Nutrition Exams 1 and 2

What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?

Denaturation

The primary symptoms of pellagra include all of the following except

Diabetes Symptoms: Dementia, Death, Diarrhea, Dermatitis

Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of

Double bonds

The medical term for "swelling" is

Edema

Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids?

Egg

For someone on a moderate cholesterol diet which hotdog would you recommend?

Either frank is appropriate because a moderate cholesterol diet is 150 mg-300 mg cholesterol/day

A food that has nutrients lost during processing added back to it is said to be

Enriched

Which of the following coenzymes is a derivative of riboflavin?

FAD

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which ones(s) can lead to storage of fat?

Fat, carbohydrate, and protein

Which statement is true? Water-soluble vitamins are transported via the lymph. Excesses of fat-soluble vitamins are easily excreted in the urine. A daily supply of water-soluble vitamins is not necessary for health. Fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate in the liver and adipose tissue.

Fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate in the liver and adipose tissue.

A diet provides a total of 2200 calories, 40% of the energy from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?

Fat: 9 cal/g and Protein: 4 cal/g 2200 (100-40-20) = 880 calories from CHO CHO: 4 cal/g 880 cal/(4 cal/g) = 220 g CHO

Megadoses of niacin can cause

Flushed skin

Which nutrient is likely to be lost from vegetables that are boiled in water?

Folate

Which B vitamins are added to white flour for enrichment purposes?

Folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin

A food that has a nutrient added to it that it never contained before is said to be

Fortified

Major dietary sources of potassium are

Fresh fruits and vegetables

Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?

Glucose

All the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol except

Glucose Yes: Bile, Vitamin D, sex hormones

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

Glycogen

Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

Which is not a source of vitamin B12?

Green, leafy vegetables Sources: liver, grilled fish, milk products

What lipoprotein acts as a cholesterol sequestrant transporting cholesterol back to the liver from the periphery?

High-density lipoprotein

In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called a

Hypothesis

Which of the following conditions is not a sign or symptom of hypokalemia?

Increased appetite Symptoms: muscle weakness, confusion, abnormal heath rhythms

An essential nutrient is one that

Is necessary to achieve through diet, is not produced by the body, is not produced in large enough quantities by the body (all the above)

Which is a feature of an essential amino acid?

It must be supplied by diet

Riboflavin is very unstable exposed to

Light

In the time between meals, what organ is responsible for glucose homeostasis?

Liver

What tissue contains special receptors for removing low-density lipoproteins from the circulation?

Liver

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

Low-density lipoprotein

What is the primary function of insulin?

Lower blood glucose levels

Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?

Most people with type 2 diabetes are obese.

Glycogen is stored mainly in

Muscle and liver

Which hotdog would you recommend for someone with a history of sodium retention?

Neither frank is appropriate because a low sodium product is <150 mg of sodium

With few exceptions, all the following characteristics are shared by water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers except

Neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption. They do: found in only plant-derived foods, consist primarily of nonstarch polysaccharides, consumption affects gastric emptying, stool formation, and elimination

Women are advised to take folate pre-conception to reduce the risk of giving birth to infants with

Neural tube defects

What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and fats?

Nitrogen

Essential fatty acids are derived from

Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, linolenic and linoleic respectively

A triglyceride is composed of

One glycerol and three fatty acids

An epidemiological study is one in which

Only observations are made, no intervention & Observations can be longitudinal (long-term) and/or cross-sectional (prevalence study)

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Order of amino acids in the peptide chain

What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Pancreas

Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field known as

Peer review

What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid?

Pepsin

ATP releases energy when the ____ bonds are broken.

Phosphate

Carbohydrate digestion process

Polysaccharides (complex CHO, over two sugars) - salivary amylase (enzyme) - epiglottis - UES upper esophageal sphincter - esophagus - bolus - LES lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter - vagus nerve - hypothalamus - G cells in stomach - gastrin (enzyme) - P cells in stomach - increase HCl - pH of 4.7 - pyloric sphincter - chyme - secretin (hormone) - pancreas - aqueous - H2O and HCO3^2- (bicarbonate) - enzymatic - disaccharidases: maltase, sucrase, lactase - small intestines (duodenum) - pH of 7.4 - Brush Border Membrane

_______ contributes the most sodium to the typical American's diet

Processed food

If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?

Protein synthesis will be limited

A diet containing excessive amounts of ____ may lead to a biotin deficiency

Raw egg whites

Who would be the most appropriate person to consult regarding nutrition information?

Registered dietitian nutritionist

After a hamburger is eaten, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated?

Stomach

Which of the following most accurately describes the term organic in nutrition science?

Substances with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

The chief carbohydrate in beet sugar is

Sucrose

A serving of which food would be the best source of vitamin E?

Sunflower seeds

An excellent source of beta-carotene is

Sweet potato

Which of the following is NOT required by the USDA on a food label?

Taste of food Required: net contents of the package, statement of identity, name and address of the vendor

What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent?

The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people

Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another

The side group

Which compound does not carry energy for metabolism?

CCK Do carry energy: ATP, NADH, FADH2

What is the RDA for protein for a 106-pound woman?

0.8 (106 lbs/2.2 lbs/kg) = 38.5 g

Which food provides the most riboflavin per serving?

1 cup yogurt (dairy)

What is the calorie value of a meal supplying 150g of carbohydrates, 30g of protein, and 20g of fat?

150(4) + 30(4) + 20(9) = 900 calories

Approximately how many different amino acids are used int he synthesis of body proteins?

20

Healthy diets should include

27-37 grams of fiber per day

Which food is the best source of niacin?

3 ounces roast turkey (meat)

Approximately how many grams of fat would be contained in an 800-kcalorie meal that provides 50% of the energy from carbohydrate, 20% from protein, and teh remainder from fat?

30% of energy from fat of the total kcalories 800(0.3)/(9 cal/g) = 26.67 g fat

According to the AMDR, what range percentage of the day's total energy intake should carbohydrates furnish?

45-65%

If a group of people consumed the EAR of a nutrient for their population group, what percentage would receive insufficient amounts?

48%

Which is a characteristic of hormones?

Act as messenger molecules

In the US, _____ and limited food consumption are associate with thiamin deficiency

Alcohol abuse

Recommended Dietary Allowances are used to

Assess dietary nutrition adequacy for healthy individuals

Individuals with blood cholesterol concentrations over 300 mg/dl should

Avoid all crustaceans like shrimp, crab and lobster

After digestion, most of the dietary fat leaves the small intestines and empties into the blood as

Chylomicrons

Vitamin B12 also is called

Cobalamin

What is the percentage of fat for both hotdogs?

Beef hotdog 52.5% (3.5g fat x 9 cal/g)/(60 calories) = 52.5%, Turkey hotdog 67.5%

Which hotdog has the larger serving size and why?

Briar Street because one frank is 57 grams

A 3-oz serving of ____ is the best source of thiamin

Broiled pork chop

Which statement about water-soluble vitamins is true?

By eating a variety of healthful foods, most healthy people can meet their needs for water-soluble vitamins.

In the metabolism of animo acids for energy, what is the ultimate fate of the amino group?

excreted as urea after deamination

The best sources of Vitamin C are

fresh fruits and vegetables

Glycolysis is the conversion of

glucose to pyruvate

A free radical is a

highly reactive, unstable molecule that can damage cells

Nearly all metabolic reactions involve

water

Which symptom is not likely to be caused by vitamin A deficiency?

irregular heatbeat Results: Rough, bumpy skin, chronic respiratory tract infections, scarring on the cornea of the eye

Vitamin E's presence in the _____ helps defend the cell against oxidative damage

membrane

When protein intake is adequate, the body can make _________ from tryptophan

niacin

Which of the following groups of nutrients contains only water-soluble vitamins?

niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin

The weak electrical attractions within polypeptide chains account for the protein's, B-pleated sheets or

secondary structure

To ensure a good balance of vitamins and minerals, one should eat

whole-grain products

A deficiency of _________ causes beri beri

Thiamin

What is the process that allows a non-essential amino acid to be formed from the contribution of a nitrogen by an essential amino acid?

Transamination

Most dietary lipids are in the form of

Triglycerides

A deficiency of which nutrient would cause red blood cells to be small and pale?

Vitamin B6

An inflamed tongue is a sign of

Vitamin C deficiency

Which of the following statements is true? Vitamin C encourages hair growth. Vitamin C minimizes free radical damage in cells. Vitamin C destroys viruses that cause the common cold. Vitamin C prevents the body from absorbing excess iron from ASF.

Vitamin C minimizes free radical damage in cells

The primary role of B vitamins is to

act as coenzymes or cofactors in energy metabolism

The first sign of a vitamin C deficiency is

bleeding gums

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

Amino acids

A supplement of which vitamin prevents hemolytic anemia in premature infants?

Vitamin E

Which symptom is characteristic of beri beri?

cracking at the corners of the mouth