinations, and blood test to assess the health and nutritional status of a nationally representative sample of Americans.This organization helps epidemiologists determine the prevalence of major diseases, risk factors for such diseases, and national standards for measurements that are associated with health status, including height, weight, and blood pressure
National nutrition and health examination survey (NHANES)
Variables include
Physical activity, air temperature, blood pressure, and sodium intake
______________ _______________, for example, generally do not need FDA approval before manufacturing or marketing their products. Additionally, the manufacturers are not required to provide the FDA with scientific evidence indicating their products provide measurable health benefits.
Supplement manufacturers
A personal endorsement of a product
Testimonial
True or false Dietary supplements include nutrient pills, protein powders, and herbal extracts.
True
True or false Nutrition scientist often conduct experimental studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.
True
True or false Physicians are not necessarily the best source of nutrition information because most doctors do not have extensive college coursework in the subject
True
True or false Promoters of nutrition misinformation exploit consumer mistrust of medical professionals to sell their products and services
True
Major claim: treats heart disease. Improves male sexual functioning. Improves mental functioning of older adults. Lowers blood pressure. Increases male fertility Benefits: amino acid may improve heart function after a heart attack. May reduce recovery time after surgery, reduce high blood pressure, and improve erectile function. More research is needed to support other health benefits Risks: probably safe when taking for short term but may cause side effects, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, gout, breathing problems, and low blood pressure. Interacts with mini medication. May worsen recurrent herpes outbreaks. Should not be taken by people who are a recovering from a heart attack because the supplement may increase the risk of death after a heart attack.
L - arginine
Major claim: treat some sleep disorders, prevents Jetlag, treats cancer, headaches, and irritable bowel syndrome. Delays the aging process. Benefits: maybe effective for treating certain sleep disorders and preventing Jetlag. Lack of evidence that the supplement is useful for other conditions. Risks: probably safe for short term use, but long-term effects of its use are unknown. Interacts with several prescription medication and other herbs that produce sedation. Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, headache, and nausea
Melatonin
Scientists expect other researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and biases when collecting and analyzing data and to evaluate and report their results objectively and honestly. This process is important because
Much of the scientific research that is conducted in the United States is supported financially by the federal government, non-for profit foundations, and drug companies and other private industries.
A critical analysis conducted by a group of peers. Peers are investigators who were not part of the study but our experts involved in related research. If peers agree that a study was well conducted , it's results are fairly represented, and the research is of interest to the journals readers, the scientists are likely to recommend that the journals editors publish the article.
Peer review
The titles registered dietitian and registered dietitian nutritionist are legally protected. This means
People cannot legally refer to themselves as this unless they have been certified by the appropriate accrediting agency.
Strictly regulates the development, production, and marketing of new medication's.
FDA
Which of the following activities is an alternative healthcare practice A. Drinking green tea to lose weight B. Taking ibuprofen to treat a headache C. Consuming more calcium rich foods to help increase bone mass D. Eating fewer salty snacks to reduce sodium intake
A. Drinking green tea to lose weight
Major claim: increase his exercise tolerance, prevent heart disease and cancer, and reverses signs of aging Benefits: more research is needed to determine health benefits Risks: Not FDA approved for treating cancer; low toxicity but may interfere with certain blood thinners
Coenzyme Q-10
Big, meaningless, or scientific sounding terms to impress or confuse consumers
Common red flag or clue that indicate a source of information is unreliable
Which of the following journals does not have peer reviewed articles A. Journal of the American medical association B. The New England Journal of Medicine C. Journal of the American College of nutrition D. Men's journal
D. Men's journal