Nutrition Exam 3
Discuss the modifiable and non-modifiable factors that influence our risk for osteoporosis,
-Smoking -Low body weight -Low calcium intake -Low sun expose -Alcohol abuse -History of amenorrhea in women with inadequate nutrition -Estrogen deficiency -Testosterone deficiency -Repeated falls -Sedentary lifestyle
If a 19 year old college student eats a serving of enriched breakfast cereal that contains 25% of the daily value (DV) of folic acid, and the RDA for folic acid is 400 ug/day, how much folic acid is the student getting in that serving of cereal?
100 ug
The pH of the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells is around _________. The pH of stomach acid is around _________. The pH of baking soda is around __________.
7.0 ; 2.0 ; 9.0
Osteoporosis
A disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk This weakens bones leading to significantly reduced ability of the bone to bear weight, cause of fractures in hip
Discuss the mechanisms by which the body gains or loses fluids,
A healthful fluid level is maintained by balancing intake and excretion. The thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus prompts us to feel thirsty when its stimulated by a high concentration of blood solutes, reduction in blood volume and blood pressure, or dryness of the mouth and throat -The primary sources of fluids are intake of water, other beverages, and foods and the production of metabolic water. -Fluid losses occur through urination, sweating, the feces, exhalation from the lungs, and insensible evaporation from the skin
24 ) Which of the following statements is true?
A) A red swollen tongue is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency. B) Vitamin E is found only in animal tissues. xC) In the 1800s, the British navy supplied its sailors with a mixture of lemon juice and brandy to prevent seasickness. D) Vitamin D toxicity is dangerous because it results in sensitivity to sunlight. E) One symptom of a beta-carotene toxicity is bright yellow skin, which is an extremely dangerous condition.
16) All of the following statements are true except ________.
A) Active vitamin A is present in liver and milk but not french fries. B) People who lack a protein called intrinsic factor, cannot absorb vitamin B12 from their diet, so they develop a condition called pernicious anemia. C) A good source of vitamin C is green leafy vegetables like broccoli. xD) The B vitamins are present in plant but not animal food sources. E) Much of the vitamin E people consume comes from vegetable and seed oils and products made from them.
All of the following are true about sodium intake EXCEPT:
A) Anyone who eats a meal high in salt can temporarily increase his or her body's water content. B) Low salt intakes have been linked with lower rates of stomach cancer. C) Soft water contains sodium, which may aggravate hypertension. D) Excess sodium is excreted in the urine. xE) A deficiency of sodium is not harmful.
All of the following are good practices for retaining the vitamin content in foods except ________.
A) Foods with vitamins that can be damaged by oxidation should be stored in airtight or vacuum packa B) Foods with light-sensitive vitamins like riboflavin should be stored in opaque containers. C) Foods with vitmain C should be consumed promptly after purchasing them. D) Foods with heat-sensitive vitamins should be eaten raw or just lightly cooked. xE) Foods with oxidation-sensitive vitamins should be washed only after they have been cutting and peeled.
19 ) All of the following statements are true except ________.
A) In the U.S., scurvy is seldom seen today except in people addicted to alcohol. B) The thiamin deficiency disease is known as beriberi. xC) Pellagra is a vitamin E deficiency disease. D) One thing that the B vitamins have in common is that they function in cellular metabolism. E) The main reason for fortifying enriched grain products with folic acid is to reduce the incidence of babies being born with neural tube defects.
4) Which statement is FALSE?
A) Protein is used to build muscles in response to exercise. B) Any food can make you fat if you eat enough of it. xC) Excess amino acids are stored in muscle. D) Excess carbohydrate is converted to glycogen or fat and stored. E) Alcohol delivers calories and encourages fat storage.
23) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Vitamin B6 (pyroxidone) is important for brain development, and deficiencies can affect a person's mood and body clock. B) A good diet that contains vitamin E is: enriched cereal for breakfast, sandwich with mayo for lunch and green leafy salad with nuts and olive oil dressing for dinner. xC) Pantothenic acid and biotin are both non-essential vitamins that can be produced by all of the body's cells. D) Niacin can improve the percentage of healthy blood lipids, but is no longer prescribed because of its unpleasant side effects (niacin flush) E) Getting vitamin E from the diet is recommended because supplements have been linked to possible adverse affects on heart health.
18 ) Which of the following statements about vitamins is false?
A) Vitamin E serves as an antioxidant. B) An important role of vitamin D includes bone health. C) A non-food source of vitamin K is intestinal bacteria. xD) Vitamin C inhibits iron absorption. E) Vitamin A plays an important role in the maintenance of healthy vision.
All of the following are true about Vitamin A deficiency except ____________.
A) is most prevalent in Asia, Africa and South America, and less so in Europe and North America B) is primarily seen in parts of the world where the primary diet consists of starchy carbohydrates. C) causes keratin to accumulate in the skin and in the cornea of the eye xD) is no longer a global threat because of the widespread availability and use of Vitmain A fortified golden rice E) can be prevented by supplying fortified foods or vitamin capsules
By definition, a vitamin is all of the following except:
A) required to prevent deficiency diseases. B) an organic compound. C) needed in minute amounts. xD) an energy-yielding nutrient. E) indispensable to body function.
Explain what happens to alcohol in the body,
Alcohol is absorbed into the stomach and small intestine. Once absorbed it is oxidized, or broke down, in the liver (small amount is oxidized in the stomach before it has ever been absorbed) Cells in both the stomach and the liver secrete the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which triggers the first step in alcohol degradation, while aldehyde dehydrogenase takes the breakdown process one step further ADH in the stomach is less active for woman than for men so they do not oxidize as much alcohol in their stomach leaving up to 30 to 35% more intact alcohol to be absorbed
The product label on a multi-vitamin supplement has the following health statement: "Emerging research suggests that an adequate daily vitamin D3 intake may play a role in supporting colon and immune health." How should this be interpreted?
Because the manufacturer is not required to provide scientific evidence to the FDA, this statement may not be accurate.
Describe the location and composition of body fluid,
Between 50% and 70% of a healthy adult's body weight is fluid. About two thirds of an adults body fluid is held within the walls of cells and is therefore called intracellular fluid and the remaining third is extracellular fluid, that is either tissue fluid or intravascular fluid.
Explain how we can treat, prevent, or reduce our risks for, osteoporosis,
Bisphosphonates Selective estrogen receptor modulators Hormone replacement theraphy Teriparatide Calcium Vitamin D Physical activity Avoid becoming underweight
Identify the critical contributions of electrolytes to human functioning,
Body fluid consists of water plus a variety of solutes, including six major minerals called electrolytes because they can carry an electrical current Electrolytes are critical to the body fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. Through osmosis electrolytes help regulate fluid balance by controlling the movement of fluid into and out of cells -Electrolytes play a key role in generation and transmission of nerve impulses in response to stimuli Calcium is an electrolyte essential to muscle contraction
Identify and discuss the contributions of three major minerals and one trace mineral to bone health
Calcium : to provide structure to our bones and teeth. 99% of calcium is stored in hydrpxypatite crystals built up on the collagen foundation of bone. The remaining 1% is found in the blood and soft tissues. -Assists with acid base balance Phosphorus : part of the hydroxyapatite crystals of bone. Helps to maintain fluid balance, assists in regulating chemical reactions and is a primary component in ATP, DNA, and RNA Magnesium : important for bone health, energy production, and muscle function Fluoride : a trace mineral whose primary function is to support the health of teeth and bones
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin and a hormone.
Can be made in skin using energy from sunlight. Regulates blood calcium levels and maintains bone health. Deficiency can result in osteoporosis, rickets in children, osteomalacia deficiency in adults. Mostly in milk
What are the roles of coenzymes and cofactors in cellular metabolism?
Choline is a vitamin like nutrient that assists in homocysteine metabolism and the production of acetylcholine. Iodine is necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolic rate and body temperature. Chromium promotes glucose transport, metabolism of RNA and DNA, and immune function and growth. Manganese is involved in energy metabolism, urea formation, synthesis of bone and cartilage, and protection against free radicals. Sulfur is part of thiamin and biotin and the amino acids methionine and cysteine.
Identify and discuss the contributions of three trace minerals to blood health,
Erythrocytes : Leukocytes : Platelets :
Folate (folic acid)
Folate is required for the most basic cellular functions such as synthesis of DNA as well as cell differentiation . Deficiency can lead to neural tube defects in a developing embryo
25 ) Vitamin D ___________.
Is sometimes referred to as the sunshine vitamin
Discuss the process by which oxidation can damage cells
Loss of electrons is called oxidation : oxidation reactions can damage the cell membrane, cell proteins, and DNA are associated with many diseases Antioxidant vitamins and phytochemicals such as carotenoids donate electrons to stabilize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage. Antioxidant minerals are part of antioxidant enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances
Identify the DRIs for water
Males need 13 cups of beverages Females need 9 cups
compare the nutritional quality of several common beverages,
Milk and milk alternatives provide important nutrients Coffee and tea provide phytochemical and are considered healthful in modration Energy drinks release more caffeine quickly into bloodstream can be harmful Sugary drink can contribute to weight gain and chronic disease Most nonetheless don't need to consume sports drinks or coconut water
Discuss several disorders related to fluid and electrolyte balance,
Most people consume more than 2,300 mg of sodium per day and consume too little potassium. This imbalance has been associated with an increased risk for cardio vascular disease. Intakes of the negatively charged electrolytes chloride and phosphorus are almost always adequate, except in people with very poor diets or serious disorders. Toxicities are also rare. Electrolyte imbalances can result in heart failure, seizures, and death Also dehydration : depletion of body fluid over-hydration : dilution of body fluid heat cramps : caused by fluid and electrolyte imbalances heat exhaustion : inadequate fluid intake in a hot environment heat stroke : Failure of the body heat regulating mechanisms
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
Plays critical roles in the metabolism of glucose and the branched chain amino acids
Identify the functions, DRIs, and common dietary sources of Phosporus
RDA : 700 mg/day A major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte Most commonly found in the form of phosphate An essential constant of all cells and is found in both pants and animals Plays a role in bone formation and converting food to energy (ATP) Usually in high protein food such as cheddar cheese, lentils, milk, black beans, yogurt
Identify the functions, DRIs, and common dietary sources of Sodium
RI : 1.5g/day Major positively charged electrolyte in the extracellular fluid. Exchange with potassium allows cells to maintain proper fluid balance Kidneys excretion and reabsorption of sodium contribute to blood pressure regulation Assists with the initiation and transmission of nerve signals Most sodium comes from processed food and restaurant foods Pickles, ham, pastrami, ramen, terrayaki chicken, tomato sauce/juice all v high in sodium
Identify the functions, DRIs, and common dietary sources of Chloride
RI : 2.3 g/day A negatively charged ion that is obtained almost exclusively in our diet from sodium chloride or table salt. Coupled with sodium in the extracellular fluid, chloride assists with the maintenance of fluid balance. Also a part of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach which aids in preparing food for further digestion Works with white blood cells of our body during an immune response to kill bacteria and it assists in the transmission of nerve impulses
Identify the functions, DRIs, and common dietary sources of Potassium
RI : 4.7 g/day Potassium and sodium work together to maintain proper fluid balance and regulate the transmission of nerve impulses and the concentration of muscles A diet high in potassium helps maintain a lower blood pressure Drink milk, eat bran, have yogurt bananas, wheat germ, avacado Baked potatoes, tomato juice, halibut, orange juice
Describe the composition and activities of healthy bone,
The composition of bone provides strength and flexibility : 65% of bone tissue is made up of an assortment of minerals that provide hardness and 35% is a mixture of organic substances like collagen that provide strength, durability, and flexibility.
Discuss the contribution of vitamin A to vision, cell differentiation, and growth and reproduction,
Vitamin A : helps build stem cells with cell differentiation which is critical for healthy tissue, organs, and body systems Necessary for sperm production and for fertilization Assist breaking down old bone so that new longer and stronger bone can develop
four vitamins that help maintain healthy blood and explain their roles
Vitamin B6 : required to synthesize heme and definiciency can lead to micro anemia anemia Folate and B12 : required for DNA synthesis and are normal for the maturation of red blood cells. Deficiency leads to macro anemia Vitamin K : fat soluble and coenzyme that is required for the productions of proteins involved in blood clotting
Name four vitamins that help maintain healthy blood
Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin K
Describe the role of vitamin C in maintaining healthy collagen,
Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of collagen and deficiency results in scurvy
Name two fat-soluble vitamins that support bone health
Vitamin D and Vitamin K
Identify the critical contributions of water
Water serves functions -dissolving and transporting substance -accounting for blood volume and is influencing to blood pressure -regulating body temperature -protecting and lubricating body tissues
Biotin
a coenzyme for enzymes that are critical in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes involved in processes such as the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
Choline is
a vitamin like nutrient that assists in homocysteine metabolism and the production of acetylcholine.
Riboflavin (vitamin b2)
an important coenzyme involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat.
20 ) Water-soluble vitamins:
are easily excreted in the urine.
Riboflavin deficiency disease is called
ariboflavinosis.
Niacin (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid)
assists in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids. also plays an important role in DNA replication and repair and in cell differentiation.
Thiamin deficiency disease is called
beriberi.
Which of the following is not recommended as a calcium source for healthy individuals?
calcium supplement.
Platelets :
cell fragments that assist in the formation of blood clots and help stop bleeding
Deficiency in B12, B6, and Folate can increase the risk for CVD by
elevating blood homocysteine levels.
Pantothenic acid
especially important for the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
When you eat pizza, the body will respond to the sodium you ingest by:
first signaling immediate thirst to offset the sodium intake.
Chromium promotes
glucose transport, metabolism of RNA and DNA, and immune function and growth.
One consequence of iodine deficiency that is not seen often in the US is ___________.
goiter
What is the best beverage choice?
hard water because it has a high concentration of calcium and magnesium
Calcium in the body's fluids performs all of the following major roles except:
helping maintain normal blood glucose.
The thirst center of the body is located in the ______________. Cells in this area are extremely sensitive to _____________.
hypothalamus ; osmolarity of the blood
Manganese is
involved in energy metabolism, urea formation, synthesis of bone and cartilage, and protection against free radicals.
Beta carotene
is a provitamin of a vitamin A and one of the carotenoid phytochemical : the antioxidant activities protect the lipid protions of cell membranes, enhance immune function and protect vision
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
is essential for the metabolism of certain essential amino acids, normal maturation of blood cells, and maintenance of the myelin sheath that coats nerve fibers.
Trabecular bone
makes up 20% found within the ends of the longs bones, spinal vertebrae, the breastbone, the ribs, most bones of the skull, and the pelvis
Iodine is
necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolic rate and body temperature.
Erythrocytes :
or red blood cells, are the cells that transport oxygen
Leukocytes :
or white blood cells, are the key to our immune function. They defend against infection and the progression of cancer
Sulfur is
part of thiamin and biotin and the amino acids methionine and cysteine.
Niacin deficiency disease
pellagra
Vitamin E
protects cell membranes from oxidation, enhances immune function and improves our absorption of vitamin A if dietary intake is low. Found mostly in vegetable oil
Which of the following helps prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids that are a result of daily fluctuations in the pH of food and water intake?
proteins and some minerals like phosphate that act as buffers
The DASH diet is designed to help people ______________. It is effective because in addition to decreasing the sodium content of foods eaten, it also includes guidelines to __________.
reduce blood pressure ; greatly increase intakes of fruits and vegetables.
An example of a hypertonic solution is ______________. If a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water ____________.
salt water ; moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink
Vitamin C
scavenges free radicals and regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized. Selenium spares vitamin E from oxidative damage found in organ meats, proc and seafood.
What is a free radical?
unstable molecules that can damage the cells in your body. They form when atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons. ... For example, when your body uses oxygen, it creates free radicals as a by-product and the damage caused by those free radicals is called 'oxidative stress.'
Cortical bone
very dense and is approximately 80% of the skeleton
Which of the following makes up about 60 percent of the body's weight?
water
17 ) Which of the following statements is false?
xA) An antioxidant that actively scavenges and quench free radicals in the body is Vitamin D. B) The main function of vitamin K is to help activate proteins that help clot the blood, so people taking blood thinners should avoid foods containing this vitamin. C) A compound in food that can be converted into an active vitamin inside the body is known as a provitamin. D) Excess water-soluble vitamins are excreted, so they rarely build up to toxic levels in the body unless a person is taking supplements. E) Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble vitamins that can be stored in the body's fatty tissues.