Orthopedics

what does the acronym CR stand for?

Closed Reduction

_________ requires a percutaneous stick and the insertion of a series of small Steinman pins through the bone and several distraction rods.

Closed reduction application of an external fixator

Opening of an angle or backward movement

Extension

T/F Compartment syndrome is a condition of a decrease in the resting pressure in a contained compartment, such as the leg or the forearm.

False

________ is not an indication for an arthroplasty.

Nondisplaced fracture

__________ fractures are always an emergent situation.

Open

All of the following are indications for external fixation except:

clean long bone fractures

Orthopedic saws are identified by the movement of the blade. Which saw blade is mounted on the saw and moves side to side?

oscillating

The most logical size tap that will be used with a 3.5 mm screw is _________.

3.5

Name the nerve affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Median nerve

The shaft of the long bone is called ________.

the diaphysis

A triple arthrodesis involves fusion of _______ ankle joint/joints.

three

Surgery on the medial malleolus would be on the __________.

tibia

Intramedullary nails are commonly used to repair fractures of the _________.

tibia and femur

Compression force of the distal femur upon the tibia produces varying types of fractures of the:

tibial plateau

The surgical goal of a Bankart procedure is __________.

to correct a recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder

Why would a patient who has just undergone an Achilles tendon repair have to have a cast or splint to keep the foot in a plantar flexed position?

to keep the stress of the new suture line

The ________ is not part of the bone-healing process.

traction phase

An enlargement of the flexor tendon or inflammation of the sheath that may lead to a discrepancy in the size of the tendon and the pulley, particularly the first annular pulley over the volar plate of the MCP joint, is called ________.

trigger finger

An Achilles tendon rupture presents ________.

with the inability to plantar flex the foot

A continuous passive motion device (CPM machine) is applied after some knee surgeries. The benefit(s) would include:

-decrease of pain and swelling -decrease of joint stiffness

Complications that arise from fractured bones include ________.

-hemorrhage -nerve injury -organ injury

Away from the midline

Abduction

In a Keller bunionectomy, after the osteotomy is made the bone is fixed with __________.

K-wires

Which ligament originates from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends to the lateral condyle of the femur?

anterior cruciate ligament

Joint reconstruction is known as __________.

arthroplasty

A patient is scheduled to undergo an anterior cruciate ligament repair. The surgeon plans to use the patient's patellar tendon. This is an example of which type of graft?

autograft

Rheumatoid arthritis is best classified as:

autoimmune disease

A pneumatic tourniquet is placed:

before the patient is prepped and drapped

A Colles fracture is a fracture of the __________.

distal radius

Bone grafts are usually taken from the _______.

iliac crest

Which instrument is used to prepare the acetabulum during a total hip arthroplasty?

reamer

In __________ contrast dye is injected into the joint space to help highlight the joint structures such as theligaments, cartilage, tendons, and joint capsule

arthogram

Aseptic necrosis of bones may be caused by all of the following except:

bacteria

A knuckle-shaped portion of bone, generally found in association with a joint is called a ________.

condyle

Describe how a lag screw functions to reduce a fracture differently from a regular bone screw.

Lag screws sit perpendicular to fx site. Screw threads glide through proximal cortex, biting into distal cortex and drawing it up to compress fragments together.

What is the first thing you would do if you noticed that the cement was mixed incorrectly during a TKA?

Notify the surgeon immediately and explain, discard, and then request a new batch

In _______ the bone ends are approximated (reduced) externally and may be held in place by device such as a pin.

closed reduction percutaneous pinning

If a long bone fracture has numerous lines and fragments, it is called:

comminuted

A toe that is contracted at the PIP joint is called a/an ________.

hammertoe

Name two specific fractures or instances where a surgeon might use an external fixator device.

- Wrist or forearm fx -long bone fx -when infection is also present -severe comminuted fx -pelvic fx -when severe swelling occurs

What are the three stages of bone healing, and what occurs during each phase?

-Inflammatory: Blood from the bone and surrounding tissue collect at the fracture site and clot and fibroblasts in the area of the injury create a network of granulation tissue. -Reparative: Growth cells from the periosteum develop into rudimentary bone cells and cartilage which forms a callus. Ossification later occurs as this soft callus is replaced by bone cells and minerals. -Remodeling: Takes place over a period of weeks or months, the initial bone matrix is replaced with compact bone and the excess callus is absorbed

Beside strict adherence to aseptic technique, explain 2 specific ways the ST alone can promote avoidance of an infection during a total joint replacement.

-change gloves after draping and every 2 hours -wear hoods -limit traffic -double glove care with draping -minimize handling of implant

Place the stages of fracture healing in order: (1) hematoma formation, (2) remodeling, (3) fibrin network formation, (4) callus formation, (5) invasion of osteoblasts.

1,3,5,4,2

Which procedure requires some type of fixation device?

ACL repair

Toward the midline

Adduction

T/F Freer periosteal elevators come in 112 inch to 2 inches in width and can be curved or straight.

False

T/F The Bankhart and Putti-Platt are common procedures to repair an unstable ankle.

False

T/F To exsanguinate the limb, the surgeon might wrap the limb tightly, beginning at the proximal limb and working in a distal direction.

False

Closing of an angle or forward movement

Flexion

List the 3 functions of the skeletal system:

Framework, movement, protection mineral storage source of RBC

A fracture that has not healed within an average time frame is called a/an _________.

delayed union fracture

The ______ does not make up the rotator cuff.

deltoid muscle

The ________ joint is also called a synovial joint.

diarthrosis

The instrument sequence for placement of a surgical screw is __________.

drill, depth gauge, screw

The use of plate and screw geometry to apply forces at a fracture site is called?

dynamic compression

Power tools may function by ________.

electricity, batteries, or nitrogen

The distal and proximal ends of the long bones are called ________.

epiphyses

On which bone is the chamfer cut performed during a total knee arthroplasty?

femur

In orthopedic instrumentation, extractors are designed to _________.

fit over the head of the fixation device for its removal

The initial step in the body's repair of a fracture involves _______.

hematoma formation

Orthopedic implants are covered by all of the following rules except:

if the implant is driven by force, a driver with a metal head must be used

All of the following are properties of plaster casting except ________.

it is waterproof

Which is the largest and most complex of the synovial joints?

knee

What position would your patient most likely be placed in for a left total hip arthroplasty?

lateral

Elevators are used to:

lift the periosteum from the surface of the bone

Whenever power-driven cutting instruments are in use, the scrub should ________.

lightly irrigate the cutting blade with a sterile normal saline

MCP arthroplasty is typically done due to ______.

long-standing rheumatic arthritis

When the surgeon's hands provide the forces pulling on the bone being realigned, it is called _________.

manual traction

Which of the following is a clinical sign and symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome?

numbness of the fingers

Bone healing is termed ___________.

osteogenesis

Which of the following diseases has the highest incidence among postmenopausal women?

osteoporosis

The most common primary malignant tumor of bones is called:

osteosarcoma

The most common symptom of degenerative joint disease is:

pain

Choose the bones that comprise the knee joint.

patella, tibia, femur

A fracture caused by metastatic disease is called a/an ______.

pathologic fracture

Equipment used to repair a femoral neck fracture using a compression screw and sliding plate includes all of the following except:

pneumatic tournament

Baker's cysts are found in the ___________.

popliteal fossa

Name 3 instruments specific to a THA (total hip arthroplasty) and a use for each.

reamer, broach, cutting guides, impactor

Electromyography (EMG) __________.

records and analyzes the electrical activity in the muscles

Which of the following instruments are needed for a diagnostic arthroscopy?

scope, camera, right-angle probe, irrigation cannula

Anterior glenohumeral dislocation is a dislocation of the ________ joint.

shoulder

A traction that requires surgical insertion of metal rods or pins through bone, and are attached to a traction device that applies force or is attached to a weighted pulley is known as:

skeletal traction

De Quervain's contracture release is ________.

stenosed tenosynovitis

Turning the hand so that the palm is upward is referred to as _________.

supination

All of the following statements are false except:

surgical implant information including number used, type, and size is recorded

A joint that is immovable, such as the union of the major skull bones, is a/an ________.

synarthrosis

_______ requires the use of orthopedic implants.

Open reduction internal fixation

The _____ is a knee retractor.

Blount

what does the acronym ORIF stand for

Open Reduction Internal Fixation

_________ serve/serves as a supporting structure for blood vessels nourishing bone and for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

The periosteum

T/F If your surgeon was about to permanently place a total hip joint implant he or she might use animpactor to prevent the mallet from contacting the fixation device and scratching, nicking, or dentingit

True

T/F The pullout strength of a screw is proportional to the surface area of thread that is in contact with the bone.

True

T/F The total time that the tourniquet is inflated should not exceed 1 hour on the arm and 2 hours on the thigh.

True

Bent or twisted away from the midline

Valgus

Bent or twisted toward midline

Varus

Hematopoiesis is the production of ___________.

blood cells and hemoglobin

Which of the following sutures would not be used to attach tendon to bone?

chromic