Physics Review Chapter 10
Define thermal equilibrium.
thermal equilibrium: when its temperature is constant and there is no net transfer of energy. p. 345
Define thermal expansion and know how to work problems using the formula.
thermal expansion: the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. (Section 10.2) p. 351 for solving problems
Know how to convert between temperatures 4 different scales:
(ex.- C->F, F->K) Section 10.1, P. 346-348
2 systems, a and b, in thermal equilibrium with each other. Temperature of B is due to it being made up of melting ice. What would be the temperature of system A?
0 degrees Celsius 273.15 Kelvin 32 degrees Fahrenheit
Know 3 main temperature scales.
1. Celsius 2. Fahrenheit 3. Kelvin
Boiling water what is the temp of A
100 degrees celsius 212 Fahrenheit 373.15 Kelvin
EXAMPLE:
2000J=(100)(200)(Tf-20) 2000J/2000 +20=2000(Tf-20) 0.1+20 Final answer: 20.1
what is used to measure temperature?
Thermometer
Know conduction, convection, and radiation
conduction: a form of thermal energy transfer that occurs through collisions between particles of matter convection: the transfer of thermal energy due to the physical movement of material radiation: the transfer of thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
Define heat and direct heat energy flows.
heat: the energy that is transferred between objects because of a temperature difference. P. 245 direct heat energy flows: Conduction, Convection, Radiation P. 354-356 1. Conduction transfers energy between particles 2. Convection transfers energy by physical movement 3. Radiation transfers energy as electromagnetic waves
Know how to convert change in one scale to another scale.
p. 346-349
Know SI unit of heat and who discovered mechanical equivalent heat.
SI unit of heat: Joule James Joule Prescott
What phase would linear thermal expansion be best?
SOLID because particles are close together
Just memorize this...
Scale of Kelvin and Scale of Celsius is the same
Why does sandpaper get hot when rubbed against metal?
Because of Friction
What do you call the flow of energy transferred between objects of different temperature?
Heat
What is the relationship between heat and work?
Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat is transfer by conduction, which occurs when an object with high thermal energy comes into contact with an object. When work is done by an object its often accompanied with heat. Section 10.3, P. 358-362
What is the direction of heat transfer
High to low temperature
If a substance has low specific heat, what does that mean?
It's easier to change temperature
If a substance has high specific heat capacity, what does that mean
It's harder to change the temperature
if you wanted to directly increase the temperature of an object what would you have to add?
Kinetic Energy
if 2 objects are in thermal equilibrium, do they have heat?
NO
How do you determine how much a temperature changes during a phase change?
Q=mL ice melts stays at 0 water boils stays at 100
What three ways is heat transferred when a fresh bag of popcorn is made?
Radiation: microwaves causes molecules in popcorn to move faster which makes them pop (waves) Convection: Heat is being transferred in the air when the bag is opened (current) Conduction: when you grab the bag in the wrong spot (touch)
Know the relationship between temperature and phase change
Section 10.4, P. 366-368
SHORT ANSWER Know the phase graph and what happens at each point.
Section 10.4, p. 372-373 1. Ice 2. Ice and water (Melting/Freezing) 3. Water 4. Water and Vaporization/Condensation Water and Steam 5. Steam
C= Q= M deltaT=
Specific Heat Capacity Heat Mass t(final)-t(initial)
Three things you need:
Specific heat Capacity of substance mass of substance Change in temperature of the substance
Temperature change from F to C
Tc=5/9(Tf)
Fahrenheit to Celsius
Tc=5/9(Tf-32)
Temperature change from C to F
Tf=9/5(Tc)
-110 degrees celsius what is it in Fahrenheit
Tf=9/5(Tc+32)
Define specific heat and know its formula and how to solve problems.
specific heat: the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree). P. 362-365
Define temperature and what causes an increase in temperature, and what measures temperature.
temperature: proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. p.343 1. Temperature depends on average kinetic energy 2. A temperature difference causes energy to flow. 3. Heat is the flow of thermal energy (1-3 are on pages 343-345) Section 10.1
