patho study

The nurse is evaluating teaching provided to a parent of a male newborn with a karotype of 47, XXY. Which statement indicates more teaching is needed?

"My child will have normal fertility when he matures."

The efficiency of the heart as a pump often is measured in the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. Which is the correct formula to figure out the cardiac output?

CO = SV x HR

A client is admitted to hospital with signs of acidosis. Compensation takes place in the kidney as well as in the lungs. Which action takes place specifically at the respiratory membrane?

CO2 is eliminated

The nursing student studying about cancer growth correctly identifies "cell proliferation" to mean which of the following?

Increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division

Disease of the arterial system affects body function by impairing blood flow. Which term refers to an area of necrosis in an organ produced by occlusion of its arterial blood supply?

Infarction

A nurse doing a presentation on cancer to a local community group identifies which factors to be high-risk and associated with cancer development? Select all that apply.

Environmental agents Heredity Hormonal factors

A pregnant client has just undergone cytogenetic studies to determine fetal karyotyping. She learns that her fetus has trisomy 21. Which of the following is a manifestation of this condition?

Epicanthal eye folds

The nurse is interpreting an electrocardiogram of a 65-year-old woman. Which should the nurse recognize as representing ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiologic principles behind heart failure, the instructor defines cardiac output as which example?

The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute

Which client will the nurse prioritize to assess first?

The client with sinus arrest

A client has presented to the emergency department after he twisted his ankle while playing soccer. Which assessment findings are cardinal signs that the client is experiencing inflammation? Select all that apply.

The client's ankle is visibly red The ankle appears to be swollen The ankle is warmer than the unaffected ankle The client is experiencing pain

When the mother of an adolescent with Turner syndrome asks the nurse why the physician is prescribing estrogen therapy, the nurse provides which explanation?

To promote secondary sex characteristics

The type of hypersensitivity reaction that is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues is also known as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type II

After years of going to different physicians with vague symptoms, a 55-year-old client with a history of Hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed with a secondary immunodeficiency syndrome. The client asks the nurse what this means. The nurse knows that secondary immunodeficiency disorders may occur if which background information is available? Select all that apply.

Usually develop later in life May be a result of chemotherapy being used to treat a cancer Can occur in clients taking corticosteroids daily.

A nurse is caring for an infant born with a cleft lip and palate. The priority of care would address:

malnutrition

A client who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? What would be the nurse's best response?

"Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels."

The nurse is providing education to the parent of a male diagnosed with Marfan syndrome. The nurse knows that her teaching has been effective when the parent states which of the following?

"His participation in sports may need to be limited."

The nurse teaching a group of adolescent girls about Papanicolaou (Pap) testing determines that additional education is needed when one makes which statement?

"It is a blood test."

A woman who has just learned that she is pregnant for the first time has sought advice from her health care provider about the safe use of alcohol during pregnancy. What advice should the clinician provide to the woman?

"It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant."

A 55-year-old client has been diagnosed with atherosclerosis. The client understands that his or her lifestyle includes many of the risk factors for developing the disease, but the client asks the nurse, "What actually caused my disease?" What is the nurse's best scientific answer?

"LDL and VLDLs stimulate endothelial cell dysfunction."

A woman is surprised to read on the Internet that certain infections can cause cancer, and has sought clarification from her family physician during an office visit. How can the physician best respond to the woman's query?

"There are many viruses, but only a very few of them have been shown to cause cancer in humans.

Both members of a couple are carriers of an autosomal recessive trait. What will the nurse teach the couple about the risk of their child being affected?

"There is a 25% chance the child will be affected with the disease trait."

A nurse practitioner is instructing a group of older adults about the risks associated with high cholesterol. Which teaching point should the participants try to integrate into their lifestyle after the teaching session?

"Your family history of hypercholesterolemia is important, but there are things you can do to compensate for a high inherited risk."

A client has been diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis following his recovery from rheumatic fever. Which teaching point would be most accurate to convey to the client?

"Your mitral valve isn't opening up enough for blood to flow into the part of your heart that sends blood into circulation."

A woman homozygous for the gene mutation that causes cystic fibrosis, with a partner who does not carry the same mutation, has what chance of having a child with the disease?

0% chance

A client called the physician's office with symptoms of the common cold. The nurse educates the client on supportive treatment for symptoms and explains that the body's immune system is fighting the virus but will take approximately how long for a response?

1-2 weeks

A nurse working in a cancer facility identifies which clients to be at high risk for developing cancer? Select all that apply.

45-year-old smoker of two packs per day 30-year-old who chews tobacco daily 50-year-old who drinks a six-pack five times a week 55-year-old who grills with charcoal three times a week

A mother who has one mutant allele on the X chromosome and one normal allele asks the nurse what the percentage is of passing it on to a daughter to be a carrier. The best response would be:

50%

Which hypertensive individual is most likely to have his or her high blood pressure diagnosed as secondary rather than essential?

51-year-old man who has been diagnosed with glomerulonephritis

Which individuals are at risk of developing metabolic alkalosis? Select all that apply.

A 70 year-old woman who has taken 2 tablespoons of baking soda to settle her "sour stomach" A hospital client who is on nasogastric suction following gastric surgery A 20 year-old male who has been regularly inducing himself to vomit following binge eating

Which individuals would be considered to be at risk for the development of edema? Select all that apply.

A client with right-sided heart failure and hypothyroidism A client who has suffered extensive burns in a job-related accident A client with hypoalbuminemia secondary to malnutrition and anorexia nervosa

The nurse is orienting a student to the oncology setting. Which characteristic does the student identify as one that is representative of a benign tumor?

A fibrous capsule

Which of the following is a known trigger for many autoimmune disorders?

A viral infection

A client is brought to the physician's office with a raised, red macular rash on the trunk and arms accompanied by a fever. A diagnosis of measles is made. Which type of immunity does this disease process provide?

Active natural immunity

A client's most recent laboratory results suggest the presence of metabolic alkalosis. What action by the nurse best addresses a potential cause of this acid-base imbalance?

Administering an antiemetic to treat the client's frequent vomiting

A client is currently receiving chemotherapy treatment and has developed thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate intervention for the nurse to implement would be

Administration of erythropoietin

The health care provider should assess closely for which cardiovascular defects associated with Marfan syndrome? Select all that apply.

Aortic dissection Mitral valve prolapse Aortic weakness

After donating a pint of blood, a person suddenly feels light-headed and dizzy. Blood pressure has fallen to 68/38. The nurse knows that which responses will immediately attempt to regulate blood pressure? Select all that apply.

Arterial vasoconstriction Increased heart rate

Which statements are true regarding humoral immunity? Select all that apply.

B lymphocytes (B cells) are vital to the functioning of this type of immunity. Two types of responses (primary and secondary) occur. The memory response occurs on subsequent exposures to the antigen.

Which statement about opportunistic pathogen infection in AIDS is true?

Becoming infected with an opportunistic pathogen is one requirement for the diagnosis of AIDS.

A nurse caring for a client with cancer notes that the client also has anemia. What might be the cause of anemia in this client? Select all that apply.

Blood loss Impaired red blood cell (RBC) production Side effect of chemotherapy

The role of inflammation in the etiology of atherosclerosis has emerged over the last few years. Which lab test is a marker for systemic inflammation?

C-reactive protein

When caring for a client with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system?

Cardiovascular

Which disease is caused by a genetic defect of chloride transport?

Cystic fibrosis

Once T helper cells are activated, they secrete which substance that activates and influences nearly all of the other cells of the immune system?

Cytokines

A nurse is caring for a client with severe liver failure. Knowing that the client's condition has resulted in impaired synthesis of albumin, the nurse understands that the client's generalized edema is related to which of the following?

Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure

The nurse is caring for a client with isotonic fluid volume deficit. The nurse should anticipate which clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.

Decreased urine output Hypotension Tachycardia and weak pulse Increased hematocrit and BUN

A client diagnosed with breast cancer will undergo a surgical procedure that includes biopsy of the sentinel node. What can be accomplished by this biopsy?

Determine the extent of the disease

A nurse in a nursing home is concerned that a resident may be developing left-sided heart failure. Manifestations of left-sided heart failure would include which symptom?

Dyspnea, cough

Which statement is true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders?

Effects are typically the result of alterations in enzyme function.

Which statement provides blood work results and rationale that would be most closely associated with acute coronary syndrome?

Elevated creatine kinase and troponin, both of which normally exist intracellularly rather than in circulation

Angina pectoris is a chronic ischemic CAD that is characterized by a symptomatic paroxysmal chest pain or pressure sensation associated with transient myocardial ischemia. What precipitates an attack of angina pectoris?

Emotional stress

Which lab results confirm the client has developed an acute-phase inflammatory response? Select all that apply.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 175 mm/h (high). Leukocytes (WBC) 18.7 cells/μL (high). C-reactive protein (CRP) 10.0 mg/L (95.24 nmol/L) (high).

Select the most important intervention in the management of anaphylaxis.

Establishment of a stable airway and intravenous access, as well as the administration of epinephrine

After studying genetic disorders, the pathophysiology student knows that which of the following is true?

Genotype determines phenotype.

The nurse caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis examines arterial blood gas (ABG) results. Which change from the initial value indicates the client's metabolic alkalosis is improving?

HCO3- has decreased

Which of the following facilitates the clearance of cholesterol from the periphery (including atheromatous plaques) and transports it to the liver where it may be excreted?

HDL

The provider is counseling a client who has just been diagnosed with adult polycystic kidney disease, an autosomal dominant disorder. Which statement regarding the transmission of genetic disease is accurate?

Healthy or unaffected children are not carriers of the defective gene.

A client has recently received a pneumococcal vaccine and the client's B cells are consequently producing antibodies. Which cells may enhance this production of antibodies?

Helper T cells

A nurse is conducting a community education program on birth defects. The nurse determines that the participants need to learn more when they state that _______ is an autosomal recessive disorder.

Hemophilia A

Each cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. The chromosomes are paired with alleles of genes that are paired, and if both members of the gene pair are identical, the person is considered homozygous. What is the person considered if both members of the gene pair are not identical?

Heterozygous

A nurse is educating a client about modifiable risk factors of primary hypertension. Which topics will the nurse be discussing with this client? Select all that apply.

High blood cholesterol levels Cigarette smoking Obesity Alcohol consumption

A client has developed atherosclerosis. The nurse knows that a major cause for this disorder is:

Hypertension

Which statements regarding hypertension are correct? Select all that apply.

Hypertension is more frequent among younger men than in younger women. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is one of the most common health problems for adults.

A client experiences an allergic reaction. Select the immunoglobulin that would bind to mast cells and release histamine.

IgE

In a newborn, which antibody crosses the placenta to provide protection from infection?

IgG

Following routine newborn testing, an infant has been diagnosed with an elevated phenylalanine level. The nurse teaches the parents to follow a strict low-protein diet to prevent which major complication for the infant?

Impaired brain development

A 22-year-old man is experiencing hypovolemic shock following a fight in which his carotid artery was cut with a broken bottle. Which immediate treatments are likely to most benefit the man?

Infusion of normal saline or Ringer's lactate to maintain the vascular space.

A school-aged child asks the nurse why his wound has a scab on it. The nurse walks the child through the inflammatory phase of wound healing. Place the steps of the inflammatory phase in proper sequence.

Injury occurs on playground. Injured blood vessels vasoconstrict. Platelet activation initiates blood clotting. Following brief period of constriction, vessels dilate. Capillaries increase permeability, allowing plasma to leak into the area. Clot loses fluid and becomes hard (scab protects the area).

A client comes to the emergency room concerned about infection after being cut on the hand by a piece of glass; the skin surrounding the wound is red, warm and painful. After assisting with suture insertion, the nurse develops discharge instructions to include which information on the body's natural defenses? Select all that apply.

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense. The epithelial layers of the skin provide innate immunity. Redness, heat, pain and swelling are part of the normal inflammatory process

The heart is a four-chambered pump. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

Left ventricle

A client is being treated for lupus, an autoimmune disease. The nurse is teaching the client how the immune system normally differentiates between self and non-self (foreign peptides). The nurse knows teaching has been effective when the client correctly identifies which molecule as the self-recognition protein?

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A client who has just recently been diagnosed with cancer asks the nurse what tumor markers are. Which answer would be the nurse's best response?

Markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells

Which cellular mediator is involved in the development of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Mast cells

The client has arterial blood gases (ABG) drawn. The results are a pH of 7.50, PCO2 30 mEq/L (30 mmol/L), and HCO3- 24. The nurse understands that which condition/action could cause these ABG results?

Mechanical ventilation

Which characteristic of genetic disorders involves a single-gene trait?

Mendelian patterns of inheritance

A client admitted to the hospital with severe diarrhea has a K+ level of 6.7 mEq/L (6.7 mmol/L), symptoms of paresthesia, restlessness, and dyspnea. What could have caused his condition?

Metabolic acidosis

Arterial blood gases of a client with a diagnosis of acute renal failure reveal a pH of 7.25, HCO3- level of 21 mEq/L (21 mmol/L), and decreased PCO2 level accompanied by a respiratory rate of 32. This client is most likely experiencing which disorder of acid-base balance?

Metabolic acidosis

The nurse is reviewing the following lab results of a client diagnosed with renal failure:pH: 7.24PCO2: 38 mm Hg (5.05 kPa)HCO3:18 mEq/L (18 mmol/L)The nurse would interpret this as:

Metabolic acidosis

A client tells the nurse that the client has been taking Alka-Seltzer (bicarbonate—antacid) four times a day for the past 2 weeks for an upset stomach. Upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes hyperactive reflexes, tetany, and mental confusion. Arterial blood gases reveal pH 7.55; serum HCO3− 37 mEq/L (37 mmol/L). The nurse suspects the client may be experiencing:

Metabolic alkalosis

For which acid-base imbalance will the nurse monitor for a client taking large doses of loop diuretics?

Metabolic alkalosis

When caring for a group of clients, which of these individuals does the nurse recognize has an acid-base disturbance where compensation may result in decreased respiration?

Metabolic alkalosis

A biochemical event (e.g., nucleotide change, deletion, or insertion) that produces a new allele is called:

Mutation

A client arrives at the doctor's office reporting severe indigestion that has been intermittent; however, the pain is now constant and feels like a vise. The nurse does an ECG and recognizes that the situation is possibly emergent due to ST-segment elevation, which could indicate:

Myocardial infarction

A client has developed cardiogenic shock. The most frequent cause of this type of shock is:

Myocardial infarction

The nurse is administering a unit of packed red blood cells to a client and piggybacks the unit of blood through a solution of 0.9% NaCl. Blood cells placed in a solution of 0.9% saline will do which of the following?

Neither shrink nor swell

A nursing student who describes cell characteristics that include regulated growth, genetic stability, limited lifespan, and growth factor dependence is talking about which type of cell?

Normal cells

Considering the PQRST complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG), which letter designation represents atrial depolarization?

P wave

A client with heart failure tells the nurse that he is frustrated and is unable to get "a good night's rest." The client relates that he falls asleep and is suddenly awakened and feels as though he is having a hard time breathing and is suffocating. The nurse recognizes this assessment as:

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A 41-year-old woman has made the recent decision to start a family and is eager to undergo testing to mitigate the possibility of having a child with Down syndrome. Which test is most likely to provide the data the woman seeks?

Prenatal blood tests

Which manifestations might the nurse expect to observe in an AIDS client? Select all that apply.

Pulmonary tuberculosis Cognitive impairment Gastroenteritis Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The physician examines a client who has been in a motor vehicle accident and sustained head and chest injuries. Which would be considered compensatory responses to this acid-base imbalance?

Renal compensation with increased H+ excretion and increased HCO3- reabsorption

A client has had an acute myocardial infarction (MI). The brother of the client has a history of angina. The client asks how he will know if his brother's pain is angina or if the brother is actually having an MI. Which statement is correct?

Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI.

A client is diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer. The client begins treatment imminently but is experiencing nausea, vomiting, and abnormal ECG findings on admission. When assessing the client for possible paraneoplastic syndromes, the nurse should prioritize what laboratory assessment?

Serum calcium level

Select the screening procedure performed on newborns to decrease the risk of intellectual disability and compromised neurological development.

Serum phenylalanine test

Which physiologic characteristics correspond with innate immunity? Select all that apply.

Similar immune response for each exposure Immediate response to antigen invasion

A 28-year-old marathon runner comes to the clinic to obtain a physical exam for a new job. The nurse assesses a regular pulse rate of 52 beats per minute (bpm). Which common dysrhythmia is the nurse aware this client most likely has related to maintaining a large stroke volume?

Sinus bradycardia

The effective circulating volume is the major regulator of water balance in the body. What else does it regulate?

Sodium

The health care provider informs the client that she is at risk for developing an autosomal recessive disorder. For which disorder may the client be at risk?

Tay-Sachs disease

A person's genotype can best be described as which of the following?

The genetic makeup of an individual

A 30-year-old male knows that he contracted HIV a month ago. Place the following steps in the order of the progression of the disease, starting with what he could expect first if he does not receive treatment.

There is a rapid increase in viral replication, which leads to very high viral loads. Viral symptoms such as fatigue, lymphadenopathy, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances and the CD4+ T-cell count begins to fall. There is a period (up to 10 years) of being symptom-free as CD4+ T cells decrease. CD4+ T-cell count is 200 cells/μL, confirming the diagnosis of AIDS. The risk of opportunist infection is highest. Death

What distinguishes primary immunodeficiency disorders from another disorder?

They are inherited abnormalities of immune function that render a person susceptible to diseases normally prevented by an intact immune system.

Which dysrhythmia is considered to be the most fatal and requires immediate treatment?

Ventricular fibrillation

Which clinical manifestation would lead the nurse to suspect a client has developed fluid volume excess?

Weight gain

A client has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and asks the nurse what causes this condition. What is the nurse's best response?

Your immune system is attacking your own tissues as if they were harmful organisms.

A nursing instructor asks students the following question: "Into which categories do neoplasms fall?" Select all that apply.

benign malignant

A nursing student identifies which statement about tumors to be true?

benign tumors usually grow by expansion

During a review session discussing cells, a student asks, "What do you call it when a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure?" Which response answers the question correctly?

cell differentiation

A nursing student says the following to her instructor: "Malignant neoplasms are more well-differentiated than benign tumors." Which of the following is the answer?

false

In starvation, not enough amino acids are available for protein synthesis. This decreased protein level in the blood can lead to edema of the tissues. The underlying process that explains the edema is:

decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure.

Which option most accurately describes the physiologic process resulting in more specialized cells with each mitotic division?

differentiation

A young man has been diagnosed with Huntington disease following several months of progressive muscle weakness. The man has two young children: one boy and one girl. The nurse should teach the man that:

each child has 50% chance of developing Huntington disease.

A client with environmental allergies is experiencing respiratory inflammation. Which mediator causes vasodilation during the vascular stage of the inflammatory response?

histamine

The nurse explains to prospective parents that AA or aa in a Punnett square represent two alleles of a given pair that are the same, or:

homozygotes

A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors:

invade surrounding tissues

Which cancer is the leading cause of cancer death?

lung

The nursing student studying cancer identifies which term to refer to the "new growth" that comes about with cell differentiation and growth?

neoplasm

A client has been diagnosed with respiratory alkalosis. What assessment finding should the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply.

pH above 7.45 PCO2 34 mm/hg (4.52 kPa) HCO3- 19 mEq/L (19 mmol/L

The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis. Which of these arterial blood gas results supports this diagnosis?

pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 45 mEq/L (45 mmol/L)

Which target of both chemotherapy and radiation treatment accounts for adverse as well as therapeutic effects?

rapidly proliferating cells

While teaching a client with new-onset right-sided heart failure, the nurse should educate the client to monitor for fluid accumulation by:

recording weight every day at the same time with same type of clothing.

Nurses understand the importance of early detection for cancer. The best way to diagnose cancer in clients at its earliest stage is through which procedure?

screening

Following delivery, the parents have chosen to have their infant's cord blood frozen. A blood test is performed on the cord blood and found to contain IgM antibodies. The nurse interprets this to mean:

the infant has been exposed to an intrauterine infection.

A client has developed ascites secondary to alcoholism. The client's abdominal girth is increased because:

the liver no longer produces enough plasma proteins to maintain osmotic pressure.

A client who is scheduled to have a tissue specimen removed for microscopic study will undergo which test?

tissue biopsy

The person's phenotype can best be described as:

traits that are observable or apparent.

The nursing student studying about cancer says the following: "A neoplasm, benign or malignant, represents a new growth." This statement is considered to be which of the following?

true

A client cuts herself with a sharp knife while cooking dinner. The client describes how the wound started bleeding and had a red appearance almost immediately. The nurse knows that in the vascular stage of acute inflammation, the vessels:

vasodilate, causing the area to become congested and resulting in the red color and warmth.