Physiology 2, exam 1 practice questions
As part of the stress response, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. A. ACTH B. GnRH C. Somatostatin D. Aldosterone
A
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A. entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei B. exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism C. acting to decrease basal metabolic rate D. causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, therefore decreasing blood pressure
A
What is the underlying cause of John's condition? A. Excess secretion of growth hormone postpuberty B. Excess production of androgens postpuberty C. Insufficient production of beta -estradiol D. Excess production of glucocorticoids
A
Which of the following reside in the peritubular compartment of the testes? A. Leydig cells B. Sertoli cells C. Spermatogenic stem cells (spermatogonia) D. Somatotrophic cells
A
A 37-year-old woman presents with exophthalmus and an enlarged thyroid gland. The levels of free T3 and T4 levels in her blood are elevated. Other clinical findings of Graves' disease include which of the following? A. Decreased metabolic rate B. Tachycardia C. Decreased sweating D. Weight gain
B
A 37-year-old woman presents with exophthalmus and an enlarged thyroid gland. The levels of free T3 and T4 levels in her blood are elevated. Other clinical findings of Graves' disease include which of the following? A. Decreased metabolic rate B. Tachycardia C. Decreased sweating D. Weight gain
B
A 43-year-old man develops a brain tumor that impinges on the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus resulting in hypersecretion of the hormone: A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D. Growth hormone E. Prolactin
B
A hormone that is secreted and acts on a neighboring cells is termed A. Autocrine B. Paracrine C. Exocrine D. Endocrine
B
Aldosterone ________. A. is secreted by the posterior pituitary B. functions to increase sodium reabsorption C. increases potassium concentration in the blood D. production is primarily influenced by ACTH
B
In utero, development of a male phenotype requires the presence of: A. Antimüllerian hormone and androstenedione B. Testosterone and oxytocin C. Estradiol and Antimüllerian hormone D. Antimüllerian hormone and Testosterone
D
A major league baseball player takes human growth hormone to increase his performance. Which of the following is true regarding human growth hormone? A. GH secretion is stimulated by somatostatin and inhibited by ghrelin B. GH has a long half-life C. GH inhibits protein synthesis D. GH decreases lipolysis E. GH stimulates production of somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) by the liver
E
The pituitary gland is influenced by "releasing" and "inhibiting" hormones secreted by the ... A. Hypothalamus B. Adrenal cortex C. Thalamus D. Pineal gland
A
Which hormone only has a biological function in women? A. prolactin B. thyroid-stimulating hormone C. follicle stimulating hormone D. luteinizing hormone
A
Which of the following hormones is both synthesized and stored in the pituitary gland? A. Growth hormone (GH) B. GH releasing hormone (GHRH) C. ADH D. Somatostatin
A
Which of the following is true regarding hormone binding to plasma proteins? A. It increases the half-life of the hormone B. It decreases hormonal activity C. It is uncommon for steroid hormones D. It is uncommon for thyroid hormones
A
Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is INCORRECT? A. Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla. B. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. C. Steroid hormones are produced by reproductive glands. D. Steroid hormones bind to receptors within the cell. E. Steroid hormones are lipids.
A
ACTH ________. A. is secreted by the posterior pituitary B. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) C. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D. is a steroid hormone
B
Which of the following statements regarding Sertoli cells is INCORRECT? A. Sertoli cells secrete antimüllerian Hormone (AMH) B. Sertoli cells secrete testosterone C. Sertoli cells possess receptors for FSH D. Sertoli cells produce inhibin
B
The hypothalamus controls secretion of the anterior pituitary by A. direct neural stimulation. B. indirect osmotic control. C. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a vascular portal system. D. altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
C
Two hormones that target their effect on the kidney are.... A. aldosterone and cortisol B. oxytocin and aldosterone C. ADH and aldosterone D. ACTH and ADH
C
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A. hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B. cell membrane becomes depolarized. C. second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D. cell becomes inactive. E. hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
C
When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B. the cell membrane becomes depolarized. C. a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D. the cell becomes inactive.
C
When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, .. A. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B. the cell membrane becomes depolarized. C. a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D. the cell becomes inactive.
C
When comparing the endocrine system and the nervous system, the endocrine system generally A. is faster-acting than the nervous system. B. produces effects that are of shorter duration. C. uses blood-borne chemical messengers. D. produces more localized effects. E. relies less on chemical messengers.
C
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones plays a major role in the regulation of a nonendocrine target gland? A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone C. Prolactin D. Follicle-stimulating hormone E. Luteinizing hormone
C
Which of the following is NOT an action of luteinizing hormone (LH) in women? A. LH induces ovulation B. LH promotes the ovarian secretion of estrogens and progestins C. LH stimulates the formation of a pre-ovulatory follicle capable of ovulation D. LH prepares the body for pregnancy
C
Which of the following is NOT an effect of growth hormone (GH)? A. Promotes bone growth. B. Promotes muscle growth. C. Causes lipid accumulation within adipocytes. D. Promotes amino acid uptake by cells.
C
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A. estrogen B. aldosterone C. epinephrine D. cortisone
C
A 52-year-old woman with a chief complaint of snoring is referred for a sleep study. As shown in the graph below, the concentration of a hormone varied over the 24-hour period of study. This diurnal variation in plasma level results from the secretion of which of the following hormones? a. Cortisol b. Thyroid hormone c. Growth hormone d. Aldosterone
A
Regarding thyroid hormone, which of the following is TRUE? A. Thyroid hormone takes seconds to act once it is released into the bloodstream. B. Thyroid hormone plays a role in the maturation of the central nervous system in the newborn C. Thyroid hormones are formed in the thyrocytes and immediately released into the bloodstream D. Release of thyroid hormone surges during REM sleep
B
Regulatory factors formed in the hypothalamus that control secretions of anterior pituitary are released into the A. general systemic blood circulation B. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels C. paraventricular nuclei D. cerebral spinal fluid
B
A "birth control" compound for men has been sought for several decades. Which of the following would provide effective sterility? A. Substance that mimics the actions of luteinizing hormone B. Substance that blocks the actions of inhibin C. Substance that blocks the actions of follicle-stimulating hormone D. Substance that mimics the actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
C
Men who take large doses of testosterone-like androgenic steroids for long periods are sterile in the reproductive sense of the word. What is the explanation for this finding? A. High levels of androgens bind to testosterone receptors in the Sertoli cells, resulting in overstimulation of inhibin formation B. Overstimulation of sperm cell production results in the formation of defective sperm cells C. High levels of androgen compounds inhibit the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus, resulting in the inhibition of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone release by the anterior pituitary D. High levels of androgen compounds produce hypertrophic dysfunction of the prostate gland
C
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A. testosterone B. estrogen C. cortisol D. epinephrine
C
Regarding peptide hormone receptors, a common link between a first messenger (hormone) and a second messenger is A. cAMP B. ATP C. a G protein D. calcium ion
C
Which of the statements regarding the neural portion of the pituitary gland is CORRECT? A. This structure produces steroid hormones B. This structure produces hormones necessary for spermatogenesis C. This structure contains the magnocellular neurons D. This structure secretes release and inhibitory hormones into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels
C
Which one is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism? A. fatigue B. weight gain C. excessive sweating D. depression
C
Which one of the following is characteristic of protein/peptide hormones? A. They take days to produce an effect in the body B. They are derived from cholesterol C. Their receptors are located on the cell membrane D. They increate transcription and translation in the target cell
C
A 35-year-old major league baseball player starts taking human growth hormone to increase his performance. Which of the following best describes an effect of human growth hormone? A. It decreases lipolysis. B. It has a long half-life. C. It inhibits protein synthesis. D. It stimulates production of insulin-like growth factors I by the liver.
D
Seven days after ovulation, pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) decreases rapidly. What is the cause of this decrease in secretion? A. The anterior pituitary gland becomes unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) B. Estrogen from the developing follicles exerts a feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus C. The rise in body temperature inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH D. Secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of LH
D
The hormones of the thyroid control A. metabolism B. growth C. development D. all of the above
D
A man who has been exposed to high levels of gamma radiation is sterile due to destruction of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, although he has normal levels of testosterone. Which of the following would be found in this patient? A. Normal secretory pattern of gonadotropin-releasing hormone B. Normal levels of inhibin C. Suppressed levels of follicle-stimulating hormone D. Absence of Leydig cells
A
A patient has been diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism. Which of the following hormonal pattern would be consistent for this patient? A. High TSH and low T4 levels B. High TSH and high T4 levels C. Low TSH and low T4 levels D. Low TSH and high T4 levels
A
A person with a significant increase in thyroid hormone levels would experience which one of the following? A. decreased body weight B. Intolerance to cold C. Low heart rate D. decreased basal metabolic rate
A
Extracellular surface membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A. Peptide hormones B. Steroid hormones C. Thyroid hormone D. Androgens
A
Glucocorticoids such as cortisol enable the body to deal appropriately with stress by: A. increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels. B. decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C. stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D. blocking the release of epinephrine
A
Growth hormones act indirectly to induce anabolic effects in bone and muscle. What then acts directly to make these tissues grow? A. Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a growth factor called IGF-1 B. Growth hormone stimulates androgen secretion from the adrenal cortex C. Growth hormone increases amino acid absorption from the digestive tract. D. Growth hormone increases cellular calcium storage.
A
Hormone levels are normally kept within a specific therapeutic range. What is the most common method used to regulate secretion of hormones? A. Negative feedback inhibition B. Enzymatic destruction of hormones C. Positive feed forward regulation D. Competitive inhibition
A
It is rumored that one of our former (and deceased) presidents was suffering from Addison's disease (inadequate synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease? A. Hyperglycemia B. Bronzing of the skin, low body weight C. Low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels D. Hypotension
A
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. A. hormones; neurotransmitters B. neuropeptides; neurotransmitters C. neurotransmitters; hormones D. neurotransmitters; neuropeptides E. neuropeptides; neurohormones
A
Peptide hormones are A. composed of amino acids. B. produced by the adrenal cortex. C. only derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D. related to cholesterol.
A
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen D. increasing blood pressure
A
The hormone responsible for smooth muscle contraction during labor is.... A. oxytocin B. epinephrine C. prolactin D. growth hormone
A
The hormones of the posterior pituitary include: A. ADH and Oxytocin B. TSH and FSH C. GnRH and CRH D. Androgen and Estradiol
A
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A. Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) B. ACTH C. GH D. ADH
A
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A. estrogen B. progesterone C. gonadotropins D. oxytocin
A
About 2 days before ovulation, the rate of secretion of LH by the anterior pituitary gland increases markedly. At this time, LH has a specific effect on the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle. The increase in LH.. A. inhibits hormone production by the induces the granulosa & theca cells B. induces the granulosa & theca cells to secrete greater amounts of progesterone. C. "rescues" the corpus luteum. D. induces the granulosa & theca cells to secrete greater amounts of estrogen.
B
Adrenal androgens A. are synthesized by the adrenal medulla B. are insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty in males C. are highly dependent on a feedback loop involving LH D. are only present in males
B
Bone, muscle and adipose tissue are target tissue for: A. Calcitonin B. Growth hormone C. Aldosterone D. Follicle stimulating hormone
B
Drug X binds to the growth hormone receptor and blocks its action. Which of the following is most likely to occur in an adult? A. An increase in plasma [IGF-I] B. A decrease in somatostatin secretion C. An increase in plasma [glucose] D. A decrease in linear growth E. Acromegaly
B
In the anterior pituitary, corticotrophs secrete A. Growth hormone B. ACTH C. LH &FSH D. GnRH
B
In the male, Leydig cells are responsible for the production of: A. Semen B. Testosterone C. Androgen-binding protein D. Estriol
B
Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback control system in which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH. stimulates the steps in sperm cell formation. What is the negative feedback signal associated with sperm cell production that inhibits pituitary formation of FSH? A. Testosterone B. Inhibin C. Estrogen D. Luteinizing hormone
B
Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A. prolactin, because prolactin is a small peptide B. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C. growth hormone, because the thyroid works by forming trophic intermediary hormones D. inhibin, because the structure of inhibin is similar to that of thyroid hormone
B
Very early in embryonic development, testosterone is formed within the male embryo. What is the function of this hormone at this stage of development? A. Stimulation of bone growth B. Stimulation of development of male sex organs C. Stimulation of development of skeletal muscle D. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion
B
What hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa? A. Cortisol B. Aldosterone C. Epinephrine D. Oxytocin
B
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A. estrogen B. epinephrine C. angiotensinogen D. renin
B
Which of the following is true regarding hormone binding to plasma proteins? A. It increases in the plasma clearance of the hormone B. It increases the half-life of the hormone C. It increases hormonal activity D. It is uncommon for steroid hormones E. It is uncommon for thyroid hormones
B
Which of the following statements about peptide or protein hormones is usually true? A. They have longer half-lives than steroid hormones B. They have receptors on the cell membrane C. They have a slower onset of action than both steroid and thyroid hormones D. They are not highly stored in endocrine producing glands
B
A young woman is given daily injections of a substance beginning on the 16th day of her normal menstrual cycle and continuing for 3 weeks. As long as the injections continue, she does not menstruate. The injected substance could be which of the following? A. Testosterone B. FSH C. HCG D. A prostaglandin PGF2-α.
C
Androgens are produced in the A. zona fasciculata B. adrenal medulla C. zona reticularis D. zona glomerulosa
C
Endocrine glands A. are a type of nerve cell. B. release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C. release their secretions directly into body fluids. D. are modified connective-tissue cells.
C
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as A. the cell's sensitivity reaction B. cellular affinity C. up-regulation D. a reaction to a stressor
C
John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends irradiation of the pituitary gland. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Gigantism B. Cretinism C. Acromegaly D. Turner's syndrome
C
Oxytocin is responsible for A. preventing milk release from the mammary glands. B. production of breast milk in the mammary glands. C. causing contraction of the uterus during labor. D. maintaining normal calcium levels.
C
Regarding hormone receptors, which of the following statements if FALSE? A. Hormone receptors can be upregulated B. Hormone receptors follow a dose response relationship C. A given hormone receptor can be activated by multiple hormones D. Hormone receptors can be downregulated
C
Steroid hormones A. are proteins. B. cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma
C
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D. nothing. All hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine in response to: A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. Corticotropic release hormone (CRH) C. Direct neural stimulation D. Aldosterone
C
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A. adenylyl cyclase is activated. B. cyclic nucleotides are formed. C. G proteins are phosphorylated. D. gene transcription is initiated. E. protein kinases are activated.
D
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. A. only one B. one or two C. two D. several
D
During development of the embryo to fetus, which of the following is TRUE? A. Sertoli cells secrete testosterone B. The ovaries secrete mullerian hormone C. High levels of estrogen are required for sexual differentiation to female. D. Antimüllerian hormone contributes to development of a male.
D
Each of the following hormones is a protein hormone, except A. epinephrine. B. norepinephrine. C. thyroid hormone. D. aldosterone
D
Regarding normal thyroid function, which of the following is correct? A. T4 is formed from T3 by the addition of iodine to tyrosine. B. T4 is the physiologically active hormone. C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted from the posterior pituitary. D. TSH secretion is regulated by the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood.
D
The hormones oxytocin and ADH are released into the A. venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B. the hepatic portal system C. coronary sinus D. the hypophyseal portal system
D
The link (or ""switch") between a peptide hormone and a second messenger in a cell is usually A. cAMP. B. cGMP. C. ATP. D. a G protein. E. calcium ion levels.
D
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A. the blood vessels B. the adrenal glands C. the kidney D. bones and skeletal muscles
D
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because A. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C. only secretes hormones in utero. D. posterior pituitary is a collection of nerve axons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus
D
The posterior pituitary gland secretes A. FSH. B. TSH. C. ACTH. D. ADH.
D
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A. synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C. not responding to a feedback mechanism D. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
D
Unbeknownst to him, a 43-year-old man develops a benign adenoma (tumor) in the anterior pituitary gland. The man starts to develop central obesity, his face appears rounder and fuller, his wife has observed a "hump" on his back. Given this presentation, what hormone is being secreted by the adenoma? A. Thyroid stimulating hormone B. Oxytocin C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A. ions B. deactivators C. nucleotides D. second messengers
D
What hormone stimulates the production of breast milk? A. ACTH B. Oxytocin C. Melatonin D. Prolactin
D
Which of the following is released from the adrenal medulla? A. cortisol B. aldosterone C. antidiuretic hormone D. epinephrine
D
Which of the following parings is incorrect? A. Paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus →oxytocin B. Somatotrophs → Growth Hormone C. Hypothalamus → somatostatin D. Gonadotrophs → Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D
Which of the following statements regarding the function of the blood-testes barrier is CORRECT? A. The blood-testes barrier is formed by adjacent Leydig cells B. The blood-testes barrier prevents testosterone from entering the seminiferous tubules C. The blood-testes barrier is formed primarily from androgen-binding protein (ABP) D. The blood-testes barrier prevents immune proteins from entering the seminiferous tubules
D
Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger in target cells of protein hormones? A. insulin B. ACTH C. epinephrine D. cyclic AMP
D
Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? A. insulin B. ACTH C. epinephrine D. cyclic AMP E. TSH
D
An activated G protein can trigger A. the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. B. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. C. a fall in cAMP levels. D. a rise in cAMP levels. E. all of the above
E
Which of the following would be expected in a child with dwarfism due to pituitary dysfunction? Plasma [IGF-I] GHRH Secretion [Growth hormone] in plasma A. ↑ ↑ ↓ B. ↑ ↑ ↑ C. ↑ ↓ ↓ D. ↓ ↓ ↑ E. ↓ ↓ ↓ F. ↓ ↑ ↓
F
